Patho Final Questions

Which person is most at risk for right-sided heart failure? A person with pericarditis A person with left-sided heart failure A person with primary hypertension A person with infective endocarditis

A person with left-sided heart failure

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is A. hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. hypophosphatemia D. metabolic alkalosis

Hyperkalemia

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to A. Angina B. Deep vein thrombosis C. Hypertension D. Hypotension

Hypotension

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration. A. increased serum potassium B. decreased serum potassium C. increased serum sodium D. decreased serum sodium

decreased serum sodium

Which condition is associated with permanent progressive loss of memory, orientation, judgement, and problem-solving ability? -Delirium -dementia -anterograde amnesia -selective attention deficit

dementia

which condition exhibits polyuria, nocturne, and polydipsia hypothyroidism diabetes insipidus pituitary adenomas SIADH

diabetes insipidus

Which area would the nurse ask about next when taking the history of a person with intracranial aneurysm who has no history of arteriosclerosis, trauma, or cigarette smoking? -drug use -alcohol use -sexual activity -caffeine use

drug use

Which common clinical manifestation will a nurse observe upon assessment of a person with emphysema? Select all that apply -Dyspna -Cyanosis -Wheezing -Barrel chest -chronic hyperventilation

dyspnea wheezing barrel chest

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is A. erythropoietin administration. B. high-protein diet C. iron administration D. vitamin B12 and folate administration

erythropoietin administration

Which clinical manifestation will the nurse expect to observe in a person diagnosed with Parkinson disease? -Paralysis -Hydrocephalus -Flexed, forward leaning posture -increased intracranial pressure

flexed, forward leaning posture

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by A. fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance B. fever and diminishing cognition C. sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine D. magnesium and phosphorous loss in the urine

fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance

which clinical manifestation is expected with diabetic ketoacidosis (select all) pallor tremors sweating fruity breath Kussmaul respirations

fruity breath Kussmaul respirations

Which characteristic would be descriptive of cholelithiasis? -gallstones -atrophy of the gallbladder -inflammation of the gallbladder -hypersecretion of bile by the liver

gallstones

which clinical manifestation is common with hyperthyroidism (select all) goiter weight loss constipation gait disturbancess low tendon reflexes

goiter and weight loss

The patient who requires the most careful monitoring for development of metabolic acidosis is a patient who A. is in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure. B. has had hypokalemia for over a week. C. has had diarrhea for over a week D. has newly diagnosed Cushing syndrome.

has had diarrhea for over a week

A person diagnosed with portal hypertension due to liver disease would experience which MOST common assessment finding? -ascites -hematemesis -altered mental status -pressure of 5 mmHg

hematemesis

In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include A. hematuria B. postrenal renal failure C. urinary urgency D. proteinuria

hematuria

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include A. female gender. B. high-protein diet. C. hyperlipidemia. D. low-fiber diet.

hyperlipidemia

Which assessment of lab results in typical finding for a person who has SIADH secretion? 1. hypokalemia 2. hyponatremia 3. urine hyposmolarity 4. serum hyperosmolarity

hyponatremia

Which breathing pattern would a nurse expect when a person begins to develop metabolic acidosis? -increased rate and shallow depth -decreased rate and shallow depth -increased rate and increased depth -decreased rate and increased depth

increased rate and increased depth

The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is A. blood loss secondary to hematuria B. iron deficiency C. insufficient erythropoietin D. vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to deficient intrinsic factor

insufficient erythropoietin

Which two mechanisms are responsible for the development of type 2 DM 1. insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction 2. ketone formation and nonenzymatic glycation 3. insulin deficiency and autosomal dominant mutation 4. pancreatic enzyme deficiency and autoantibody production

insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include A. edema B. intermittent claudication C. decreased pressure proximal to the obstruction. D. distal hyperemia.

intermittent claudication

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is A. intracranial hemorrhage. B. intracranial thrombosis C. intracranial embolization D. cardiac arrest

intracranial hemorrhage

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (Select all that apply.) ischemic stroke. hemorrhagic stroke. retinal injury. renal impairment. liver disease.

ischemic stroke. retinal injury. renal impairment.

which treatment would be included in the teaching plan for a person diagnosed with type 1 DM (select all) meal planning insulin therapy exercise schedule c-peptide supplements oral hypoglycemic drugs

meal planning insulin therapy exercise schedule

A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102"1eF. This information is most consistent with A. encephalitis. B. meningitis. C. skull fracture D. cerebral ischemia.

meningitis

Which finding makes an individual predisposed to heart failure? Anemia Obesity Diabetes Young age Hypertension Ischemic heart disease

obesity, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency? A. osteomalacia B. Osteopenia C. Osteomyelitis D. Osteoporosis

osteomalacia

Which assessment findings are expected with type 1 DM 1. oliguria, dyspepsia, and dysphagia 2. polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia 3. weight gain, decreased thirst, and fever 4. hypertension, pruritus, and being overweight

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

Which causative factor would the nurse suspect for a person diagnosed with esophageal varices? -biliary obstruction -portal HTN -systemic hypotension -weakness of esophageal wall

portal HTN

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by: pulmonary congestion. decreased systemic vascular resistance jugular vein distention. peripheral edema.

pulmonary congestion

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit A. hepatomegaly B. jugular vein distention C. peripheral edema D. pulmonary congestion with dyspnea

pulmonary congestion with dyspnea

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most responsible for the immune mechanisms associated with glomerulonephritis? -Type 1 -Type III -delayed -immediate

type III

"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is: A. beta-hydroxybutyric acid. B. calcium phosphate. C. urea D. uric acid

uric acid

When emphysema results from an inherited a1- antitrypsin disorder which patient assessment and history data are usually found by the nurse? Select all that apply -older than 40 years of age -history of cigarette smoking -younger than 40 years of age -no history of cigarette smoking -elevated levels of a1- antitrypsin - decrease levels of a1- antitrypsin

younger than 40 no hx of cigarette smoking decreased levels of a1-antitrypsin

Which statement reflects accurate information about fluid restrictions in the syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)? - "The blood has too much water in it, and restricting fluids helps correct the excess" -"Drinking salty fluid would expand the blood volume and make the condition worse" -" Fluid intake is restricted to allow the blood cells to swell and to concentrate the blood" -"The blood is concentrated, so decreasing salt intake and drinking less are appropriate actions"

"The blood has too much water in it, and restricting fluids helps correct the excess"

Which finding is common upon assessment of a person who has severe glomerulonephritis? Select all that apply - edema -hematuria -proteinuria -hypotension -smokey brown-tinged urine

- edema -hematuria -proteinuria -smokey brown-tinged urine

Which condition would be associated with repetitive stress on or overuse of the knee joint? Select all that apply -Bursitis -osteoarthritis -osteomyelitis -Pompe disease -ankylosing spondylititis

-Bursitis -osteoarthritis

Which clinical manifestation is associated with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? Select all that apply -Polyuria -Dyspnea -Anorexia -coarse skin -dulled sensorium

-Dyspnea -Anorexia -dulled sensorium

Which clinical manifestation is expected on assessment of a person who is admitted to the hospital with left-side heart failure? Dyspnea Orthopnea Bradypnea Crackles in lung Hepatosplenomegaly cough of frothy sputum

-Dyspnea -Orthopnea -Crackles in lung -cough of frothy sputum

If a patient is diagnosed with gout after presenting with pain in the big toe, which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect upon assessment? Select all that apply -Hyperuricemia -Tophi formations -increased blood clotting -formation of renal stones -inflammation of a single joint

-Hyperuricemia -Tophi formations -formation of renal stones -inflammation of a single joint

Which finding does the nurse anticipate seeing during the assessment with metabolic acidosis? -hypoventilation -Kussmaul respirations -Cheyne-Stokes respirations -paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

-Kussmaul respirations

Which clinical manifestations would be associated with osteoporosis? Select all that apply -Kyphosis -Decreased height -increased bone density -femoral neck fracture -frequent infections

-Kyphosis -Decreased height -femoral neck fracture

Which disease would the nurse include when teaching about examples of COPD? Select all that apply -asthma -pneumonia -emphysema -chronic bronchitis -pulmonary fibrosis

-emphysema -chronic bronchitis

Which cause would the nurse include in the teaching session about common causes of TBI? -falls -surgery -violence -sports-related events -transportaiton-related events

-falls -violence -sports-related events -transportaiton-related events

Which disease cause primary hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply -meningitis -cystic fibrosis -graves disease -solitary toxic adenoma -toxic multinodular goiter

-graves disease -solitary toxic adenoma -toxic multinodular goiter

Which pathophysiological process for ascites would the nurse remember when planning care for a person diagnosed with portal HTN? -esophageal varices form in the lower esophagus, placing pressure on arteries -reduced hepatic lymph production causes weeping into the peritoneal cavity -bacteria causes inflammation that decreases mesenteric capillary permeability -hepatic capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds hepatic capillary osmotic pressure

-hepatic capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds hepatic capillary osmotic pressure

Which assessment data would place the patient at risk for developing gout? -Under the age of 30 -Premenopausal -high intake of red meat -occasional alcohol intake

-high intake of red meat

Which manifestation would the nurse expect in the patient diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis? -increased appetite -weight gain -low body temperature -joint stiffness in the morning

-joint stiffness in the morning

Which interpretation is correct for a person with meningitis who has nuchal rigidity? -projectile vomitting that indicates brain abscess -neck stiffness that indicates meningeal irritation -difficulty moving that is diagnostic of Parkinsonism -mild frontal headache that is diagnostic of encephalitis

-neck stiffness that indicates meningeal irritation

Which characteristic would best describe diverticula? -ulcers that form in the colon -perforations of the colon wall -outpouchings of colon mucosa -areas of muscle hypertrophy of the colon

-outpouchings of colon mucosa

Which information would indicate that the nurse has a correct understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to peptic ulcer formation from chronic infection with H. pylori? -inhibits the proton pumps in the gastric lining -inhibits prostaglandins, which causes decreased mucus production -produces toxins and enzymes that promote inflammation and ulceration -causes the pyloric sphincter to open prematurely, releasing acid into the duodenum

-produces toxins and enzymes that promote inflammation and ulceration

Which action would the nurse take to assess a person for Kerning sign? -push on the feet -passively flex the neck -shine a light into both eyes in a dimly lit room -straighten the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed position

-straighten the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed position

Which cause of injury does the nurse suspect after assessing a person with countercoup brain injury? -the injury was caused by a missile -the injury was caused by a sharp projectile -the injury was caused by falls due to chronic alcohol abuse -the injury was caused by a forceful impact on the opposite side

-the injury was caused by a forceful impact on the opposite side

Which information would the nurse consider when caring for a person with TIA? -neurological deficits will last at least 24 hours -recovery will require extensive rehabilitation -this patient is at a higher risk for a subsequent stroke -there will be bleeding in the brain, causing inflammation

-this patient is at a higher risk for a subsequent stroke

Which clinical manifestation would be MOST common with protal HTN? -ascites -altered mental status -abdominal pain from splenomegaly -vomiting blood from esophageal varices

-vomiting blood from esophageal varices

which disease characteristics is associated with type 1 DM (select all) 1. individuals are prone to diabetic ketoacidosis 2. this type of diabetes results in insulin dependence 3. most individuals will be diagnosed before 30 years old 4. it often is associated with dyslipidemia and hypertension 5. the genetic abnormality is an autosomal dominant gene mutation

1,2,3

Which measurement would alert the nurse that. a person has developed portal HTN? ____mmHg

10

Which pathophysiological information is correct about Type 1 DM? 1. Cells in your body have become resistant to insulin 2. You developed a hypersensitivity to concentrated sugars 3. Obesity is the primary cause of this type of glucose problem 4. The cells in the pancreas that produce insulin have been destroyed

4. The cells in the pancreas that produce insulin have been destroyed

Which person is at the HIGHEST risk for TBI? -14 year old female -55 year old male -22 year old female 45 year old female

55 year old male

Which manifestations of surgically induced hypothyroidismmight the client exhibit after a thyroidectomy? Select all that apply A.Fatigue B.Dry skin C.Insomnia D.Excitability E.Weight lossF.Intolerance to heat

A.Fatigue B.Dry skin

In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of: A.respiratory alkalosis. B.respiratory acidosis. C.metabolic acidosis. D.metabolic alkalosis.

A.respiratory alkalosis.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that: A.results from inadequate ADH secretion B.is characterized by oliguria C.is associated with anterior pituitary dysfunction D.leads to glycosuria

A.results from inadequate ADH secretion

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease? A. Multiple sclerosis B. Parkinson disease C. Alzheimer disease D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which information regarding arteriosclerosis is correct? The plaque is caused by neutrophils Fatty streaks and foam cells are identical Arteriosclerosis involves the thickening and hardening of the vessel wall Arteriosclerosis results from an acute process of heart muscle degeneration

Arteriosclerosis involves the thickening and hardening of the vessel wall

Which type of hepatitis would the nurse include when teaching about hepatitis that can be acquired sexually and cause chronic hepatitis? Select all that apply B C D E G

B, C, D

Which brain disorders are a cause of acute brain injury? (Select all that apply.) A. Seizure disorders B. Brain trauma C. Dementias D. Brain hemorrhage E. Central nervous system infections

B. Brain trauma D. Brain hemorrhage E. Central nervous system infections

Which metabolic manifestations are likely to be observed in aclient with hypothyroidism? Select all that apply A.Impaired memory B.Intolerance to cold C.Difficulty breathing D.Decreased blood pressure E.Decreased body temperature

B.Intolerance to cold E.Decreased body temperature

Which clinical findings would the nurse expect to find whencaring for a client with hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply. A.Lethargy B.Tachycardia C.Weight gain D.Constipation E.Exophthalmos

B.Tachycardia E.Exophthalmos

A client who had a subtotal thyroidectomy asks how hypothyroidism may develop when the problem was hyperthyroidism. Which would the nurse consider when formulating a response? A.Hypothyroidism is a gradual slowing of the body's function B.A decrease in pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) will occur C.Less thyroid tissue is available to supply thyroid hormone after surgery D.Atrophy of tissue remaining after surgery reduces secretion ofthyroid hormones

C.Less thyroid tissue is available to supply thyroid hormone after surgery

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete? A. Ammonia B. Bicarbonate C. Carbonic D. Metabolic

Carbonic

Which condition is a risk factor for atherosclerosis? Select all that apply Diabetes Nonsmoker Hypertension Active lifestyle Increased LDL levels

Diabetes Hypertension Increased LDL levels

Which information indicates a correct understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in the development of coronary atherosclerotic lesions? Select all that apply Formation of plaques Inflammatory response chronic calcium buildup decrease in smooth muscle cells oxidation of LDL

Formation of plaques Inflammatory response oxidation of LDL

Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ________ of the gallbladder wall A. Gangrene B. Infection C. Distention D. Inflammation

Gangrene

Aldosterone secretion would be expected to produce which change? A. Decrease sodium reabsorption B. Decrease urine potassium C. Decrease blood pressure D. Increase blood pressure

Increase blood pressure

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding? A. Elevated LDL levels are an expected finding in the elderly and therefore are not particularly significant. B. Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. C. Increased LDL levels are indicative of moderate alcohol intake, and patients should be advised to abstain. D. Measures to decrease LDL levels in the elderly would be unlikely to affect the progression of this disease.

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

A patient has heart failure with a normal ejection fraction. Which findings are most likely found in this patient? (Select all that apply.) High cardiac output Pulmonary congestion Edema Ejection fraction greater than 55% Ejection fraction less than 45%

Pulmonary congestion Edema Ejection fraction greater than 55%

Which complication of asthma is life threatening? A. Exercise-induced asthma (exercise induced bronchoconstriction) B. Late phase response C. Mast cell degranulation D. Status asthmaticus

Status asthmaticus

Which organism is MOST likely to be responsible for acute glomerulonephritis?- Klebsiella -Streptococcus -Escherichia coli -Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis? A. There is a higher rate of MS in African-Americans. B. There is a higher incidence of MS in military veterans. C. MS is more common in men than women. D. The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.

The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.

Which term will the nuse use to describe when an individual develops difficulty concentrating, restlessness, irritability, and tremulousness over 2 to 3 days? -coma -dementia -hemiparesis -acute confusional state

acute confusional state

Which condition would cause primary glomerular injury resulting in glomerulonephritis? -an infection -systemic lupus -diabetes mellitus -congestive heart failure

an infection

Secondary injury after head trauma refers to A. brain injury resulting from the initial trauma. B. focal areas of bleeding. C. brain injury resulting from the body's response to primary tissue damage. D. injury as a result of medical therapy.

brain injury resulting from the body's response to primary tissue damage.

Which assessment finding would confirm a person's diagnosis of hematochezia? -bloody vomitus -bright red stools -presence of tarry stools -low urine output that is cloudy

bright red stools

Which substance MOST commonly comprises gallstones? -sulfur -calcium -cholesterol -pigmented polymers

cholesterol

Which condition would ascites be commonly associated? -gastritis -cirrhosis -pancreatitis -acute hepatitis

cirrhosis

Right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension is also called: A. cor pulmonale B. coronary disease. C. high output failure. D. diastolic heart failure.

cor pulmonale

What is the underlying cause in all forms of heart failure? Poor diastolic filling Reduced cardiac output Pulmonary edema Tissue ischemia

reduced cardiac output

A patient's arterial blood gass results are as follows: pH 7.52 PaCO2 30 HCO3 24

respiratory alkalosis

which reason would be the cause for weakness Addison disease result of hypocortisolism result of encephalopathy result of insulin resistance result of CNS ischemia

result of hypocortisolism

After sitting in a chair for an hour, a patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. The edema is most likely a consequence of: arterial obstruction. isolated left-sided heart failure .right-sided heart failure. peripheral vascular disease.

right-sided heart failure

The glomerular filtration rate is most accurately reflected in the A. blood urea nitrogen level B. serum osmolality C. serum creatinine level D. urinary output

serum creatinine level

By which process is Hep B transmitted? -sneezing -coughing -sexual contact -feca- oral route

sexual contact

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports A. ringing in the ears. B. transient episodes of numbness. C. transient episodes of vertigo. D. sudden, severe headache

sudden, severe headache

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, "What causes my urine to be so full of protein," the nurse's response is based on the knowledge that A. his glomeruli have been damaged by his own immune system. B. the glomerular membrane has increased permeability C. his liver is extremely active in synthesizing protein D. his renal tubules are full of cellular debris.

the glomerular membrane has increased permeability

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that A. neurons are unable to transport glucose. B. cardiovascular regulation is impaired. C. the brainstem is depressed. D. the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia.

the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia.

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because A. excess potassium leaches calcium from bone B. erythropoietin secretion is impaired C. urea causes demineralization of bone D. they are deficient in active vitamin D

they are deficient in active vitamin D

Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect upon assessment of a person with suspected congestive splenomegaly caused by portal hypertension? -flatulence -encephalopathy -thrombocytopenia -elevated serum lipase

thrombocytopenia

Which is a clinical manifestation of Cushing syndrome? -pale skin -weight loss -truncal obesity -pulmonary edema

truncal obesity