Patho Exam 1

When monitoring the daily weight of a patient with fluid volume deficit, the nurse is aware that fluid loss may be considered when weight loss begins to exceed: a. 1 kg b. 0.5 lbs c. 1 lbs d. 0.25 lbs

0.5 lbs

Which of the following best defines Turner syndrome? a. a male born with only one X chromosome b. a female born with only one x chromosome c. point deletion d. none of these are correct

A female born with only one X chromosome.

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Angiogenesis is not an important component of metastasis. b. A malignant tumor does not need a new blood supply. c. A tumor can only invade lymph vessels but not blood vessels. d. A tumor may outgrow its own blood supply leading to its partial death.

A tumor may outgrow its own blood supply leading to its partial death.

Which statement made by the nurse describes the inheritance pattern of autosmal recessive disorders? a. An affected newborn has only one affected parent. b. Affected parents have unaffected children who are carries. c. An affected newborn has unaffected parents. d. Affected parents have a one in four chance of passing on the defective gene.

Affected parents have a one in four chance of passing down the defective gene.

Which of the following best describes the inheritance of a sex-linked trait? a. a dominant allele carried by females that affects only males b. a recessive allele carried by females that affects only males c. an allele carried on the Y chromosome that can affect both males and females. d. an allele carried on an X chromosome that can affect males or females

An allele carried on an X chromosome that can affect males or females.

Which genes are associated with the increased risk of developing breast cancer? a. CA-125 and CDKN2A b. APC and PSA c. RET and P54 d. BRAC1 and BRAC2

BRAC1 and BRAC2

A tumor that is non-progressive, slow-growing, and often encapsulated is: a. differentiated b. malignant c. carcinoma d. Benign

Benign

Scientific studies have indicated that there is a higher percentage of allergies in babies fed formula containing cow's milk than in breast-fed babies. Which statement represents a valid inference made from these studies? a. Breast feeding prevents allergies from occurring. b. there is no relationship between drinking cow's milk and having allergies c. Milk from cows causes allergic reactions in infants. d. Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.

Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.

The tumor marker associated with breast cancer is: a. BRAC1 b. CEA c. CA-125 d. HER2

CEA

Chronic inflammation caused by chronic inflammatory bowel disease can lead to cancer by: a. inflammatory factors continue to be released that promote proliferation b. gene mutations occur from chronic inflammation processes and frequently during normal cell growth. c. compounds released that promote mutations d. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage.

Compounds released that promote mutations. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage.

A nurse is providing genetic counseling for an expectant couple who already have a child with trisomy 18. The nurse should: a. discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected. b. explain that the fetus has a 50% chance of having the disorder. c. refer the couple to a psychologist for emotional support. d. Tell the couple they need to have an abortion within 2 to 3 weeks.

Discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected.

A client presents with less strength, high elastic skin, and joints that are hypermobile. Which condition can be diagnosed in the client based on these characteristics? a. Turner syndrome b. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome c. Down syndrome d. Klinefelter syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Neoplasm can be classified as either benign or malignant. The following are characteristics of malignant tumors apart from (EXCEPT): a, Encapsulated b. Infiltrates surrounding tissues c. Poorly differentiated cells d. metastisis

Encapsulated

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. In a family, the father is unaffected and the mother carries only one recessive allele. Which outcome is expected for their offspring? a. Half of the female offspring will be affected. b. half of the male offspring will be affected c. All of the female offspring will be affected d. All of the offspring will be affected

Half of the male offspring will be affected.

The nurse reviews a client's laboratory report and notes that the client's serum phosphorus (phosphate) level is 1.8mg/dL (0.45 mmol/L). Which condition most likely caused this serum phosphorus level? a. Renal insufficiency b. Tumor Lysis syndrome c. Malnutrition d. Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

Which is the predominant immunoglobulin produced after a host's re-exposure to an antigen? a. IgE b. IgG c. IgA d. IgD

IgG

Two genes for two different traits located on the same chromosome are said to be: a. recombined b. codominant c. inherited together d. inherited separately

Inherited together

Which of the following conditions is an equal decrease of extracellular fluid (ECF) solute and water volume? a. hypertonic fluid volume deficit. b. isotonic fluid volume deficit. c. Hypotonic fluid volume deficit. d. isotonic fluid volume excess.

Isotonic fluid volume deficit.

A couple has been counseled for genetic anomalies. They ask you, "What is karyotyping?" Your best response is: a. "Karyotyping will reveal if the baby's lungs are mature." b. "Karyotyping will reveal if your baby will develop normally." c. "Karyotyping will provide information about the gender of the baby and the number and structure of the chromosomes." d. "Karyotyping will detect any physical deformities the baby has."

Karyotyping will provide information about the gender of the baby, and the number and structure of the chromosomes.

A 26 year old male client with Hodgkin's disease is scheduled to undergo radiation therapy. The client expresses concern about the effect of radiation on his ability to have children. What info should the nurse provide? a. all patients who receive radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease will experience sterility and not be able to have children. b. Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males with Hodgkin's disease before any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent aspermia or sterility. c. There are no techniques to assist patient's with side effects of radiation.

Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males with Hodgkin's disease before any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent aspermia or sterility.

During the postoperative care of a 76-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient's intake and output carefully, knowing that the patient is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances primarily because: a. older adults have an impaired thirst mechanism and need reminding to drink fluids b. water accounts for a greater percentage of body weight in the older adult than in younger adults c. older adults are more likely than younger adults to lose extracellular fluid during surgical procedures d. small losses of fluid are more significant because body fluids account for about 45% to 50% of body weight in older adults

Older adults have an impaired thirst mechanism and need reminding to drink fluids.

If Jessica has light eyes (bb) and both of her parents have dark eyes (Bb) which statement is true? a. Both genes from her father b. both genes from her mother. c. one recessive form of the gene from each parent d. one dominant gene from each parent

One recessive gene from each parent

During administration of a hypertonic IV solution, the mechanism involved in equalizing the fluid concentration between ECF and the cells is: a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

This tumor marker is associated with prostate cancer: a. BRAC2 b. PSA c. HER2 d. CEA

PSA

The first sign of bladder cancer is usually: a. painless hematuria b. frequency c. nocturia d. Oliguria

Painless hematuria

A patient is experiencing multisystem fluid volume deficit, has the symptoms of tachycardia, pale, cool skin, & decreased urine output. The nurse realizes these findings are most likely a direct result of which of the following? a. The body's natural compensatory mechanisms. b. Pharmacological effects of a diuretic. c. Effects of rapidly infused intravenous fluids. d. Cardiac Failure

Pharmacological effects of a diuretic.

The nurse is preparing to care for a client with a potassium deficit. The nurse reviews the client's record and determines that the client is at risk for developing the potassium deficit because of which situation? a. Sustained tissue damage. b. Has a history of Addison's Disease. c. Requires nasogastric suction. d. Uric acid level of 9.4 mg/dL (559umol/L)

Requires nasogastric suction

Which of these is an example of a heterozygous genotype? a. wrinkled b. RR c. round d. Rr

Rr

In renal regulation of water balance, the functions of angiotensin II include: a. selectively constricting portions of the arteriole in the nephron. b. catalyzing calcium-rich nutrients. c. blood clotting within the nephron. d. increasing progesterone secretion into the renal tubules.

Selectively constricting portions of the arteriole in the nephron.

On a clinic visit a client who has a relative with cancer, is asking about the warning signs that may relate to cancer. The nurse correctly identifies the warning signs of cancer by responding: a. sores that heal in a few days is a warning sign of cancer d. Sudden weight loss of unexplained etiology can be a warning sign of cancer. c. presence of dry cough is one of the warning signs of cancer d. A lump located only in the breast area may suggest the presence of cancer

Sudden weight loss of unexplained etiology can be a warning sign of cancer.

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues: True False

TRUE

If a human boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? a. the baby inherits the dominant allele from his father. b. the allele is on the Y chromosome. c. The allele is on the x chromosome.

The allele is on the X chromosome

A woman with type A blood has a child with type A blood, who could be the father? Type A Type O Type AB Type B

Type A Type AB

A client develops an erythematosus rash on the hands two days after working in the garden. What type of hypersensitivity reaction has the client developed? a. Type IV delayed b. Type I immediate c. Type III immune complex mediated d. Type II cytotoxic

Type IV delayed

A woman with type AB blood marries a man with Type B blood. According to the Punnett square their children could have each of these blood types except: a. Type B b. Type O c. Type A d. Type AB

Type O

Which statement does not describe an example of a feedback mechanism that maintains homeostasis? a. the guard cells close the openings in leaves, preventing excess water loss from a plant. b. white blood cells increase the production of antigens during an allergic reaction c. Increased physical activity increases heart rate in humans d. The pancreas releases insulin, helping humans to keep blood sugar levels stable

White blood cells increase the production of antigens during an allergic reaction.

With regard to abnormalities of chromosomes, nurses should be aware that: A. They occur in approximately 10% of newborns. B. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. C. Down syndrome is a result of an abnormal chromosomal structure. D. Unbalanced translocation results in a mild abnormality that the child will outgrow.

abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss.

An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets the disease again. This situation is an example of a. negative feedback b. biological control c. passive immunity d. active immunity

active immunity

What is the main regulator of colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure? a. calcium b. albumin c. potassium d. sodium levels in the serum

albumin

The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. On assessment, the nurse notes that the client is dyspneic, and crackles are audible on auscultation. What additional manifestations would the nurse expect to note in this client if excess fluid volume is present? a. flat neck and hand veins and decreased urine output. b. weakness and decreased central venous pressure c. An increase in blood pressure and increased respirations.

an increase in blood pressure and increased respirations.

Why does fluid reenter the capillary from the interstitium at the venule end of the capillary bed? a. Osmotic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary. b. Hydrostatic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary. c. Osmotic pressure is lower at the venule end of the capillary. d. Hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venule end of the capillary.

b. Hydrostatic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary.

Edema is caused by: blockage of lymphatics hyponatremia low serum protein (albumin) from severe liver disease or renal loss. heart failure

blockage of lymphatics low serum protein (albumin) from severe liver disease or renal loss heart failure

Lymphoma refers to: a. breast cancer b. liver cancer c. blood cancer d. kidney cancer

blood cancer

When assessing a patient for signs of fluid overload, the nurse would expect to observe: a. vesicular b. bounding pulse c. poor skin turgor d. flat neck veins

bounding pulse

The virus HPV can predispose a person to _____________ cancer? a. liver cancer b. cervical cancer c. skin cancer d. lung cancer

cervical cancer

The nurse is alerted to a possible anaphylactic shock immediately after a patient has received intramuscular penicillin by the development of: a. chest, tightness, shortness of breath, and production of thick sputum. b. A wheal and flare reaction at the injection site c. edema and itching at the injection site d. sneezing and itching of the nose and eyes.

chest tightness, shortness of breath, and production of thick sputum.

Sarcoma refers to: a. connective tissue cancer b. breast cancer c. bladder cancer d. kidney cancer

connective tissue cancer

Osmotic pressure is created through the process of: a. filtration b. diffusion c. osmosis d. capillary dynamics

diffusion

An excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed: a. hypomagnesemia b. dehydration c. phosphatemia d. edema

edema

Mr. Miyazaki who is diagnosed of bipolar disorder has been drinking copious amounts of water and voiding frequently. The patient is experiencing muscle cramps, twitching, and is reporting dizziness. The nurse checks lab work for: a. EEG results b. electrolytes, particularly the serum sodium. c. urine analysis, particularly for the presence of white blood cells. d. complete blood count results, particularly the platelets.

electrolytes, particularly the serum sodium.

Which statement is false? a. human genomes include both protein-coding DNA and non-coding DNA b. The human genome only contains about 20,000-25,000 genes. c. A gene is a specific set of instructions cells use to produce a specific protein. d. Genetic material of living organisms is either DNA or RNA. e. Genomics and genetics are similar concepts, but genetics has a broad scope.

genomics and genetics are similar concepts, but genetics has a broad scope.

A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dL, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance? a. hyperkalemia b. hypokalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypercalcemia

hypercalcemia

Which of the following intravenous solutions would be appropriate for a patient with severe hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. hypotonic solution b. normotonic solution c. hypertonic solution d. isotonic solution

isotonic solution

A 33 year old patient has recently been diagnosed with sage II cervical cancer. What should the nurse understand about the patient's cancer? a. it has spread locally b. it has metastisized c. it has spread extensively d. it is in situ.

it has spread locally.

Hepatocellular carcinoma refers to: a. liver cancer b. breast cancer c. Kidney cancer d. bladder cancer

liver cancer

The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected diagnosis of hypocalcemia. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to note in the client? a. muscle cramping. b. hypoactive deep tendon reflexes. c. negative Trousseau's Sign. d. hypoactive bowel sounds.

muscle cramping

The difference in net pressure in artery and vein part of capillary causes: a. net fluid loss b. gross fluid gain c. gross fluid loss d. net fluid gain

net fluid loss

To determine whether a fetus has inherited Downs Syndrome, a doctor would most likely: a. screen the mother's blood for abnormal cells b. examine the fetal nervous system for the accumulation of fatter material. c. perform amniocentesis and analyze cells removed by this technique. d. analyze the fetal blood for phylalanine.

perform amniocentesis and analyze cells removed by this technique.

Your patient with prostate cancer has a tumor marker level drawn. This level is elevated. The elevated tumor marker level indicates: a. referral to a specialist. b. a need for an ultrasound. c. A disruption in proliferation of cancer cells d. presence of cancer

presence of cancer

The virus Merkel Cell Polyomavirus can predispose a person to _____________ cancer: a. lung cancer b. cervical cancer c. skin cancer d. liver cancer

skin cancer

Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by: a. stimulating red blood cell production b. inhibiting antigen production c. inhibiting white blood cell production d. stimulating antibody production

stimulating antibody production

Which client is at risk for the development of hyperkalemia? a. the client who has sustained a traumatic burn. b. the client who has been overusing laxatives. c. the client with colitis d. the client with Cushing's syndrome.

the client who has been overusing laxatives.

With regard to the estimation and interpretation of the recurrence of risks for genetic disorders, nurses should be aware that: a. With a dominant disorder the likelihood of the second child also having the condition is 100%. b. An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in eight risk of the second child also having the disorder. c. Disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs carry a one in four chance of being repeated in the second child. d. The risk factor remains the same no matter how many affected children are already in the family.

the risk factors remains the same no matter how many effected children are already in the family.

Vasoactive and Chemotactic factors do what? a. signal T and B cells to proliferate and differentiate b. allow immune cells to differentiate between "self" and "nonself" cells c. cause smooth muscle cells to constrict d. trigger an increase in blood flow and capillary permeability.

trigger an increase in blood flow and capillary permeability.

Substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some people with cancer are called: a. DNA variants b. Genomes c. Tumor markers d. Sentinel indicators.

tumor markers

An older woman was admitted to the medical unit with GI bleeding and fluid volume deficit. Clinical manifestations of this problem are (select all that apply) weight loss dry oral mucosa engorged neck veins full bounding pulse decreased central venous pressure

weight loss dry oral mucosa decreased central venous pressure

Lee Angela's lab test just revealed that her chloride level is 96 mEq/L. As a nurse, you would interpret this serum chloride level as: a. low b. high normal c. within normal range. d. High

within normal range

A 25 year old patient is inquiring about the methods or ways to detect cancer early. The nurse is likely to identify this method: a. Annual pap smear for those over 75 years old. b. Yearly physical and blood examinations c. annual digital rectal examination or persons over age 40 d. Chest x-ray every 3 years.

yearly physical and blood exams