patho course point exam 2 quizzes
A patient has a baseline blood pressure of 86/42 mm Hg and is resting comfortably in their room talking on their phone. Their current blood pressure is 84/42 mm Hg. What is the nurse's best course of action?
continue to monitor patient
Pneumonia is often characterized as being either community acquired or __________ acquired.
hospital
During a routine physical examination of a 66-year-old patient, the nurse practitioner notes a pulsating abdominal mass and refers the patient for further treatment. The nurse practitioner is educating the patient about aneurysms. Which pathophysiologic aspect of aneurysm would support the patient teaching?
hypertension is a frequent modifiable contributor to aneurysms
Which is NOT a common cause of heart failure?
hypothyroidism
__________ shock results from acute blood loss
hypovolemic
Increased sodium and water in the blood results in what?
increased blood volume
Essential hypertension is a result of what?
increased cardiac output and vascular resistance
What is the preferred route to administer epinephrine during anaphylactic shock?
intramuscularly
Coronary artery disease is often subdivided into chronic __________ heart disease and acute coronary syndrome.
ischemic
The lungs, GI system, and __________ are most susceptible to damage as a result of shock.
kidneys
Which organ passes along aldosterone causing water and sodium retention?
kidneys
A patient with COPD is prescribed supplemental oxygen. What should the nurse know about this prescription?
less oxygen is preferred to preserve the respiratory drive
Cardiac __________ is characterized by compression of the heart because of the accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac.
tamponode
Which statement defines preload?
the amount of blood the heart must pump with each beat
Which description best defines afterload?
the force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject blood from the ventricles
A patient has an ejection fraction (EF) of 35%. What does this indicate?
the patient is in systolic heart failure
Upon assessment, the nurse notes a patient has crackles and dyspnea. What does this indicate?
the patient's left side of the heart is affected
Why would a patient be given a neuromuscular blocking agent when treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
to improve synchronicity with the ventilator
T or F: Deep vein thrombosis most commonly occurs in the lower legs
true
T or F: More people die of cardiovascular disease than of any other pathology in the United States each year.
true
T or F: The body is able to initiate numerous mechanisms that can compensate for heart failure.
true
T or F: The key components of the blood work used to diagnose myocardial infarction are the troponin assays.
true
T or F: cholesterol is dependent on other particles for its transport through the body
true
True or false: Most aortic aneurysms are discovered with no prior symptoms.
true
True or false: With systolic heart failure, an insufficient amount of blood gets pumped out for systemic circulation, eventually causing backup into the pulmonary circulation.
true
t or f: A large majority of lung cancer cases are considered preventable.
true
t or f: Because of its strategic location, the larynx can be characterized as the "watchdog of the lungs."
true
t or f: Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind with hemoglobin.
true
t or f: Even after forced expiration, a significant amount of air remains in the lungs.
true
t or f: Pneumonia is the most common cause of death from infectious disease in the United States.
true
t or f: Viruses are the most frequent cause of respiratory infections.
true
Mycobacterium __________ is resistant to destruction and can persist in lung lesions for long periods of time.
tuberculosis
____ veins are dilated, tortuous veins of the lower extremities
varicose
the group of vascular disorders that are marked by blood vessel necrosis and inflammatory injury is the ____
vasculitides
A 21-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 104°F, beginning 2 days ago. The patient complains of extreme fatigue. She had her tongue and nose pierced 6 weeks ago. A drug screen is negative. She presents with tricuspid insufficiency (regurgitation) murmur grade II. Her body mass index (BMI) is 18.2 and she has a history of anorexia. What will an echocardiogram likely reveal?
vegetation on the tricuspid valve
A patient complains of persistent leg cramps when at rest and has a leg ulcer at the medial malleoli surrounded by bluish-brown skin. The patient has hypertension. What is the cause of the leg ulcer?
venous insufficiency
Which are etiologies of inflammatory heart diseases?
viral, bacteria
Which description defines myocardial contractility?
contractile performance of the heart
What is the main cause of myocardial infarction (MI)?
coronary artery disease
Congenital defects that result in shunting of blood from the right side of the heart to the left are known as __________ disorders.
cyanotic
what's a symptom of hypotension?
dizziness
Which are clinical manifestations of venous disease?
dull aching pain, edema
__________ is a common clinical symptom that is characterized by a subjective perception of difficulty in breathing.
dyspnea
A nurse working in the intensive care unit (ICU) knows that chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure will result in the patient displaying which clinical manifestation(s)?
dyspnea and bilateral crackles
Which term describes a pathologic outpouching or sac-like dilation of an artery caused by the weakness of the vessel wall?
Aneurysm
What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?
Chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea
The constant motion of the __________ sweeps trapped particles out of the airways.
cilia
Lung __________ is the term used to describe the ease or difficulty with which the lungs can be inflated.
compliance
deep vein thrombosis constitutes an increase risk of ____ embolism
pulmonary
Which may occur from a myocardial infarction?
scar tissue, dead tissue, weakened tissue
Which conditions have symptoms similar to an aortic dissection? Select all that apply.
stroke, heart attack
Which type of blood vessel is prone to aneurysms because of lack of supporting tissue?
aortic artery
Which event causes vessel constriction?
Angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II
A nurse is administering a beta blocker to a patient who has heart failure. Which statement may be part of the nurse's patient education?
"This medication will improve your survival and symptoms of heart failure"
Which is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Secondhand smoke
sort the events that occur when hypertension develops into their correct order
1. kidneys release renin into the bloodstream 2. renin helps convert angiotensin to angiotensin I 3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs 4. angiotensin II causes arteriolar constriction and aldosterone secretion 5. aldosterone causes sodium and water retention 6. retained sodium and water leads to increase blood volume 7. arteriolar constriction increases peripheral vascular resistance 8. increased blood volume and vascular resistance cause hypertension
Which are symptoms of peripheral venous disease?
diminished pulse in the legs and feet, discoloration
Which blood pressure reading is considered hypotensive?
86/42 mmHg
An emergency department nurse is admitting four patients. Which patient is a candidate for immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?
A patient with a STEMI who reports severe left arm pain
A patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is receiving a neuromuscular blocking agent. What additional medications need to be ordered?
Sedatives and pain medications
A patient is diagnosed with hypovolemic shock. What does the nurse anticipate being included in the plan of care?
Administration of blood products and intravenous fluids
Which are common risk factors for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Select all that apply.
Aspiration, Sepsis, Trauma
What is the initial treatment for a patient experiencing myocardial infarction (MI)?
Aspirin, oxygen, morphine, nitroglycerin (MONA)
What is happening in the compensatory stage of shock?
Blood is being shunted to vital organs to maintain nearly normal vital signs.
Which are anticipated vital signs for a patient with neurogenic shock?
Blood pressure 74/42 mm Hg and heart rate 48 bpm
Which serum lab value can assist in diagnosing heart failure?
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
A common upper airway infection in young children characterized by hoarseness and a barking cough is __________.
Croup
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. Which medication will the RN expect to be prescribed?
Dobutamine
Which term describes a tearing of the vessel wall with developing blood chamber?
dissection
What is the first intervention when working with a patient who is hypotensive?
Ensure the patient is safe
Of the following compensatory mechanisms, which two are the first to respond when the heart stops meeting the metabolic needs of the body?
Frank-Starling mechanism, Sympathetic nervous system
What is the definition of myocardial infarction?
Ischemic death of myocardial tissue
How does positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) help manage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
It helps open the alveoli to promote gas exchange.
What is the nurse's priority when caring for a patient with COPD?
Maintaining the airway
Which correctly describes the blood flow through the heart?
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve pulmonary, artery left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
Which describes the normal progression of the electrical conduction system of the heart?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, right bundle branch, left bundle branch, Purkinje fibers
Which statement is true regarding a COPD exacerbation?
The patient will recover a little less each time.
Which statement is true regarding acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
The patient with ARDS will be in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Which cardiac enzyme is the most cardiac specific?
Troponin
Which best describes stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction
What are the three areas of damage in a myocardial infarction?
Zone of injury, zone of ischemia, zone of necrosis
Which patient is at the greatest risk for aortic aneurysm?
a 66-year-old client back pain and neck vein distention
Ventilation is differentiated into two types: pulmonary ventilation and __________ ventilation.
alveolar
Which term describes the life-threatening splitting or rupture of an aneurysm?
dissection
A 55-year-old patient presents to the emergency room with chest pain that worsens when lying down and with deep inspirations; it is relieved with forward leaning and sitting. A friction rub is heard most clearly at the left lower sternal border. The patient reported having recent flu symptoms. They have a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and treatment for prostate cancer 2 years prior. A 12-lead echocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment elevation in all leads. Myocardial infarction is ruled out, and the patient is diagnosed with pericarditis. Which are likely causes of this patient's condition?
bacteria, viral infection
H5N1 influenza, known commonly as "__________ flu," poses a genuine risk of a pandemic.
bird
Dislodging of mural thrombi may result in which condition?
cerebral or pulmonary emboli
The breathing rate is determined by input from __________ that monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood.
chemoreceptors
the greatest risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis is high ____
cholesterol
A 21-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 104°F, beginning 2 days ago. The patient complains of extreme fatigue. She had her tongue and nose pierced 6 weeks ago. A drug screen is negative. She presents with tricuspid insufficiency (regurgitation) murmur grade II. Her body mass index (BMI) is 18.2 and she has a history of anorexia. Which inflammatory heart disease might this patient have?
endocarditis
Which layer covers the heart valves?
endocardium
____ cells form a continuous lining of the entire vascular system
endothelial
A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of the condition. Which finding would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this patient?
enlargement of the liver
T or F: Blood flow that has been lost as a result of myocardial infarction cannot be reestablished.
false
T or F: aortic dissection involves a "ballooning out" of a section of blood vessel wall
false
T or F: most aneurysms are located in the venous components of the circulatory system
false
T or F: the type of cholesterol most harmful to health is HDL
false
True or false: Cardiogenic shock causes pulmonary edema.
false
True or false: Reduction of blood flow to the kidneys causes the liver to secrete renin.
false
t or F: Septic shock is far less common in the past, given advances in prevention and treatment.
false
t or f: Expiration is an active process, whereas inspiration is largely passive.
false
t or f: Full-term infants are born with their respiratory system fully developed.
false
t or f: Respiratory distress syndrome is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in older adults.
false
t or f: The rate of perfusion must exceed the rate of ventilation in order to ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood.
false
What is not a symptom of myocardial infarction (MI)?
headache
For staging and treatment purposes, lung cancer is usually identified as either small cell or __________ cell.
non small
2A 21-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 104°F, beginning 2 days ago. The patient complains of extreme fatigue. She had her tongue and nose pierced 6 weeks ago. A drug screen is negative. She presents with tricuspid insufficiency (regurgitation) murmur grade II. Her body mass index (BMI) is 18.2 and she has a history of anorexia.
oral and nasal piercing
Which symptoms indicate peripheral arterial disease?
pain in walking, hairlessness of leg skin, pallor of leg skin
Which are clinical manifestations of arterial disease?
pain when walking, pallor, gangrene
Which is the outer sac-like layer of the heart?
pericardium
Which areas of the heart might a myocardial infarction affect? Select all that apply.
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
Which types of disease make up vascular disease?
peripheral venous disease, peripheral arterial disease
A nurse will be providing care for a patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure characterized as primarily right-sided. Which description of the patient's presentation would the nurse anticipate?
pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain
