patho final

The nurse is caring for a female client with cholelithiasis. When teaching the client about the disease, the nurse includes which of these points?

"Gallstones have developed, which are typically composed of cholesterol"

A 51 year-old male professional is in the habit of consuming 6 to 8 rum and cokes each evening after work. He assures the nurse practitioner who is performing his regular physical exam that his drinking is under control and does not have negative implications for his work or family life. How could the nurse best respond to the client's statement?

"When your body has to regularly break down that much alcohol, your blood and the functional cells in your liver accumulate a lot of potentially damaging toxic byproducts."

The nurse assessing a patient with a traumatic brain injury assesses for changes in which of the following? Select all that apply.

-Cognition -Level of Consciousness -motor function -sensory function

The cause of gastric carcinomas has been influenced by which of the following factors? Select all that apply.

-strain of H. pylori -environmental factors -family history

A client has just begun to experience an ischemic stroke. The blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is being blocked by a large blood clot. How long before brain cells begin to die due to lack of ATP?

4-6 minutes

The nurse is reviewing the medical history of four clients. The nurse determines that the client at greatest risk for developing peptic ulcer disease is:

A client with prior diagnosis of H. pylori

A 26 year-old female is resting after a one-minute episode during which she lost consciousness while her muscles contracted and extremities extended. This was followed by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of her extremities. On regaining consciousness, she found herself to have been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely experienced?

A tonic clonic seizure

Which symptom is often observed in cases of peritonitis?

Abdominal rigidity

A client is brought to the emergency department and is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT scan. The most important treatment for this client would be to:

Administer IV tisse- type plasmin activator (tPA)

Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury?

Altered level of consiusness Explanation: In contrast to focal injury, which causes focal neurologic deficits without altered consciousness, global injury nearly always results in altered levels of consciousness ranging from inattention to stupor or coma. The other answers are manifestations of different types of brain injury, not a global injury.

The nurse is caring for a client with a brain tumor when the client begins to vomit. Which intervention should the nurse do first?

Assess for other signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

Following a collision while mountain biking, the diagnostic work up of a 22 year-old male has indicated the presence of an acute subdural hematoma. Which of the following pathophysiological processes most likely underlies his diagnosis?

Blood has accumulated between the man's dura and subarachnoid

A nurse educator is explaining basic neuroanatomy to a class of prospective nursing students. Which statement best conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients

When assessing the nutritional intake of a client with generalized pancreatic cancer, which of these statements by the client is consistent with the disease and food intake?

Client states pain becomes worse with food intake

The nurse is reviewing lab results of a client who has liver failure. The nurse determines that the client is at an increased risk for bleeding when the results include:

Increased prothrombin time

Which one of the following meninges provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord?

Dura mater Explanation: All surfaces of the spinal cord, brain, and segmental nerves are covered with a delicate connective tissue layer called the pia mater. A second, very delicate, nonvascular, and waterproof layer, called the arachnoid, encloses the entire central nervous system. Immediately outside the arachnoid is a continuous sheath of strong connective tissue, the dura mater, which provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord. The tentorium cerebelli is the inner layer of the dura that anchors the brain to the skull.

In patients with acute diarrhea, many require no treatment. However, the nurse knows the priority assessment in all patients with diarrhea is which of the following?

Fluid and electrolyte status

Nutrition students are studying the nervous system, which has a high rate of metabolism. Which of the following is its major fuel source?

Glucose Explanation: Glucose is the major fuel source for the nervous system, but neurons have no provision for storing glucose. Ketones can provide for limited, temporary energy requirements; however, these resources are rapidly depleted.

In the balance of secretions in the gastric mucosa by the parietal cells, which of the following ions is produced to buffer the production of hydrochloric acid?

HCO3-

A client tells the nurse that he is concerned about developing hepatitis after being exposed to contaminated feces, saliva, and food. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for

Hepatitis A

The nurse is aware that the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is:

Maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual

The nurse is providing client education to a client newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The nurse most accurately describes the disease progression:

Parkinson's is a chronic condition and treatment aims to manage symptoms

The nurse is aware that some drugs may be prevented from entering the brain as a function of:

The blood-brain barrier Explanation: The blood-brain barrier prevents many drugs from entering the brain. Most highly water-soluble components are excluded from the brain, especially molecules with high ionic charge, such as many of the catecholamines.

A 51 year-old male has been diagnosed with alcohol-induced liver disease. He admits to the nurse he does not understand what the liver does in the body. Which of these statements best explains the liver's function?

The liver metabolizes most components of food and also cleans the blood of bacteria and drugs

A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes. The client is most likely experiencing:

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Malabsorption syndrome results in loss of fat in the stool and failure to absorb fat-soluble vitamins.

True

A 21 year old male is brought to the ED following a night of partying in his fraternity. His friends found him "asleep" and couldn't get him to respond. They cannot recall how many alcoholic beverages he drank the night before. While educating a student nurse and the roommates in the fraternity, the nurse begins by explaining that alcohol is

Very lipid soluble and rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier

When assessing the client with acute pancreatitis, which of these diagnostic tests, consistent with the disease, does the nurse anticipate will be altered?

amylase and lipase

A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with a seizure disorder about medications. The most important information for the nurse to provide would be:

antiepileptic medications should never be DC abrubtly

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which of the following systems?

autonomic nervous system

Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors?

brain edema and disturbances

The nurse is caring for a 31-year-old trauma victim admitted to the neurologic intensive care unit. While doing the initial assessment, the nurse finds that the client is flexing the arms, wrists, and fingers. There is adduction of the upper extremities with internal rotation and plantar flexion of the lower extremities. How would the nurse describe this in the notes?

decorticate posturing

A client affected by postural hypotension will likely display what symptoms?

dizziness and pallor when moved to upright position

The nurse measures a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL for a client with diabetes type I. Why would it be important for the nurse to institute an intervention to elevate the glucose level in this client?

glucose Explanation: Glucose is the major fuel source for the nervous system but neurons have no provision for storing glucose. Ketones can provide for limited temporary energy requirements. However, these sources are rapidly depleted.

A 29 year-old female has been admitted to the emergency department following a suicide attempt by overdose of acetaminophen. What physiologic changes in the client's liver causing which of these altered diagnostic results does the nurse anticipate?

hepatocellular necrosis evidenced by increased ALT and AST levels.

Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, and food consumption are controlled by which of the following parts of the brain?

hypothalamus

Crohn's disease is treated by several measures. Treatment with corticosteroids focuses on which of the following?

inflammatory suppression

The client in the GI clinic tells the nurse she is concerned she has something wrong with her gallbladder like what her friend with gallstones and inflammation had. Which of these complaints does the nurse recognize that supports the client's concern?

intolerance to greasy food; burping

A nurse caring for a patient in myasthenic crisis identifies a priority concern as:

maintenance of airway and respiration

Peptic ulcers can affect one or all layers of the stomach or duodenum. Ulcers that penetrate through the muscularis layer are classified as which of the following types of ulcer?

perforation

A 55 year-old man has been diagnosed with a gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD, in which the function of his lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Which of the following consequences of this condition is most likely?

protrusion of the stomach or regurgitation of stomach contents into the espophagus

Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as:

receptors Explanation: Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as called receptors, embedded in the postsynaptic membrane.

The MRA scan of a client with a suspected stroke reports ruptured berry aneurysm. The nurse plans care for a client with which of the following?

subarachnoid hemorrhage

The most common cause of ischemic stroke is:

thrombosis