Patho Week 1 Exam

The cellular component that is most susceptible to injury from radiation is

DNA

True or False: In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive

False

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

a tumor necrosis factor

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations

Reperfusion injury to the cells

involves formation of free radicals

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve an enhancement (short term stress) or an impairment (long term stress)

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine (secreted by adrenal medulla)

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

permanent damage and death

Apoptosis is

programmed cell death

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention

Allostatis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one type of cell with another

Staging is the process by which:

a tumor is assessed for it's size or metastatic spread

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

Selye's three phases of stress response include all of the following except

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion and allostasis

All of the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except: cortisol, norepinephrine, or aldosterone

Aldosterone (results in water and sodium retention)

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt Lymphoma

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? Norepinephrine, cortisol, epinephrine or insulin

Insulin

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet showing symptoms. This is called the ________ stage.

Latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

Liquefactive

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival.

Lung cancer has a 15% survival rate. Lung cancer is not always fatal, but it is not highly curable at any stage of diagnosis. The death rate from lung cancer has increased dramatically.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except: metaplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy or necrosis

Necrosis

A 17 y/o college student receives a meningitis vaccine. This is an example of:

Primary prevention: altering susceptibility or reducing exposure

A patient w/high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of: primary, secondary or tertiary prevention?

Secondary: early detection, screening and management of disease

True or False: The nurse is swabbing the patient's throat to check for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition, this probability is termed sensitivity.

True

True or false: When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

True

Malignant neoplasms of an epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation

Somatic death is

death of the entire organism

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Extreme cold injures cells by all of the following except:

decreased blood viscosity

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

Of the statement below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression