PATHO: Chp. 57- Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms

musculoskeletal

A broad spectrum of _____ injuries result from numerous physical forces, including blunt tissue trauma, disruption of tendons and ligaments, and fractures of bony structures

compartment syndrome

A condition of increased pressure within a limited space that comprises the circulation and function of the tissues within the space

Greenstick fracture

A partial break in bone continuity that resembles that seen when a young sapling is broken

Subluxation

A partial dislocation

Strain

A stretching injury caused by mechanical overloading

pathologic

A(n) ______ fracture occurs in bones that are already weakened by disease or tumors

strain

A(n) ______ is a stretching injury to a muscle or a musculotendinous unit caused by mechanical overloading

chondroma

A(n) ______ is a tumor composed of hyaline cartilage

sprain

A(n) ______ usually is caused by abnormal or excessive movement of the joint

dislocation

A(n) ______involves the displacement or separation of the bone ends of a joint with loss of articulation

Osteomyelitis

Acute or chronic infection of the bone

Laceration

An injury in which the skin is torn or its continuity is disrupted

Contusion

Area becomes ecchymotic (black and blue) because of local hemorrhage

Fracture blisters

Areas of epidermal necrosis with separation of epidermis from underlying dermis by edema fluid

b. The use of growth factors

At times, fractures of long bones need enhancement to promote healing. What can be done to induce bone formation and repair bone defects? a. The use of steroids to induce bone growth b. The use of growth factors c. The use of vibration therapy d. The use of physical therapy

thromboemboli

Because of inactivity and restrictions in weight bearing, the individual with a lower extremity fracture is at risk for the development of venous ______, which includes pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

Hematoma

Blood accumulated and exerts pressure on nerve endings

Compound fracture

Bone fragments have broken through the skin

Menisci

C-shaped plates of fibrocartilage that are superimposed between the condyles of the femur and tibia

b. Recognition of symptoms c. Any treatment initiated d. Mechanism of injury

Determining the extent of the injury when a fracture occurs is important. It is also important to obtain a thorough history. What is important to determine during the history taking? Mark all that apply a. Anyone else in family susceptible to fractures b. Recognition of symptoms c. Any treatment initiated d. Mechanism of injury e. What patient has eaten

Dislocation

Displacement or separation of the bone ends of a joint with loss of articulation

c. Encephalopathy

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) can occur after a fracture of a long bone. What are the clinical features of FES? a. Petechiae on soles of feet and palms b. Respiratory insufficiency c. Encephalopathy d. Global neurologic deficits

sudden injury, pathologic

Grouped according to cause, fractures can be divided into three major categories: fractures caused by ______, fatigue, or stress fractures, and ______ fractures

Malunion

Healing of bone with deformity, angulation, or rotation

b. Avascular necrosis can result from the dislocation

Hip injuries include dislocations and fractures of the hip. Why is a hip dislocation considered a medical emergency? a. The dislocation causes great pain b. Avascular necrosis can result from the dislocation c. The longer the hip is dislocated, the lesser the chance of putting it back in place d. Dislocation interrupts the blood supply to the femoral head

Laceration

Injury in which the skin is torn or its continuity is disrupted

Hematoma

Large area of local hemorrhage

osteosarcoma

Malignant bone tumors, such as ______, grow rapidly and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatics

rotational

Meniscus injury commonly occurs as the result of a(n) ______ injury from a sudden or sharp pivot or a direct blow to the knee, as in hockey, basketball, or football

a. prevent pathologic fractures c. Promote survival with maximum functioning e. Maintain mobility and pain control

Metastatic bone disease is a frequent disorder. It occurs at a time when primary tumors in the lungs, breasts, and prostate seed themselves (metastasize) to the musculoskeletal system. What are the primary goals of treatment for metastatic bone disease? Mark all that apply. a. prevent pathologic fractures b. cure the disease c. Promote survival with maximum functioning d. Prevent ischemia to the bone segment e. Maintain mobility and pain control

d. 6 weeks

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone. Chronic osteomyelitis is complicated by a piece of infected dead bone that has separated from living bone. How long does the intitial IV antibiotic therapy last for chronic osteomyelitis? a. 4 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 12 weeks d. 6 weeks

b. Prior steroid therapy

Osteonecrosis is a condition where part of a bone dies because of the interruption of its blood supply. What is the most common cause of osteonecrosis other than fracture? a. Vessel injury b. Prior steroid therapy c. Radiation therapy d. Embolism

c. Nighttime awakening

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy of the bone. What is the primary clinical feature of osteosarcoma? a. Pain, worse during the day b. Erythema in the overlaying skin c. Nighttime awakening d. Soreness in the nearest joint

Puncture wounds

Provide the setting for growth of anaerobic bacteria

Complex regional pain syndrome

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

b. physical therapy c. Corticosteroid injections d. Anti-inflammatory agents

Shoulder and rotator cuff injuries usually occur from trauma or overuse. Which treatment options would be appropriate for an injured shoulder? Mark all that apply. a. Anesthetic injections b. physical therapy c. Corticosteroid injections d. Anti-inflammatory agents e. Pain medicine

Chondromalacia

Softening of the articular cartilage

fat embolism

The ______ syndrome refers to a constellation of clinical manifestations resulting from the presence of fat droplets in the small blood vessels of the lung or other organs after a long bone fracture or other trauma.

Sprain

The ligaments may be incompletely torn or, as in a severe sprain, completely torn or ruptured

fracture

The signs and symptoms of a(n) ______ include pain, tenderness at the site of bone disruption, swelling, loss of function, deformity of the affected part, and abnormal mobility

Contusion

The skin overlying the injury remains intact

a. spine

Tuberculosis can spread from the lungs into the musculoskeletal system. What is the most common site in the skeletal system for tuberculosis to be found? a. Spine b. ankles c. shoulders d. hips

falls

Unintentional ______ are the number one cause of nonfatal injuries in all age groups

Persistent/recurring fever, increased pain at site, poor incisional healing, wound drainage.

What are manifestations of osteomyelitis?

Pain, presence of mass, and impairment of function.

What are the general characteristics of bone tumors?

Condition of increased pressure within a limited space that compromises the circulation and function of the tissues within the space.

What is compartment syndrome, and how does it relate to bone tissue?

Injuries usually heal with original tensile strength. Repair is accomplished by fibroblasts from the inner tendon sheath or loose CT. Capillaries infiltrate the injured area during the initial healing process. Long collagen formation occurs within 2 weeks. -Concerns are the tendon will not heal in the proper position, and that adhesions will develop in areas where tendons pass through fibrous channels.

What is the normal healing process of a sprain? What are some of the greatest concerns?

Rotator cuff involves supraspinous, teres minor, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles and their musculotendinous attachments. -Injured by excessive use, direct blow, stretch injury.

What is the structure of the rotator cuff, and how is it usually injured?

Ankle joint is most common. Other common sites are the knee and elbow

What joints are most commonly involved in sprain-type injuries?

A. Knee

Where do overuse injuries commonly occur?

fracture blisters

______ are skin bullae and blisters representing areas of epidermal necrosis with separation of epidermis from the underlying dermis by edema fluid

loose

______ bodies are small pieces of bone or cartilage within a joint space

benign

______ bone tumors usually are limited to the confines of the bone, have well-demarcated edges, and are surrounded by a thin rim of sclerotic bone

rotator cuff

______ injuries and impingement disorders can result from a number of causes, including excessive use, a direct blow, or stretch injury, usually involving throwing or swinging, as with baseball pitchers or tennis players

soft tissue

______ injuries include contusions, hematomas, and lacerations

traction

______ is another method for achieving immobility and maintaining alignment of the bone ends and maintaining the reduction, particularly if the fracture is unstable or comminuted

dislocations

______ of the hip commonly result from the knee being struck while the hip and knee are in a flexed position

tuberculosis

______ osteomyelitis symptoms include pain, immobility, and muscle atrophy; joint swelling, mild fever, and leukocytosis also may occur

chondrosarcoma

______, a malignant tumor of cartilage that can develop in the medullary cavity or peripherally, is the second most common form of malignant bone tumor

osteonecrosis

______, or death of a segment of bone,, is a condition caused by the interruption of blood supply to the marrow, medullary bone, or cortex