Patho chapter 8 prepu

A client with acquired immune deficiency anemia is taking several medications to control the disease. Which medication taken by the client is the nurse concerned may be causing the client's severe lactic acidosis?

Zidovudine

A client is admitted to the hospital with fluid volume deficit. The nurse should be aware that compensatory mechanisms will include:

activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

A client with a long history of alcohol abuse has been admitted to the emergency department after several of days of heavy drinking. The nurse can best promote the restoration of the client's acid-base balance by:

administering intravenous sodium bicarbonate as prescribed.

A nurse is providing care for several clients on an acute medicine unit. Which client should the nurse recognize as being at the highest risk for metabolic alkalosis?

A client on continuous nasogastric suction and whose hypertension is being treated with diuretics

The nurse who is providing care for several clients recognizes which client is at the highest risk for developing an acid-base imbalance?

A client who is being treated for acute kidney injury and who requires dialysis

who would be at highest risk for developing hyperkalemia?

A male admitted for acute renal failure following a drug overdose

The nurse is caring for a client with an acid-base imbalance. Which of these does the nurse recognize is correct regarding compensation?

A pH moves toward the normal range

A client with ethylene glycol toxicity is restless, and stating he has flank pain. What intervention should the nurse perform to minimize complications?

Increase IV fluids

A child accidentally consumes a container of wood alcohol. The ED physician knows that the child is at risk of developing which of the following?

Metabolic acidosis

A client with schizophrenia is admitted to the behavioral health department and is observed drinking copious amounts of water and voiding large amounts of dilute urine. The nurse recognizes this behavior is consistent with which problem?

Psychogenic polydipsia

The renal control mechanism of restoring the acid-base balance is accomplished through which process?

Reabsorption of HCO3 and excretion of H+ restores acid-base balance through the renal control mechanisms.

A client is admitted after losing 44 lb (20 kg) over the past 3 months, largely due to frequent vomiting. What intervention should the nurse anticipate in the treatment of the client's resulting acid-base imbalance?

Fluid replacement with an intravenous solution containing electrolytes as prescribed

A client who has just completed running a marathon reports muscle weakness, cramping, and general fatigue despite drinking adequate amounts of water. The nurse suspects which type of hypotonic hyponatremia?

hypovolemic

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who is experiencing shortness of breath. The nurse notes a full and bounding pulse, crackles in the lung fields, and jugular vein distention. The nurse recognizes symptoms of which problem?

isotonic fluid volume excess

The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic acidosis. Which assessment finding(s) will the nurse associate with metabolic acidosis? Select all that apply.

1) decreased level of consciousness 2) warm and flushed skin 3) elevated serum potassium

A hospitalized client weights 70 kg. The nurse calculates approximately how much of this weight as intracellular fluid?

28 L

In a person with fluid volume deficit, there is a dehydration of brain and nerve cells. What can occur if fluid volume deficit is corrected too rapidly?

Cerebral edema occurs with potentially severe neurologic impairment.

The nurse is caring for a client who receives hemodialysis. The nurse knows that hemodialysis involves movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient. Which function best describes this process?

Diffusion

The nurse is aware that the major role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance is to increase the production of which chemical component?

HCO3-

A nurse is caring for a client with hypoparathyroidism. Which imbalance is a major concern for the client?

Hypocalcemia

The nurse is caring for a client who is 1 day postoperative for a thyroidectomy. The client complains of tingling of the hands and feet and around his mouth. The nurse suspects these symptoms are a manifestation of which electrolyte disturbance?

Hypocalcemia

Water movement from the side of the membrane having a lesser number of particles and greater concentration of water to the side having a greater number of particles and lesser concentration of water is termed:

Osmosis

The nurse is reviewing lab results of a client diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. The most important electrolyte for the nurse to assess would be:

Potassium (K+)

An adult client presents to the emergency department with a pounding headache, heart failure, and pulmonary and peripheral edema. The pulse is bounding, blood pressure is elevated, and the urine is scant and concentrated. Which endocrine disorder is the likely cause of these manifestations?

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

What is the nurse's expectation about a client's ability to compensate for a metabolic blood gas disorder?

The client will compensate with the respiratory system.

Which property determines the osmotic activity of a solution across a semipermeable membrane?

The number of particles

A client with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol abuse has a distended abdomen as a result of fluid accumulation in his peritoneal cavity (ascites). Which pathophysiologic process contributes to this third spacing?

Abnormal increase in transcellular fluid volume

A client has these arterial blood gas values: anion gap 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L), pH 7.29, PCO2 37 mm Hg (4.92 mmol/L), HCO3- 11 mEq/L (11 mmol/L), base excess -6 mEq/L (-6 mmol/L). With what condition do these values correspond?

Lactic acidosis

Serum phosphorus level has a reciprocal relationship with which serum electrolyte?

Calcium

When caring for a client with hypomagnesemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system?

Cardiac

Hypothalamic sensory neurons that promote thirst when stimulated are called:

Osmoreceptors

A nurse observes peaked, narrow T waves on the electrocardiogram of a client suffering from renal failure. The nurse suspects that the client is experiencing which condition?

Hyperkalemia

The nurse is assessing a client for early manifestations of hyponatremia. The nurse would assess the client for:

Muscle weakness

When caring for the client with hyperkalemia, the nurse recognizes the body should respond in which of these ways?

secrete potassium in the distal tubules for excretion

The nurse teaches the client with end-stage kidney disease and hyperphosphatemia to take sevelamer HCl, a phosphate binder, with meals. How does the nurse explain the rationale for the timing of this medication?

"The medication should be taken at meal time to allow the binding of phosphate."

A nurse is caring for a client whose serum potassium level is 2.6 mEq/l (2.6 mmol/l). The nurse anticipates which intervention will be prescribed?

Infuse intravenously 40 mEq (40 mmol) potassium chloride in 1 liter of normal saline over 4 hours.

A female client with a history of chronic renal failure has a total serum calcium level of 7.9 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L). While performing an assessment, the nurse should focus on which clinical manifestation associated with this calcium level?

Intermittent muscle spasms and reports of numbness around her mouth

Which condition is a cause of osmotic edema?

Low blood levels of albumin

A 2-week-old infant (full-term at birth) is admitted to the pediatric unit with "spitting up large amounts of formula" and diarrhea. The infant has developed a weak suck reflex. Which statement about total body water (TBW) is accurate in this situation?

Most full-term infants have a TBW of approximately 75% due to their high metabolic rate.

The nurse is caring for the client with respiratory alkalosis and renal compensation. The nurse determines this diagnosis was based on which diagnostic findings?

decreased PCO2 and decreased HCO3, with increased pH