Patho exam 2
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is an increased level of bilirubin in the infant's blood characterized by ____. It is treated with _____.
jaundice; phototherapy or exchange transfusion
Place the stages of hemostasis in order from 1-5, starting with the first stage = 1 and the last stage = 5. 4. clot retraction in order to squeeze out serum 2. formation of platelet plug and initiated platelet contact with subendothelial tissue 5. clot dissolution resulting from fibrinolysis by plasminogen 1. vessel spasm causing vasoconstriction and reduction of blood flow 3. blood coagulation via fibrin polymerization
4 2 5 1 3
Prevalence of CML in the US is more than _______ affecting ________ with incidence slightly higher in ___.
70,000, 1.6/100,000; men
_______ usually have a sudden and stormy onset with signs and symptoms related to depressed bone marrow function. There are two types of this condition ____.
Acute leukemias; acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency develops insidiously in adults while infants and children show signs of deficiency more rapidly. Why is B12 deficiency slow to develop in adults?
Adults have a 3-5 year reserve buildup of vitamin B12, which in the presence of deficiency takes more than 3 years to manifest.
____ is the only proven therapy to cure chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Allogeneic stem cell transplant
(The presence of clinical manifestations and lab test findings confirm the diagnosis of SLE. Match common lab tests with the findings in SLE.) elevated levels in 95% of untreated SLE specific for SLE, but only 50-60% SLE patients test positive specific for SLE, but only 20% SLE patients test positive
Anti nuclear antibody (ANA) anti-native DNA antibody test anti-smith antibody test
The daughter of a 79-year-old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before she had a urinary infection. Why does she seem to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response?
As people get older their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.
The basic mechanism of malignant transformation involves genetic injury to cells that disrupt growth control and differentiation pathways. Select the statements that reflect the pathophysiology of CML.
Blast cells in the myeloid cell lineage that are developing into granulocytes are injured and do not fully mature. Immature granulocytes accumulate in large numbers within the bone marrow and blood crowding out healthy blood components. DNA mutation (Ph chromosome) activates oncogenes and deactivates tumor suppressor genes. Translocation of the Ph chromosome causes fusion of abl and bcr into an oncogene that enhances tyrosine kinase activity resulting in the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells.
Diagnostic tests for CML include ________ (check all that apply).
CBC FISH assay polymerase chain reaction bone marrow biopsy
Thrombocytosis is used to describe high elevations in the platelet count and can be either primary or secondary. Secondary thrombocytosis can occur as a reactive disorder due to which of the following conditions?
Crohn disease
Select all true responses about the pathophysiologic development of SLE.
Destruction and loss of cells occur when immune complexes form on cell surfaces and are detected against cell-surface antigens (e.g., leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes) Immune complexes form when autoantibodies combine with antigens against which the antibodies are produced; i.e., autoantigens Immune complexes become trapped in tissues causing an intense inflammatory reaction to eliminate the "foreign" immune complexes Loss of immune self-tolerance results from excessive helper T cell or defective suppressor T cell function that induces clones of hyperactive B lymphocytes to synthesize autoantibodies against native tissues
____ disorders refer to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system. Type I hypersensitivity reactions to antigens, are referred to as _____; while _____ is a systemic reaction characterized by widespread edema, vascular shock seondary to vasodilation, and difficulty breathing.
Hypersensitivity; allergic reactions; anaphylaxis
______ describes the presence, multiplication, and subsequent injury within a host by another living organism; while an interaction in which the colonizing bacteria acquire nutritional needs and shelter and the host is not adversely affected by the relationship is _______.
Infection; commensalism
________ is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by EBV and is usually self-limiting and nonlethal. What is a rare complications that can arise during this mostly benign disease? Correct!
Infectious mononucleosis; rupture of the spleen
CML may exhibit few signs or symptoms for several years after onset. Select from the list, the most typical manifestations of CML.
LUQ bleeding and bruising weakness and fatigue
_____ are malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from hematopoieitc precursor cells and can involve lymphocytes, granulocytes, and other blood cells. ______ originate in peripheral lymphoid structures such as the lymph nodes where B and T lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation.
Leukemias; Lymphomas
Red blood cells can be studied by means of a sample of blood. Match the laboratory test with its descriptor. average concentration of hemoglobin in each red cell; calculation = Hgb/Hct hemoglobin content in grams per deciliter or 100 milliliters of blood total number of RBCs in a microliter of blood average volume or size of the red cells in a specimen; calculation = 10*(Hct/RBC) red cell mass in a 100 milliliters plasma volume average mass of hemoglobin in an average red cell; calculation = (Hgb*10)/RBC
MCHC Hgb RBC MCV Hct MCH
Estimates of the prevalence of SLE in the US range from 161,000-322,000. Select all correct information about the incidence and prevalence of this disease.
Most new cases of SLE develop in females after the onset of menstruation, but before menopause. African-American women are diagnosed at a younger age and develop more serious complications compared to Caucasians. While SLE affects 1 in 2,000 persons in the US there is increased incidence in African-American women, who have an occurrence rate of 1/250. Frequency of new cases in the US is 2-8/100,000 population High-risk ethnic groups include African-Americans, Hispanic and Asians.
_____ are characterized by expansion of a single clone of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells and a resultant increase in serum levels of a ________ or its fragments.
Plasma cell dyscrasias; single monoclonal immunglobulin
_____ is a systemic immune complex disorder that is triggered by the deposition of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes in blood vessels, joints, and cardiac and renal tissues. Immune complexes causing localized tissue necrosis is a/an ____.
Serum sickness; Arthus reaction
Thalassemia can be classed as major or minor. Select all true statements about thalassemia major manifestations and treatment.
Transfusion therapy beginning at 6 months of age is a necessary treatment. Without treatment, infants with this disease will have severe growth retardation
______ hypersensitivity reactions are responsible for the vasculitis seen in certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or the kidney damage seen with acute glomerulonephritis.
Type III
transitional phase
WBC differential with 6-30% blast cells (basophilia) increasing splenomegaly with progressive symptoms of anemia and thrombocytopenia low-grade fever in absence of infection, night sweats, and bone pain
A large number of primary immunodeficiency diseases have been mapped to the ____ chromosome. Disorders that affect both B and T lymphocytes, with resultant defects in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity fall under the broad classification of _____. In ______, genetic mutations lead to absence of all T and B cell function and, in some cases, a lack of NK cells, this is more commonly found in ____.
X; combined immunodeficiency; severe combined immunodeficiency; boys
AIDS, the most common type of secondary immunodeficiency, is caused by HIV infection. Select all true characteristics of this infection.
a retrovirus that infects the body's CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages may cause Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma destruction of CD4+ cells results in attack on entire immune system affecting both humoral and cellular immunity causes development of opportunistic infections in respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems
Which lymphatic tissue is associated with mucous membranes and called mucus-associated lymphatic tissue, or MALT?
alimentary canal and genitourinary system
Although the immune response normally is protective, it also can produce undesirable effects, such as when the response is excessive, as in ____, or when it recognizes self-tissue as foreign, as in ____ disorder.
allergies; autoimmune
Anticoagulant drugs prevent thromboembolic disorders. How does warfarin, one of the anticoagulant drugs, act on the body?
alters vitamin K, reducing its ability to participate in coagulation of the blood
Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity?
an injection of gamma globulin
Heparin is a natural ______ that is endogenously formed and released by mast cells. When prepared from animal tissues and given as an anticoagulant by injection to prevent the formation of blood clots, it works to ____.
anticoagulant; promote the inactivation of clotting factors by binding to antithrombin III
In ________, all of the myeloid stem cells are affected, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ________, which denotes a virtual absence of neutrophils.v
aplastic anemia; agranulocytosis
The _____ shape of an erythrocyte provides a larger surface area for oxygen diffusion; and the thinness of the _____ enables oxygen to diffuse rapidly between the exterior and the innermost regions of the cell.
biconcave; cell membrane
Exposure to high doses of radiation, chemicals, and toxins that suppress cellular activity directly or through immune mechanisms are standard cancer treatments. Chemotherapy and irradiation commonly result in ______.
bone marrow depression with lower rate of blood product production
What is the treatment for aplastic anemia in the young and severely affected patient?
bone marrow transplant
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a form of leukemia. Select all true statements about this condition.
cancer of blood and bone marrow excessive proliferation of leukemic WBCs resulting in overcrowding of bone marrow causing decreased production and function slowly progressive myeloproliferative disorder in which bone marrow produces too many granulocytic WBCs from the myeloid stem cell
The ___ is the third component of the hemostatic process. It is a stepwise process resulting in the conversion of the soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen, into fibrin. This multistep process ensures that a massive episode of ____ clotting does not occur by chance.
coagulation cascade; intravascular
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is defined and characterized as _____ . Select all correct responses.
collagen-vascular disease that becomes symptomatic when the immune system attacks native tissues affects every organ system autoimmune disorder chronic inflammatory disease characterized by multiple relapses and remissions
In both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. Identify these mediators - mark all that apply.
colony-stimulatiing factors chemokines
What are the different types of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reaction mechanisms involved in type II reactions? (Mark all that apply.)
complement- and antibody-mediated inflammation complement- and antibody-mediated destruction
containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms initial appearance of symptoms in the host maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination
convalescent prodromal acute
elimination of all Ph chromosome-positive cells negative polymerase chain reaction for abl-bcr fusion gene normal CBC and no organomegaly
cytogenic remission molecular remission hematologic remission
(Match the immune protective function to its cell/tissue in the human body.) <--- primary question (does not match with one of the answers) small cationic peptides found in the stomach traps and washes away potential invaders epithelial protrusions that move mucus to throat hydrolytic enzymes capable of cleaving the walls of bacterial cell pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors renders bacteria and other cells susceptible to phagocytosis disrupts virus infections physical barrier of skin to infection surfactant proteins in respiratory tract
defensins mucins cilia lysozomes toll-like receptors opsonins interferons epithelial barrier collectins
Polycythemia vera most often occurs in men with a median age of 62. It is a neoplastic disease of the bone marrow that is characterized by which of the following signs or symptoms? Mark all that apply.
dusky red appearance hearing difficulty inability to concentrate headache
Discuss the pathophysiology of vitamin B12 deficiency by filling-in-the-blanks. Vitamin B12 is essential for the synthesis of DNA. When B12 is deficient, ____ in the bone marrow is ___ resulting in the production of _____ that are highly susceptible to intramedullary destruction and early cell death in the circulation resulting in anemia.
erythropoiesis; reduced; megaloblasts
blast crisis phase
evolution to acute leukemia with 30% blast cells in blood leukostasis and hyperviscosity of blood with blurred vision, respiratory distress, or priapism infiltrates of leukemic WBCs in skin, lymph nodes and CNS; fever secondary to infection
Match the coagulation factor and/or pathology to the correct descriptor. process of blood clot dissolution describes elevations in platelet count above 1,000,000/μL breaks down fibrin autoantibodies that result in increased coagulation activity vitamin C deficiency causing poor collagen synthesis and failure of endothelial cells to be cemented resulting in a fragile wall and bleeding megakaryocytes X-linked recessive disorder primarily affecting males resulting in factor VIII deficiency stimulates vascoconstriction converts prothrombin to thrombin enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrinolysis thrombocytosis plasmin antiphospholipid syndrome scurvy thrombocyte precursor hemophilia A thromboxane A2 factor X thrombin
The term hemostasis refers to the stoppage of blood flow; and the term hypercoagulability represents an exaggerated form of blood flow stoppage that predisposes to thrombosis and blood vessel occlusion.
hemostasis, hypercoagulability
Chronic myelogenous leukemia causes and risk factors are not well-known. What known risk factors are linked to CML and would be considered when the healthcare provider is evaluating an individual's risk for the disease?
high doses of ionizing radiation exposure to organic chemical benzene
The immune system has evolved in multicellular organisms to defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. As the first line of defense, _____ immunity consists of the physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses; while _____ immunity is the second major immune defense.
innate, adaptive
Absence of _____ is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in the United States today.
intrinsic factor
The rate at which hemoglobin is synthesized depends on the availability of ___ for heme synthesis. During its transformation from normoblast to reticulocyte, the RBC accumulates hemoglobin as the ___ condenses and is finally lost.
iron; nucleus
(Match the stages of HIV infection to the correct description. There may be more than one match per stage.) may last 8-10 years most common symptoms are malaise and fatigue with a mononucleosis-like syndrome symptoms may include fever, myalgias, sore throat, night sweats, GI disorder, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, headache CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/μL CD4+ T-cell count gradually falls from 800-1000 cells/μL to 200-400 cells/μL increase in viral replication leading to very high viral loads >1,000,000 copies/mL and decrease in CD4+ T-cell count high risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections may develop prominent, sore and painful lymphadenopathy for more than 3 months in 2 locations (excluding groin)
latency stage acute clinical syndrome stage acute clinical syndrome stage overt AIDS stage latency stage acute clinical syndrome stage overt AIDS stage latency stage
(Antibodies comprise a class of proteins called immunoglobulins. Match each immunoglobulin with its role in the immune response). <--- primary question (does not match with one of the answers) first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and the first antibody type made in the newborn serves as an antigen receptor for initiating the differentiation of B cells protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids and activates the complement system involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues
lgM lgD lgG lgE lgA
Select the myeloid lineage cells that function as antigen-presenting cells for the adaptive immune response. Mark all that apply.
macrophages, dendritic cells
Identify the key cells of innate immunity. Mark all that apply.
macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells
What are the categories of anemia effects? Select all that apply.
manifestations of impaired oxygen transport and the resulting compensatory mechanisms reduction in red cell indices and hemoglobin levels signs and symptoms associated with the pathologic process causing the anemia
Variants of classical Hodgkin lymphoma include (check all that apply) _______.
mixed cellularity lymphocyte-rich lymphocyte depleted nodular sclerosis
Evasive factors are produced by infectious microoorganisms to keep the host's immune system from destroying the microoganism. Select examples of extracellular polysaccharide evasive factors that contribute to the virulence of a pathogen. Mark all that apply.
mucous slime capsules
The granulocyte and monocyte cell lines derive from the ____ stem cells and the lymphocytes from the _____ stem cells.
myeloid; lymphoid
Platelets have a cell membrane, but have no ____ and cannot reproduce. The platelet shape is maintained by microtubules and ______ filaments that support the cell membrane.
nucleus; actin and myosin
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a paradox in the hemostatic sequence characterized by widespread coagulation and bleeding. Common clinical conditions that may cause DIC include ____. Mark all that apply.
obstetrical disorders malignant disease bacterial sepsis massive trauma
All microrganisms can be ______ pathogens capable of producing an infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host have been severely weakened.
opportunistic
A/an _____ relationship is one in which only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing or sustains injury from the interaction.
parasitic
(Match the immune response mechanism to its descriptor.) pore-forming molecules dependent on T cell self-recognition proteins processing a complex antigen into epitopes and then displaying the foreign and self peptides on their membrane ability of immune systems to be nonreactive to self-antigens combine with larger protein molecules and serve as antigens cytotoxic T cell dependent on B cell immunologic active sites on antigens type of T helper cell
perforins cell-mediated immunity major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation tolerance haptens CD8+ epitopes CD4+
passed from mother to child at birth acquired from healthcare facility acquired from individual's own body passed from animals to humans
perinatal infections nosocomial opportunistic zoonoses
Select the major criteria that have to be met in order for a diagnosis of an infectious disease to occur. Mark all that apply.
recovery of probable pathogen or evidence of its presence documentation of signs/symptoms compatible with an infectious process
Anemia is defined as an abnormally low number of circulating RBCs or level of hemoglobin. Match the anemia to its descriptor(s). There may be more than one descriptor to anemia type. destruction of the gastric mucosa with gastric atrophy impaired maturation and division of red blood cells retention of iron in the body with other products of hemoglobin destruction results from dietary deficiency premature destruction of red cells disorder of pluripotential bone marrow stem cells loss of iron through bleeding, or increased demands impaired DNA synthesis with enlarged red cells autoimmune disease with the production of antibodies that interfere with vitamin B12 binding to intrinsic factor destruction in bone marrow of all hematopoietic cell lines microcytic hypochromic anemia
pernicious megaloblastic hemolytic iron deficiency hemolytic aplastic iron defiiency megaloblastic pernicious aplastic iron deficiency
Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines to mediate the actions of many cells in the immune processes. How are the actions of cytokines described?
pleiotropic and redundant
Progenitor cells for myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are derived from which one of the following?
pluripotent stem cells
Diagnosis of SLE is based on patient's medical history, physical examination findings and analysis of blood work. The single most common early symptom of SLE, seen in 90% of patients, is ________.
polyarthritis
When patients are in chronic renal failure, they almost always have anemia. Select the reasons for anemia development in chronic renal failure.
presence of retained nitrogen erythropoietin deficiency presence of uremic toxins
The major goal(s) of SLE treatment is to ______. Select all that apply.
prevent the progessive loss of organ function by effectively treating the symptoms as they occur reduce the probability for relapses
X-linked agamaglobulinemia is a/an _____ immunodeficiency disorder of humoral, or ___. Chronic cirrhosis of the liver reduces the production of complement proteins; this type of deficiency would be classified as a/an ______ immunodeficiency disorder.
primary; B-cells; secondary
Bacteria are autonomously replicating unicellular organisms known as ____ because they lack an organized nucleus. The _____ are the unicellular form capable of independent replication.
prokaryotes; mycoplasmas
Complications of B12 deficiency, exclusive of anemia, are numerous and serious. Select complications that are attributed to only B12 deficiency--not the resulting anemia. Mark all that apply.
psychotic manifestations, including delusions, hallucinations and paranoia nausea and vomiting; unintended weight loss paresthesias; ataxia; poor sense of balance burning or soreness of the tongue and mouth with changes in taste
The adaptive immune sytem is divided into humoral and cellular immune systems. Defects in humoral immunity increase the risk of recurrent ____ infections. Secondary humoral immunodeficiencies can result from a number of _____ including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma that interfere with normal _____ production.
pyogenic; malignancies; immunoglobulin
Treatment interventions for SLE include _____. Select all that apply.
rest and NSAIDs for minor joint pain and hydroxychloroquine for arthritis non-responsive to NSAIDs avoid triggers; e.g., photosensitivity -- avoid sun exposure and use sunscreen when outdoors corticosteroids ordered when organs are under attack by the immune system immunosuppressant drugs in severe disease when corticosteroids become ineffective patient education and emotional support
harmless, free-living organisms microorganisms that live with a host organisms combining characteristics of viral and bacterial agents to produce disease in humans infest external body surfaces bacterial DNA that may increase virulence cannot live long outside strict growth requirements herpesvirus and paramyxoviruses act of establishing an infection virus capable of transforming a cell bacteria that can adapt metabolism
saprophytes microflora rickettsiae ectoparasites plasmids fastidious bacteria enveloped viruses colonzation oncogenic viruses facultatively anaerobic bacteria
(The etiology of SLE is unknown; however, there are a combination of risk factors that contribute to disease development. Match the risk factor with the suspected causative descriptor. There may be more than 1 match per risk factor.) majority of cases are women with onset between menarche and menopause flare-ups triggered by exposure to UVB radiation 10 different gene loci linked to SLE; with high occurrence of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ loci in the class II major histocompatibiilty complex in people with SLE androgens protect against the development of SLE and estrogens favor development if mother has SLE, the daughters' risk of developing the condition is 1/40 and the sons' risk is 1/250 EBV, by rendering native tissues foreign and subject to attack by the host's immune system, may trigger onset certain drugs (hydralazine, procainamide, chlorpromazine, isoniazid) used long-term predispose to lupus-like syndrome
sex hormone imbalance environmental trigger genetic susceptibility sex hormone imbalance genetic susceptibility misdirected immune response environmental trigger
Select those factors that contribute to a poor prognosis in the individual with CML. Mark all that apply.
short response duration to hydroxyurea delayed response to myelosuppressive therapy presence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia African-American older age
Two main types of hemoglobinopathies can cause red cell hemolysis: the abnormal substitution of an amino acid in the hemoglobin molecule, as in _____ , and the defective synthesis of one of the polypetide chains that form the globin portion of hemoglobin, as in the _____.
sickle cell anemia; thalassemias
chronic phase
slow onset with non-specific weakness, lack of energy, poor exercise tolerance, and unintentional weight loss; splenomegaly and leukocytosis with immature granulocytes in peripheral blood
The common clinical manifestations of essential thrombocytosis are thrombosis and hemorrhage. Select all risk factors for thrombosis.
smoking hemodynamic stress diabetes mellitus elevated blood lipids and cholesterol
All cells of the body age and are replaced in a natural order. When RBCs age, they are destroyed in the ____. During this process the iron from their hemoglobin is released into the circulation and returned to the ____.
spleen; bone marrow for incorporation into new RBCs
The clinical picture, or presentation of a disease in the body, is the _______.
symptomatology of the disease
A major barrier to transplantation is the process of rejection in which the recipient's immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it. Match the terms related to transplantation to the correct descriptor (There may be more than one match per answer.) donor and recipient identical twins unrelated donor and recipient sharing similar HLA types immunologically competent cells/precursors transplanted into immunocompromised recipient related donor and recipient share similar HLA types donor and recipient same person
syngeneic graft allogeneic graft graft vs host disease allogeneic graft autologous graft
A reduction in platelet number is referred to as _____. Platelet destruction may be caused by antiplatelet antibodies. _____ results in platelet antibody formation and excess destruction of platelets.
thrombocytopenia; Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Precursor T lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow to the ______ where they differentiate into helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. B lymphocytes mature in the ____ and differentiate into _____ cells. Another type of cell that arises from the common lymphoid stem cells are the _____ cells.
thymus; bone marrow; plasma; natural killer
The various prion-associated diseases produce very similar symptoms and pathology in the host and are collectively called _____ diseases.
transmissable neurodegenerative
Drug-induced neutropenia is a disease that has significantly increased in incidence over the last several decades. What is the major factor contributing to this increased incidence?
treatment of cancer by chemotherapeutic drugs
(There are two types of hypersensitivity reactions that result in specific clinical manifestations in SLE. Match the reaction type to the correct definition and clinical manifestation. (There may be more than one match per type.)) immune complexes trapped in tissues creating an intense inflammatory reaction activates critical proteins of the complement system and destroys cells when immune complexes form on the cell surface autoantibodies occur on cell-surface antigens of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes clinical manifestations depending on the site of occurrence may cause glomerulonephritis, arthritis, vasculitis clinical manifestations may include anemia , thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, lymphopenia targeted antigen is DNA or other nuclear/cytoplasmic antigens
type III type II type II type III type II type III
Hypersensitivity reactions that are mediated by specifically sensitized T lymphocytes are divided into two basic types: direct-cell mediated and delayed-type hypersensitivity, and generally classified as ______.
type IV reactions
Fifty percent (50%) or more of the clinical manifestations in SLE include _____ (select all that apply).
vasculitis and rash anemia hypocomplementemia lymphadenopathy systolic heart murmur
Many different proteins, enzymes, and hormones are involved in maintaining hemostasis. Which protein is required for platelet adhesion?
von Willebrand factor
(Match the impaired immune conditions to the correct descriptor.) susceptible to infections caused by encapsulated microorganisms essentially undetectable levels of all serum gammablobulins terminal differentiation of mature B cells to plasma cells blocked repeated bouts of upper respiratory and middle ear infections low IgG and IgA levels, high IgM concentrations cause of SCID decreases in one or more of IgG subgroups lymphopenia and decrease in ratio of CD4+ helper T cells to CD8+ suppressor T cells in levels of serum and secretory IgA partial or complete failure of thymus and parathyroid glands
wiskott aldrich syndrome x-linked agammaglobulinemia common variable immunodeficiency transient hypogammaglobulininemia hyper-IgM syndrome adenosine deaminase deficiences and t-cell cytokine receptor mutations immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency ataxia telangiectasis selective IgA deficiency DiGeorge Syndrome
normal T-cell protein abnormal in CLL neoplasm involving B or T cells definitive marker for Hodgkin lymphoma an arrest in myeloid maturation production of white blood cells used for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis translocation on chromosome 8 found in more than 90% of persons with CML immature precursor cells abnormally low number of neutrophils
zap 70 non-hodgkins reed-sternberg kostmann leukopoiesis heterophil burkitt lymphoma philadelphia chromosome blast cells neutronpenia