patho exam 1
The acute stress response can be detrimental in people with preexisting physical or mental health problems. In which of these clients could the acute the stress response cause further problems?
A. A client who is post resection of a brain tumor B. A client who is schizophrenic and off his or her medications C. A client with a broken femur D. A client with heart disease ANSWER D. A client with heart disease
Laboratory tests give us very valuable information about what is happening in the body. What laboratory test is a good indicator of how the buffer systems in the body are working?
A. Acid-base test B. Urine acidity test C. H+ level test D. Arterial Blood Gases ANSWER D. Arterial Blood Gases
There are both metabolic and respiratory effects on the acid-base balance in the body. How do metabolic disorders change the pH of the body?
A. Alter the plasma HCO3- B. Alter the urine H+ content C. Alter the CO2 levels in the lung D. Alter O2 levels in the major organ systems ANSWER A. Alter the plasma HCO3-
Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today?
A. Amalgam fillings in the teeth B. Mercury from thermometers and blood pressure machines C. Mercury found in paint that was made before 1990 D. Fish such as tuna and swordfish ANSWER D. fish such as tuna and swordfish
Our body's response to psychological perceived threats is not regulated to the same degree as our body's response to physiologic perceived threats. The psychological responses may be:
A. Appropriate & limited B. Inappropriate & sustained C. Regulated by a positive feedback system D. The result of a baroreflex-mediated response ANSWER B. Inappropriate & sustained
In normal tissue the size of cell population is determined by which of the following? (select all that apply)
A. Balance of cell proliferation B. Death by apoptosis C. Emergence of newly differentiated cells D. The resources available for growth E. Imbalance of cell proliferation ANSWER A., B., & C.
Psychosocial factors can impact the body's response to stress either positively or negatively. It has been shown that social networks play a part in the psychosocial and physical integrity of a person. How do social networks affect how a body deals with stress?
A. By stepping in and making decisions for the person B. By reapportioning the finances of the person C. By mobilizing the resources of the person D. By protecting the person from other internal stressors ANSWER C. By mobilizing the resources of the person
Metabolism changes when an individual has a fever. What are the primary sources of energy during a fever? (select all that apply)
A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Fats D. Glycogen E. Sodium Chloride ANSWER B & C
The body regulates the pH of its fluids by what mechanism? (Select all that apply.)
A. Chemical buffer systems of the body fluids B. The liver C. The lungs D. The cardiovascular system E. The kidneys ANSWER A, C, & E
A man presents to the emergency department after being out in below zero weather all night. He asks the nurse why the health care team is concerned about his toes and feet. How would the nurse respond?
A. Cold causes injury to the cells in the body by injuring the blood vessels, making them leak into the surrounding tissue. B. After being out in the cold all night your toes and feet are frozen, and it will be very painful to warm them again, and the health care team is concerned he's a drug addict. C. It is obvious that you are a homeless person, and we were wondering how often this has happened to you before and when it will happen again. D. Your toes and feet are frozen, and there is concern about the formation of blood clots as we warm them again. ANSWER D. Your toes and feet are frozen, and there is concern about the formation of blood clots as we warm them again.
Groups of cells that are closely associated in structure and have common or similar functions are called tissues. What are the types of tissue in the human body?
A. Connective & Muscle Tissue B. Binding & Connecting Tissue C. Nerve & Endothelium Tissue ANSWER A. connective & muscle tissue
Which is an endocrine regulator of pituitary and adrenal activity and neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system activity, metabolism, and behavior?
A. Corticotropin-releasing factor B. Fight-or-Flight hormone C. Allostatic factor D. Immune factor ANSWER A. Corticotropin-releasing factor
Hyperbaric treatment for wound healing is used for wounds that have problems healing due to hypoxia and infection. It works by raising the partial pressure of oxygen in plasma. How does hyperbaric oxygen treatment enhance wound healing?
A. Destruction of anaerobic bacteria B. Increased action of eosinophils C. Promotion of angiogenesis D. Decrease in fibroblast activity ANSWER C. Promotion of angiogenesis
Metastatic calcification takes place in normal tissues of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia). Anything that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate places such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. What are the major causes of hypercalcemia?
A. Diabetes mellitus & Paget disease B. Hypoparathyroidism & vitamin D intoxication C. Hyperparathyroidism & immobilization D. Immobilization & hypoparathyroidism ANSWER C. Hyperparathyroidism & immobilization
Seyle suggested that stress could have positive influences on the body and these periods of positive stress are called:
A. Distress B. Eustress C. Emotional Stress D. Exercise Stress ANSWER B. Eustress
Endocrine glands are epithelial structures that have had their connection with the surface obliterated during development. How are these glands described?
A. Ductile & Produce Secretions B. Ductless & Produce Secretions C. Ductile & release their glandular products by exocytosis D. Ductless & release their glandular products by exocytosis ANSWER B. ductless & produce secretions
Inflammation can either be local or systemic. What are the most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation?
A. Fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and the acute-phase response B. Fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and the transition-phase ANSWER A. fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and the acute-phase response
Adaptation implies that an individual has successfully created a new balance between the stressor and the ability to deal with it. The safety margin for adaptation of most body systems is considerably greater than that needed for normal activities. The method of adaptation that allows the body to live with only one of a pair of organs (i.e., one lung or one kidney) is called:
A. Genetic endowment B. Physiologic reserve C. Anatomic reserve D. Health status ANSWER C. Anatomic reserve
Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they can replicate and continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell?
A. Gram-negative bacilli excrete elaborate exotoxins that interfere with cellular production of ATP. B. Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability. C. Gram-negative bacilli enter the cell and disrupt its ability to replicate. D. Gram-negative bacilli cannot cause harm to the cell, only Gram-positive bacilli can harm the cell. ANSWER B. Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability.
During the acute inflammatory response, there is a period called the transient phase, where there is increased vascular permeability. What is considered the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase?
A. Histamine B. Arachidonic acid C. Fibroblasts D. Cytokines ANSWER A. histamine
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, which is recognized as a respiratory rate in excess of that which maintains normal plasma PCO2 levels. What is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
A. Hyperventilation syndrome B. Hypoventilation syndrome C. Cluster breathing D. Knussmaul breathing ANSWER A. Hyperventilation syndrome
Respiratory acidosis occurs at a time when the plasma pH falls below 7.35 and arterial PCO2 rises above 50 mm Hg. Because CO2 easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, what signs & symptoms of respiratory acidosis might you see? (select all that apply)
A. Irritability B. Muscle twitching C. Psychological disturbances D. Seizures E. Psychotic breaks ANSWER A, B, & C
Small amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found in many places in the environment and is still a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning?
A. Keep your child away from peeling paint
The first goal of treatment of stress disorders is to aid clients in avoiding those coping mechanisms that cause their health to be at risk. Secondly, the treatment of stress disorders should engage them in alternative nonpharmacologic treatments of stress disorders? (select all that apply)
A. Lithium therapy B. Music therapy C. Educational therapy D. Massage therapy E. Electrical Stimulation therapy ANSWER B & D
The cardinal signs of inflammation includes swelling, pain, redness, and heat. What is the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation?
A. Loss of function B. Altered level of consciousness C. Sepsis D. Fever ANSWER A. loss of function
The cells that are associated with allergic disorders and the inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitive reactions are known as what? (select all that apply)
A. Macrophages B. Eosinophils C. Mast Cells D. Neutrophils E. Basophils ANSWER B., C., & E.
The mitochondria are literally the "power plants" of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. What do the mitochondria do?
A. Make energy B. Form proteasomes C. Need DNA from other sources to replicate D. Produce ATP from carbon sources ANSWER D. produce ATP from carbon sources
Edema is an excess in the interstitial fluid volume. What mechanisms play a part in the formation of edema? (select all that apply)
A. Mechanisms that increase capillary permeability B. Mechanisms that increase capillary filtration pressure C. Mechanisms that increase capillary cuboidal osmotic pressure D. Mechanisms that produce obstruction to the flow of lymph E. Mechanisms that decrease capillary colloidal osmotic pressure ANSWER A, B, D, & E
By reabsorbing HCO3- from the glomerular filtrate and excreting H+ from the fixed acids that result from lipid and protein metabolism, the kidneys work to return or maintain the pH of the blood to normal or near-normal values. How long can this mechanism function when there is a change in the pH of body fluids?
A. Minutes B. Hours C. Days D. Weeks ANSWER C. Days
Magnesium levels are important indicators to a variety of bodily functions. What is severe hypermagnesemia associated with?
A. Muscle and respiratory paralysis B. Cardiac arrest & pulmonary paralysis C. Complete heart block & cardiac arrhythmias ANSWER A. Muscle and respiratory paralysis
In a person with fluid volume deficit, there is a dehydration of brain and nerve cells. What can occur if fluid volume deficit is corrected too rapidly?
A. Nerve cells absorb too much sodium & cease to function B. Brain cells shut down to prevent cerebral edema C. Fluid volume increases at a rate the body cannot tolerate D. Cerebral edema occurs with potentially severe neurologic impairment ANSWER D. cerebral edema occurs with potentially severe neurologic impairment
Mechanical forces that produce tissue trauma would be classified in which type of cellular injury?
A. Physical agent B. Chemical agent C. Biologic agent D. Nutritional factors ANSWER A. Physical Agent
The cell membrane is also called what?
A. Plasma membrane B. Nuclear membrane C. Receptor membrane ANSWER A. plasma membrane
When cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called what?
A. Plasma transport B. Neutral transport C. Cotransport D. Active Transport ANSWER D. active transport
Some clients experience chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a severe trauma. Which of the following is the disorder that can occur when the stress response is chronically activated?
A. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder B. Chronic renal insufficiency C. Schizophrenia D. Postdelivery depression ANSWER A. PTSD
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) found in a cell. They are rough ER and the smooth ER. What does the rough ER do in the cell?
A. Produces proteins B. Combines proteins with other components of the cytoplasm C. Exports proteins from the cell D. Destroys ribosomes ANSWER: A. produces proteins
The effective circulating volume is the major regulator of water balance in the body. What else does it regulate?
A. Sodium B. Magnesium C. Calcium D. Potassium ANSWER A. sodium
Chronic and excessive activation of the stress response has been shown to play a part in the development of long-term health problems. The stress response can also result from chronic illness. Which health problems have been linked to a stress response that is chronic and excessive?
A. Suicide & immune disorders B. Depression & renal disease C. Immune disorders & brain tumors D. Suicide & thrombosis in the extremities ANSWER A. Suicide & immune disorders
A class of student nurses is hearing a lecture on wound healing. The professor explains about primary and secondary healing. The professor continues to talk about the phases of wound healing and states that in both primary and secondary healing the phases of wound healing occur at different rates. What are the phases of wound healing? (Select all that apply.)
A. The activation phase B. The proliferation phase C. The nutritional phase D. The inflammatory phase E. The malnutritional phase ANSWER B., D., & E.
Potassium is that major cation in the body. It plays many important roles, including the excitability of nerves and muscles. Where is this action particularly important?
A. The heart B. The brain C. The lungs D. Uretic hormone ANSWER A. the heart
All wounds are considered contaminated at the time the wound occurs. Usually, the natural defenses in our bodies can deal with the invading of microorganisms at the time the wound occurs; however, there are times when a wound is badly contaminated and host defenses are overwhelmed. What happens to the healing process when host defenses are overwhelmed by infectious agents?
A. The inflammatory response is shortened and does not complete destruction of invading organisms B. Fibroblast production becomes malignant due to hypersensitization by invading organisms C. The formation of granulation tissue is impaired D. Collagen fibers cannot draw tissue together ANSWER C. the formation of granulation tissue is impaired
A 4-year old child is seen in a pediatric clinic with a temperature of 103 degrees F. Her skin is warm and flushed, her pulse is 120 beats per minutes, and her respirations are shallow and rapid at 32 beats per minute. Her mother states that she has complained of a sore throat and refused to drink or take medication to bring her fever down. Which of the following choices is a mechanism of fever generation? (select all that apply)
A. The regulatory center in the hypothalamus B. The environmental temperature C. The cold and warm receptors through out the body D. Insomnia E. Lymphadenopathy ANSWER A. & C.
Vitamin D, officially classified as a vitamin, functions as a hormone in the body. What other hormone is necessary in the body for vitamin D to work?
A. Thyroid hormone B. Parathyroid hormone C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Angiotensin II ANSWER B. parathyroid hormone
Smooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as:
A. Voluntary B. Involuntary C. Somatic ANSWER B. involuntary
Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?
A. When the body increases its major organs during times of malnutrition B. When one kidney is removed the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for loss C. When the body controls myocardial growth by stimulating actin expression to enlarge the heart D. When the body stimulates gene expression to begin a progressive decrease in left ventricular muscle mass ANSWER B. when one kidney is removed the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for loss
