Patho Chapter 34 Quiz Questions

What percentage of the body's oxygen does the brain consume?

20%

A client has just begun to experience an ischemic stroke. The blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is being blocked by a large blood clot. How long before brain cells begin to die due to lack of ATP?

4 to 6 minutes

The nurse witnesses a client go into cardiac arrest. If the nurse delays intervention, when will the death of brain cells begin?

4-6 minutes

Which of the following are the main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Select all that apply.

Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Which of the following cells provide protection and metabolic support to neurons? Select all that apply.

Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia cells Oligodendrocytes

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which of the following systems?

Autonomic nervous system

A practitioner is preparing to do a lumbar puncture on a patient with suspected meningitis. Which of the following areas on the spine does the practitioner choose to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample?

Between L3 and L4

Which components of the nervous system make up the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord

A nurse educator is explaining basic neuroanatomy to a class of prospective nursing students. Which statement best conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

Myelinated neurons are found in which of the following component(s) of the nervous system?

Central and peripheral

Neurons communicate through the use of synapses. These synapses may link neurons into functional circuits. What is the most common type of synapse?

Chemical synapse

Select the function of the occipital lobe.

Color, motion, and depth perception

A client has been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease resulting in the loss of efferent signals. Which aspect of neurologic function will be primarily affected by this client's condition?

Conduction of information away from CNS

Which of the following characterizes a function of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

Conservation of energy

The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum?

Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body

The thick area of myelinated axons that connects the two sides of the cerebral cortex is known as which of the following components?

Corpus callosum

The thalamus is located in which of the following parts of the brain?

Diencephalon

Which one of the following meninges provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord?

Dura mater

Which structures do neurons communicate with? Select all that apply.

Electrical synapses Chemical synapses

Which of the following catecholamines is formed in the adrenal gland?

Epinephrine

Which of the following potentials, when combining a neurotransmitter with a receptor site, causes partial depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

Excitatory postsynaptic

The adrenal medulla is innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers.

False

A client is having an upper endoscopy to determine the presence of a gastric ulcer. After the procedure is performed, the nurse instructs the client that he cannot have anything to eat or drink until the return of the gag reflex. Which nerve is the nurse testing for return of function?

Glossopharyngeal

Nutrition students are studying the nervous system, which has a high rate of metabolism. Which of the following is its major fuel source?

Glucose

The nurse measures a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL for a client with diabetes type I. Why would it be important for the nurse to institute an intervention to elevate the glucose level in this client?

Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function.

A client has sustained damage to cranial nerve VIII. The nurse recognizes that the client may experience difficulty with:

Hearing

Not realizing that its surface was hot, a woman has quickly withdrawn her hand from the surface of a bowl that she was removing from a microwave. Which of the following phenomena has facilitated the rapid movement of her hand in response to the painful stimulus?

Her CNS has enacted a protective response received by neurons that innervate her arm muscles.

A client arrives in the clinic after having a tongue piercing performed and is unable to control the movement of the tongue. The nurse is aware that which nerve may have been damaged from the piercing?

Hypoglossal

A client is unable to stick out his tongue as a result of injury to cranial nerve XII. The nurse recognizes that the client has sustained as damage to which nerve?

Hypoglossal

Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, and food consumption are controlled by which of the following parts of the brain?

Hypothalamus

A 9 year-old girl has a diffuse collection of symptoms that are indicative of deficits in endocrine and autonomic nervous system control. She also suffers from persistent fluid and electrolyte imbalances. The nurse knows which of the following aspects of the nervous system listed below would her healthcare providers focus their diagnostic efforts?

Impaired function of her hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters are small molecules that exert their actions through specific proteins, called receptors, embedded in the postsynaptic membrane. Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

In the axon terminal

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following?

Interneurons

While assessing a critically ill patient in the emergency department, the nurse notes on the cardiac monitor an R-on-T premature ventricular beat which develops into ventricular tachycardia (VT). Immediately, the patient became unresponsive. The nurse knows that based on pathophysiologic principles, the most likely cause of the unresponsiveness is:

Interruption of the blood/oxygen supply to the brain.

The health care provider is performing a spinal tap on a client with suspected infection. The provider would perform the procedure at:

L3 or L4

Feelings of dread, high anxiety, or exquisite pleasure can be elicited by stimulation of areas in which of the following structures?

Limbic system

The nurse is aware that the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is:

Maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual

Which structures are part of the brain stem? Select all that apply.

Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain

A client with a diagnosis of depression has been prescribed a medication that ultimately increases the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin between neurons. Which of the following processes will accompany the actions of the neurotransmitter in a chemical synapse?

More neurotransmitters will cross the synaptic cleft and bond with postsynaptic receptors.

Which of the following is the primary component of white matter?

Myelinated fibers

During embryonic development, which of the following structures develops into the central nervous system (CNS)?

Neural tube

The density of voltage-gated channels is greatest in which of the following components of the neuron?

Nodes of Ranvier

Rapid removal of a neurotransmitter, once it has exerted its effect on the postsynaptic membrane, is necessary to maintain precise control of neural transmission. Which of the following transmitters is largely removed by the reuptake process?

Norepinephrine

Which occurrence in the action potential process causes polarization?

Period of action potential during which the nerve is not transmitting impulses

A nursing student having trouble moving their head from side to side is likely experiencing a problem with which type of neurons?

Pharyngeal efferent neurons.

Which parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

Pons and medulla oblongata

When educating a patient about to undergo a pacemaker insertion, the nurse explains the normal phases of cardiac muscle tissue. During the repolarization phase, the nurse will stress that membranes must be repolarized before they can be re-excited. Within the cell, the nurse understands that:

Potassium channels open and while sodium channels close causing repolarization to the resting state.

Release of neurotransmitters occurs at which of the following locations in the neuron?

Presynaptic terminal

What is the role of a neuromodulator when it acts on a postsynaptic receptor?

Produces slower and longer-lasting changes in membrane excitability

Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as:

Receptors

Which of the following is the period during repolarization when a portion of the recovery period is where the membrane can be excited, although only by a stronger-than-normal stimulus?

Relative refractory period

Potassium outflow from the cell is characteristic of which of the following phases of the action potential?

Repolarization

Select the actions of β2 receptors. Select all that apply.

Respiration Delaying labor

A 45 year old diabetic male is experiencing erectile dysfunction. If his erectile dysfunction is caused by the nervous system, then the nurse can educate the patient that the venous blood supply to the penis is controlled by:

Sacral parasympathetic fibers.

Which types of cells are supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells

A child is experiencing difficulty with chewing and swallowing. The nurse knows that which of the following cells may be innervating specialized gut-related receptors that provide taste and smell?

Special visceral afferent cells

Which of the following afferent (sensory) neurons in the dorsal root ganglia innervate specialized gut-related receptors, such as taste buds and receptors of olfactory mucosa?

Special visceral afferents

Through what specific component do neurotransmitters exert their action?

Specific proteins

The vertebral column provides protection of: Select all that apply.

Spinal cord Spinal nerves Supporting structures

Neurons communicate with each other through which of the following structures?

Synapses

After neurotransmitters are synthesized, in which of the following structures are they stored in the axon terminal?

Synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is the lobe of the brain with functions of perception, long-term memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli?

Temporal lobe

The nurse is aware that some drugs may be prevented from entering the brain as a function of:

The blood-brain barrier

The nurse is performing a test to determine a client's neurological function related to a suspected lesion in the parietal lobe. What would the nurse determine is a normal finding after assessment?

The client is able to determine correctly that the item placed in his hand is a paper clip.

The neurotransmitter GABA mainly functions to trigger inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Therefore, when explaining this to a group of nursing students, the nurse will state:

The combination of GABA with a receptor site is inhibitory since it causes the local nerve membrane to become hyperpolarized and less excitable.

A client is being treated for the ingestion of a neurotoxin that interferes with the depolarization phase of action potentials. What physiologic process will be disrupted?

The inflow of sodium ions

The spinal cord does not hang freely within the spinal column. What is it supported by?

The pia mater and the denticulate ligaments

The nurse is working with a client who has an addiction to cocaine. The nurse is aware that the high associated with cocaine is due to the inhibition of reuptake. What physiologic phenomenon is affected?

The resorption of the neurotransmitter to remove it from action

Which of the following is true during the phase where polarized cells are not transmitting?

They are more negative inside the cell as compared to the outside of the cell.

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are continuously at work in our bodies. This continual action gives a basal activity to all parts of the body. What is this basal activity referred to as?

Tone

Which of the following increase(s) the permeability of the blood-brain barrier? Select all that apply.

Trauma Infection Newborn child

The nurse teaches a client about a new diagnosis of astrocytoma. Which statement indicates an accurate understanding?

Treatment is hard since glial cells support neurons and blood vessels in the brain.

Which of the following nerves exits the pons and conveys the modalities of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face?

Trigeminal nerve

The arachnoid membrane is the middle layer of the three meninges.

True

The vertebral column provides protection for the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and supporting structures.

True

An adult male has a new diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. The nurse knows which of the following pathophysiological processes underlie the deficits that accompany the degeneration of myelin in his peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Unless remyelination occurs, the axon will eventually die.

Dopamine is an intermediate compound made during the synthesis of norepinephrine. It is the principal inhibitory transmitter of the internuncial neurons in the sympathetic ganglia. What other action does it have?

Vasodilates renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously

A 21 year old male is brought to the ED following a night of partying in his fraternity. His friends found him "asleep" and couldn't get him to respond. They cannot recall how many alcoholic beverages he drank the night before. While educating a student nurse and the roommates in the fraternity, the nurse begins by explaining that alcohol is:`

Very lipid soluble and rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Ion channels in nervous system cells generate action potentials in the cells. What are the ion channels guarded by?

Voltage-dependent gates

A client asks the nurse when during embryonic growth the nervous system develops. The best response would be:

Week 3

Which of the following types of reflex is stimulated by a nociceptive stimulus?

Withdrawal reflex