Patho Questions (up to Midterm)
Which two layers are missing from the capillary bed blood vessels of the body?
B - Media and Adventitia
Review of normal physiology: What does the liver do with excess glucose in the bloodstream (after it has used all it can for it's own metabolism, and has stored all it can as glycogen)?
A - Store it as fatty acids.
Which of the following best describes the method that thyroid hormone uses to change function in ALL peripheral cells effected?
A - Synthesis of new proteins
Snails are smart! If a snail receives stimuli from separate sources, it demonstrates long-term membrane changes in postsynaptic neurons indicative of long-term memory of that stimuli. You probably do this, as well.
A - True
True or False: a Pituitary Adenoma is usually comprised of a single, dominant cell type that produces a single hormone, often in excess.
A - True
Overall, the body state that occurs with excessive thyroid hormone output could be called:
A - overstimulated
When ATP is depleted in a cell, is it more likely to swell and burst, or shrink and consume it's own organelles?
A - swell and burst
Barrett's Esophagus is an example of reversible change called ; It is a result of chronic __.
B - Metaplasia; Acid reflux disease
Which type of arthritis is notable for osteophyte formation at the periphery of the affected joint?
B - Osteoarthritis
When blood calcium becomes low, ___ are stimulated to resorb calcium from the bone and into the blood.
B - Osteoclasts
Type I Diabetes is defined as Absolute _; This is caused by destruction.
C - Insulin deficiency; Pancreatic Beta cell destruction
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system relies on signalling of Na and Cl levels from the cells.
C - Macula Densa
Which of the following is a receptor that RANKL may bind to instead of RANK, thereby antagonizing the osteoclast-synthesizing and activating action of RANKL?
B - Osteoprotegerin
Type 2 Diabetes is defined as _ insulin resistance; the ___ can't keep up with demand, and may eventually fail.
B - Peripheral; Pancreatic Beta cells
Which hormone is secreted in low to non-existent levels in Diabetes Insipidus?
A - AntiDiuretic Hormone
When a cell undergoes subcellular alterations, it often reduces it's size and gets rid of some of it's components via _.
A - Autophagy
Which of the following treatments for osteoporosis uses the fact that osteoclasts resorb bone impregnated with it, causing the osteoclasts to lose the ability to adhere to the bone surface?
A - Bisphosphonates
If someone tells you a phone number once, you can usually remember it for a short period of time but won't be able to remember it later on. This is similar to what sort of mistake that some students make when learning new information for an exam?
A - Cramming
What is the term for the process of smoothing the hardened bone that gets "polished" where cartilage has been completely lost in an osteoarthritic joint?
A - Eburnation
Which type of Pituitary Adenoma is mostly likely to be a Macroadenoma when diagnosed?
A - Functional
Generally speaking, the bone beneath the cartilage surface in osteoarthritis becomes _; the bone beneath the cartilage surface in Rheumatoid arthritis becomes ___.
A - Hardened; softened
What does the term polydipsia mean?
A - Increased fluid intake
The mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the development of Type 1 Diabetes by autoimmune response all involve _.
A - Infection with a virus
The vascular volume of fluid (plasma) is highly dependent on what?
A - NaCl
F=(P1/P2)/R is a mathematical expression of ___.
A - Ohm's Law
Of the following, which intrinsic factor (a "preexisting condition") is noted to have a significant influence on repair of tissue?
A - Poor blood flow
Which of the following are present in Diabetic patients but minimal in non-diabetic patients?
A - Receptors of Advanced Glycation End Products
Pathologic increased resorption of water in the collecting tubule of the kidney is a symptom of ; Pathologic decreased resorption of water in the collecting tubule of the kidney is a sign of ___.
A - SIADH; Diabetes Insipidus
Osteoarthritis is noted to commonly affect several weight-bearing joints. Which of the following is a common weight-bearing joint affected in osteoarthritis?
A- Knee
Coronary Artery occlusion can occur via multiple pathologies. Occlusion via a thrombus tends to be ; growth of lipid plaques in the arteries tends to be __
B - Rapid onset; slow onset
True or False: Rheumatoid arthritis is a DEGENERATIVE disorder; Osteoarthritis is a PROLIFERATIVE disorder.
B - False
Which mechanism of cell injury is caused by an unpaired electron, and can cause damage to Fatty acids, proteins, and DNA within the cell?
B - Free Radical Accumulation
Insulin allows:
B - Glucose to enter cells of the body
In an ideal situation, what type of healing would occur in a wound for an optimal final result?
B - Healing by first intention
All types of Diabetes are known to be metabolic disorders associated with what?
B - Hyperglycemia
Which of the following types of cellular adaptations is most likely to occur as a compensation to partial resection of the liver?
B - Hyperplasia
The ability of a cell to adapt to stress by increasing the number of cells is called ; it is only possible in cells that .
B - Hyperplasia; can replicate
The initial response of the pancreas to the hyperglycemia seen in early Type II diabetes is to .
B - Increase insulin secretion to try and match the hyperglycemia
The stretch of elastic fibers is more prominent in the _ arteries; The smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation is more prominent in the arteries.
B - Large; Medium and small
The capillary beds of the body are large enough that ___.
B - 1 RBC only can fit
Typically, a Type 1 Diabetic will begin to lose beta cell mass at around age ; they typically require insulin and are considered to have "overt diabetes" by age .
B - 10; 20
The loss of estrogen after menopause is complete in women means that yearly reductions of bone can increase from 0.7% of bone per year to __.
B - 2 to 9% of bone per year
The primary cardiac enzyme that we measure to determine if a recent cardiac ischemic event has occurred (Troponin I) is actually __.
B - A regulatory protein in muscle fibers
What time frame in a female's lifespan is most important for building calcium stores to prevent osteoporosis?
B - Adolescence
What is the most common cause of Hyperpituitarism?
B - Anterior pituitary adenoma
Of the following, the medication class that directly impacts the Autonomic Nervous System signalling to lower blood pressure is the .
B - Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
The term for the visual pattern most often caused by a pituitary adenoma is _; the area of the visual field that is lost is the bilateral __.
B - Bitemporal hemianopsia; lateral peripheral vision
The primary storage for calcium in the body is in the:
B - Bones
Differentiating Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes in an individual with hyperglycemia for whom we don't have any previous history or labwork involves testing for:
B - C-Peptide
Which of the following is true of the physiologic effect of both caffeine and nicotine?
B - Causes Sympathetic Nervous System overactivity
Which of the following parts of the nervous system are NOT damaged by chronic hyperglycemia?
B - Central Nervous system motor
A bone is both hard and flexible at the same time, with significant tensile strength. What is responsible for the flexibility and tensile strength of bone?
B - Collagen
What is the substance that thyroid hormone is stored as inside the follicles of the thyroid gland?
B - Colloid
What is the primary symptom of SIADH?
B - Decreased urine with a high concentration
Which of the following mechanisms is the cause of necrotic formation of pus via liquefaction of dead or dying cells?
B - Enzymes of inflammatory leukocytes digest tissue
TRUE or FALSE: The functional status of a pituitary adenoma can be ascertained by looking at the cells making up the lesion under a microscope.
B - False
True or False: Damage from diabetic neuropathy causes loss of sensation or pain that eventually moves from the trunk to the feet over time in a descending direction.
B - False
While stiffening of joints can occur in either Rheumatoid or Osteoarthritis, Ankylosis, or the loss of movement because tissue and bone growth crosses the joint and immobilizes it, is a late feature of only:
B - Rheumatoid Arthritis
Fluid Follows Solute. What solute dictates the movement of the most fluid in the blood vessels, and thus impacts blood pressure the most?
B - Sodium Chloride
Review of normal physiology: What do muscles do with the excess glucose after a meal that is not used for activity?
B - Stores it as glycogen
Later in Type II Diabetes, what happens to the beta cells of the pancreas?
B - They fail, and die
The hormone that causes T3 and T4 to be released from the Thyroid gland is called:
B - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Hashimoto's Disease is best described as autoimmune . Graves Disease is best described as autoimmune __.
B - Thyroid destruction; TSH receptor activation
A person who presents with neuromuscular tremors, irritability, and proximal muscle weakness (in some patients) is likely to have _.
B - Thyrotoxicosis
Ketogenesis is a process in a healthy patient; In a diabetic patient, ketogenesis can cause __.
B - normal; Diabetic KetoAcidosis
Although they may erode through bone, pituitary adenomas are usually _ and _.
B - soft; well-circumscribed
What is the primary source of damage when Reactive Oxidative Species are present?
B - unpaired electrons
Periodic use and maintenance of a memory are thought to be needed to maintain that memory over the course of years, an example of the ___ concept.
C - "use it or lose it"
After a first exposure to information, repetition will weakly consolidate that information into long-term memory, and repetition ___ or more later causes an even stronger consolidation.
C - 5 to 10 minutes later; 1 or more hours later
The Growth Hormone-Producing pituitary adenoma that occurs in young adulthood, after growth plates have closed is which of the following?
C - Acromegaly
A cell's ability to survive by altering something about itself is called:
C - Adaptation
Caffeine causes an increase in blood pressure because of it's blockade of ___.
C - Adenosine receptors
Which of the following is NOT a POSTERIOR Pituitary Hormone?
C - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Which of the following is NOT a medication class that inhibits inflammation via the arachadonic acid metabolite pathway?
C - Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Of the 4 types of cellular adaptation to stress, which is most likely to occur with decreased workload or inadequate nutrition?
C - Atrophy
The microvascular damage caused in all blood capillaries of the body are attributable to .
C - Basement Membrane thickening
The autonomic adrenergic receptor that is primarily responsible for increasing the cardiac output of the heart during "fight or flight" situations is the _.
C - Beta 1
The loss of articular cartilage is a possible characteristic of which type of arthritis?
C - Both
Protein Kinase C is activated by , or . It causes vasoconstriction and inflammation in the blood vessels of diabetic patients.
C - Calcium ion; Diacylglycerol
Which pathway associated with cell death is the result of accumulating cell damage by free radicals, metabolic damage, inability to repair its own DNA, and decreased cell division?
C - Cellular Aging
The description for the nervous system damage caused by diabetes is best described as:
C - Distal Symmetrical Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
The hormone that is mostly lost after menopause, and, when lost, causes regulatory increases in bone resorption and decreases in blast activity is:
C - Estrogen
What condition of the thyroid gland has the presentation of the person in the picture?
C - Graves
Which of the following conditions is noted to cause Hyperthyroidism?
C - Graves Disease
Which AGE is most commonly associated with Diabetes?
C - HbAIC
One part of the brain is known to both route information to different areas of the brain, and regulate emotion. This results in reward and punishment making memories more "sticky" to the brain. The part of the brain that does this is called the _.
C - Hippocampus
The Polyol Pathway is activated during times of . It leads to decreased production.
C - Hyperglycemia; antioxidant
There are 2 autoimmune conditions associated with the thyroid gland. Graves' Disease is ____________; Hashimoto's is _______________.
C - Hyperthyroid; Hypothyroid
One often unintended effect of surgery or radiation to address hyperthyroidism is: __.
C - Hypothyroidism
In any cardiovascular system, pressure is higher , and lower __.
C - In the arteries; in the veins
The ability of a tissue to adapt to stress by (often reversibly) changing its cells to another phenotype or function is called ; it is only possible in cells that .
C - Metaplasia; are adult cells
The irreversible cellular injury pathway that results in cells swelling and possibly bursting is ; the irreversible cellular injury pathway that most often results in cells shrinking, and their organelles being lysed by enzymes is .
C - Necrosis; Apoptosis
A will make a repeated transmission more likely, causing a recall of information.
C - Previous synaptic transmission
Patients with Rheumatoid arthritis develop joint deformities, especially at the wrist and hands. Typical deformities include _ deviation at the wrist; also __deviation of the fingers at the Metacarpophalangeal joints.
C - Radial; ulnar
The EKG finding most indicative of severe Myocardial Infarction is ; The EKG finding that denotes currently less severe MI status is __.
C - ST Elevation; ST depression
Which of the following is NOT considered a pathophysiologic mechanism of damage caused by diabetes?
C - Second intention wound healing
The most common cause of SIADH is:
C - Small cell lung cancers that secrete ADH
There are 2 primary types of angina pectoris: is predictable and typically relieved with rest; _ is more frequent, lasts longer, and involves lower levels of exertion to cause it.
C - Stable;Unstable
Which of the following is NOT an effect that estrogen has on bone and bone cells?
C - Stimulates osteoclast activity
The more plentiful thyroid hormone is _; The more potent (active) thyroid hormone is __.
C - T4; T3
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Pituitary Adenomas?
C - They are usually composed of a single cell type secreting a single predominant hormone
Relative to arteries, veins and venules have walls, and lumens.
C - Thinner; larger
If calcium levels in the blood rise above normal levels, the gland(s) release __, and blood calcium levels fall.
C - Thyroid; Calcitonin
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
C - Tubor
Which statement accurately describes a major reason that trauma to tissue would regenerate with a lot of scar tissue, vs. with little to no scar tissue?
C - Whether or not the Extracellular matrix (ECM) is intact or not
Free Radical damage requires the presence of __.
C - an extra unpaired electron
The necrotic pathway that leads to digestion of tissue by leukocytes is likely caused by ; It results in the formation of .
C - bacterial infection; pus
Loss of energy for metabolic processes after cellular injury is one cause of cell death, and is often caused by:
C - damage to mitochondria
In question #6, which of the following is responsible for most of the changes in cell volume leading to cell death?
C - decreased Na pump function
When a cell undergoes total ischemia, the first effect is a rapid decrease in cell ; after 4-12 hours, changes to the cell become visible to ___.
C - function; light microscopy
A patient with Diabetes Insipidus has _ urine volume, and loss of sodium in the urine, which combined can cause __.
C - increased; decreased; hypernatremia
Which injury mechanism is most commonly associated with depletion of ATP as a result of mitochondrial damage?
CHECK A - Hypoxic injury
Review of normal physiology: According to the ADA, what is considered a normal fasting glucose range? How long does a patient have to fast to be considered a fasting glucose?
D - 70-100 mg/dl; 8 hours
Which of the following is an effect of (sufficient) estrogen that leads to increased bone density in women?
D - A and B only
What sort of information might a memory be "tagged" with as a result of being spread throughout the brain?
D - All of the above
Which of the following documents are posted to Courseweb and are necessary to guide you through this course?
D - All of the above
Of the neurologic pathologies possible in Diabetic patients, which of the following is responsible for Charcot Foot ?
D - All of these neuropathies contribute to Charcot foot
The direct signalling of the arteries, the sympathetic NS, the kidney tubules, and the adrenal gland in the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone system is the job of _.
D - Angiotensin II
Which of the following receptors in the Autonomic nervous system is most likely to lower blood pressure, rather than raising blood pressure (as the others tend to do).
D - Beta 2 receptors
Which of the following is NOT a step required to achieve restoration of normal tissue architecture after acute inflammation?
D - Buildup of fibrin in tissue spaces that is not broken down
Regardless of whether the apoptatic pathway of cell death is initiated intrinsically or extrinsically, the "executioner" enzymes are known as .
D - Caspases
Growth factors that cause cellular-level tissue repair rely on what to do their job?
D - DNA replication and activation of transcription
The body area(s) most likely to be impacted by the sensory changes of diabetic neuropathy are those covered by:
D - Gloves and stockings
Review of normal physiology: What is the main purpose of insulin?
D - It causes glucose to enter the cells of the body for use or storage.
Which type of Leukocyte develops into a macrophage once it leaves the bloodstream?
D - Monocytes
Which type of arthritis is this? Is this a systemic issue, or is it focal to the joints involved? Red is a joint very commonly affected; orange is a joint commonly affected; Yellow is a joint uncommonly affected.
D - Osteoarthritis; focal
The most common type of functional pituitary adenoma is the _; the second most common is the .
D - Prolactinoma; Growth Hormone-Producing
Which of the following cytokines is noted to differentiate and activate osteoclasts, and is produced by osteoblasts?
D - RANKL
Exercise has an impact on bone density. As long as the diet provides enough calcium, __ provides the best means of increasing bone density via exercise.
D - Resistance training
Hypertension is defined as .
D - The point at which starting treatment will reduce morbidity and mortality
What MISTAKE do students often make when reviewing material for an exam?
D - They study material that they are already comfortable with, rather than items that cause them to be uncomfortable
The Diabetes Mellitus type that results in the cells of the body becoming resistant to the effects of insulin is ; The type that occurs because of Beta Cell pathology causing Absolute insulin deficiency is _.
D - Type 2; Type 1
After the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland is bound with TSH, which of the following mediates the processes that occur inside the thyroid cells?
D - cyclic AMP
Coronary Artery Disease is thought to exist when symptoms occur _; CAD is thought to be more severe (worse) when symptoms occur _.
D - during exertion; at rest
An important consequence applied to remembering important information is said to __ a memory.
D - facilitate
What is the term for the pathologic damage that occurs to the cartilage matrix as they are degraded?
D - fibrillation
In a male with a pituitary prolactinoma, what symptom occurs that may not be recognized as abnormal by a female patient?
D - galactorrhea
Of the following states, which is NOT considered a DANGEROUS effect of suffering from DKA?
D - peripheral edema
Which of the following is NOT an effect of prolonged hyperglycemia on the retina?
E - All of the above (Retinal neovascularization, Fibrous vascular changes, Vitreous Hemorrhage, Retinal Detachment)
Most ischemia in the heart is caused by coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. The rest is either another form of vascular occlusion to the heart, or ___.
E - B and C only
Which of the following is NOT an ANTERIOR pituitary hormone?
F - All of the above are anterior pituitary hormones
Click on the product that supports normal thyroid function.
Iodized salt
