Patho review questions for exam 2
Some patients with an abnormally reduced white blood count do not form pus at the site of an infection (skin, respiratory tract). Which of the following cells are typically low in these patients' blood?
Neutrophils
All of these are often found in a client with AIDS except
Overactive T-cell function
Which of the following lab results strongly suggest an immunologic response in the client with possible rheumatic heart disease?
Group A streptococcal antibodies
Mr. Brown, a 72-year-old male, is experiencing fever, weight loss, and night sweats. He has been diagnosed with cancer that originated in a single lymph nodes. Which of the following represents his diagnosis?
Hodgkins lymphoma
Ms. Adams, a 32-year-old female, contracted Hepatitis A after a trip to Brazil. One of the signs you notice on examining ger skin and sclerae is jaundice. What is the technical term for jaundice?
Icterus
A patient with heart failure asks, "Why am I taking a 'water pill' when it's my heart that is having a problem?" Which explanation is most appropriate to share?
"Diuretics help your body to get rid of congestion and decrease the workload to your heart"
A 5 - year- old child is experiencing itchy, watery eyes and an increased respiratory rate with some inspiratory wheezes. He has been outside playing in the yard and trees. The mother asks, "Why does he get like this?" The healthcare worker's best response is:
"This is what we call a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and usually occurs a few minutes after exposure to his allergen. It is primarily caused by mast cells in his body"
Shortly after being diagnosed with HIV, a client has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The client asks "My doctor tells me that my viral load is going down. What does that mean? the nurses best response is
"Your HAART medications are working to slow the progression of the disease"
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is released by vascular endothelial cells and injured tissues during clot dissolution. It converts plasmin which helps digest strands of :
Fibrin
Which degree "heart block" delays conduction in A-V node and has no effect on cardiac output?
First - degree
How many molecules of oxygen can be carried by one molecule of hemoglobulin?
4
Some members of the population are so sensitive to certain antigens that they react within minutes by developing itching, hives, and skin erythema, followed shortly thereafter by bronchospasm and respiratory distress. What is this immediate reaction commonly known as?
Anaphylactic reaction
A child's history of a recurrent sore throat followed by severe knee and ankle pain has resulted in a diagnostic workup and a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. What are the treatment priorities for this child?
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs
A patient presents to the clinic with a painful index finger. The health care worker knows that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and pain?
Bradykinin
Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin are substances that are naturally produced in the human body to promote the growth and development of red blood cells and platelets. Both are examples of:
Colony- stimulating factors
Patient developed erythematous, papular, and vesicular lesions associated with intense pruritus. The patient states he was exposed to skin adhesives. The reaction may be classified as:
Contact dermatitis
Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens
Cytotoxic T cells
A client with a diagnosis of heart failure has returned from a visit with his primary care provider with a prescription for a change in his daily medication regimen. Which of the following drugs is likely to improve the clients cardiac function by increasing the force and strength of ventricular contractions?
Digoxin
Infectious mononucleosis or "mono" that most commonly affects adolescents and young adults spreads through the asymptomatic shedding of the pathogen in oral secretions:
EBV
A client sought care because of recent malaise and high fever. Upon assessment, the client states that his current fever began 2 days earlier, although he states that for the last two weeks he is in a cycle of high fever for a couple of a days followed by a day or two of normal temperature. Which of the following patterns is this client experiencing?
Intermittent fever
Pica is a bizarre behavior that is often associated with:
Iron - deficiency anemia
Mr. Pierce, a 52-year-old male, has a family history of prostate cancer. Which of the following cells in his body provide innate immunity and might also play a role in cancer surveillance and control?
Natural Killer cells (NK)
Which of the following terms describe a nail deformity characterized by thin and soft nails that have "spoon-shaped" appearance?
Koilonychia
Viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis can result in an abnormal increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. What is the medical term for this condition?
Lymphocytic leukocytosis
The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of an erythrocyte normally ranges from 80 fL to 100 fL. IN iron-deficiency anemia, the erythrocytes have NCM < 80 fL. What kind of anemia does this represent?
Microcytic
Sick Sinus syndrome is suspected in the case of a child who is postoperative following cardiac surgery. Which nursing action is most appropriate?
Monitor the child's ECG for bradycardia
Which of the following terms describes a reduction of all three hematopoietic cell lines (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) possibly due to exposure to large doses of radiation?
Pancytopenia
In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by all of the physiologic phenomena except
Profuse exudation
A child's thymus gland is fully formed and proportionately larger than an adults. Which of the following processes that contributes to immunity takes place in the thymus gland?
Proliferation of T cells
spontaneous bleeding can occur if the blood platelet count reduces to <20,000 uL. This can manifest as purple areas of bruising on the skin in dependent areas of the body (e.g. hands, ankles, feet). The technical term for these bruises is:
Purpura
A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. ON admission, which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
Redness and edema at the injured site
A nurse is assessing a client for the classic signs of acute inflammation. The nurse would assess the client for:
Rubor, swelling, and pain
The plaque in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small - to moderate - sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. The form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses?
Stable angina
When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:
The amount of blood pumped each minute
A nurse is assigned to care for a patient who is positive for HIV. What personal protective equipment (PPE) will the nurse wear while caring for this patient?
The nurse wears gloves if there is a chance of coming in contact with the patient's blood or body fluids.
In which atrioventricular (AV) conduction disorder does the link between the atria and ventricles get lost, resulting in atrial and ventricular depolarization controlled by separate pacemakers?
Third - degree AV block
Which of the following conditions is a medical emergency in which the circulating blast count is greatly elevated, which increases the blood viscosity, slows down the blood flow, and predisposes to the development of clots?
Thrombophlebitis
A client cuts herself with a sharp knife while cooking dinner. The client describes how the wound started bleeding and had a red appearance almost immediately. The nurse knows that in the vascular stage of acute inflammation, the vessels:
Vasodilate causing the area to become congested causing the red color and warmth.
Because of its location, the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm may first be noticed as:
a pulsating mass
The most common causes of left - sided heart failure include
acute myocardial infarction
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA's), are markers on all nucleated cells and have important role in
avoiding transplant rejections
Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and play a role in parasitic infections. What color do their granules stain with a basic dye (hematoxylin)?
blue
A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful "hang nail" on the index finger. There is a large pustule over the site that needs to lanced. The health care worker knows that which primary mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability pain?
bradykinin
A 67-year-old client diagnosed with myasthenia gravis will likely develop antibodies ultimately blocking the action of acetylcholine, resulting in destruction of the receptors. What type of hypersensitivity is MG
cytotoxic hypersensitivity
The health care provider has determined that a client diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The goal of the treatment must be directed to
decreased afterload
congenital heart defects can cause a right heart - to - left heart shunting of blood that results in increased:
deoxygenated blood flow
The nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a patient who is experiencing angina. Which finding might be expected in a patient's blood test results?
elevated total cholesterol and increased low-density lipoproteins
Which of the following terms describe a vascular complication of a polycythemia vera characterized by redness, warmth, and burning pain of the extremities?
erythromelalgia
Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by:
fixed coronary obstruction
Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders was the player's most likely cause of death?
hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
A client who developed dehydration after third - degree burn has recently developed restlessness, oliguria, thirst, and rapid respiration. Which of the following types of shock is this client as risk of experiencing?
hypovolemic shock
Which lipoprotein is the main carrier of cholesterol?
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
The proliferation and activation of osteoclasts results in bone reabsorption and hypercalcemia in patients with:
multiple myeloma
A patient reports severe indigestion that has been intermittent; however, the pain is now constant and feels around sternum. The nurse does an ECG and recognizes that the situation is possibly emergent due to ST-segment elevation, which could indicate
myocardial infarction
A teenager presents to the clinic with an infected wound from a bike accident. He asks, "how does my body fight of the germs in my scraped arm?" nurse response, "The cells that plays the central role related to the innate immune response to an infectious microorganism are:
neutrophils
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia are most common in
older adults
An older adult has just sheared skin on her elbow while attempting to boost herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the client's inflammation?
outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
A patient is seen in the emergency room reporting a chest pain. He states that it is worse when he takes a deep breath or swallows. Upon examination the nurse notes a pericardial friction rub and some EKG changes. Which disease should the nurse suspect this client to have?
pericarditis
Which of the following conditions is a proliferative disease of plurpotent stem cells in the bone marrow resulting in an increase in the number of RBCs (along with WBCs and platelets)
polycythemia vera
The patients ultrasound shows a thrombus in the popliteal vein. The nurse explains that early treatment is important to prevent:•Stroke
pulmonary embolism
a client presents with uncharacteristic chest pain, and his ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular repolarization
