pathology

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a common occurrence with:

MEN syndrome

Which of the following is associated with elevated serum calcitonin levels?

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

All of the following are diagnostic criteria of benign nodules except:

Cold nodule

Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule?

Cold nodule

What are cystic hygromas?

Congenital lymphatic malformation

Which of the following Sonographic characteristics is least likely to be identified in a patient with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?

Hyperechoic mass

Grave's disease refers to a type of:

Hyperthyroidism

What developmental cyst occurs because of a congenital modification in the cervical lymphatic system?

Cystic hygroma

Which of the following abnormality is often seen in utero?

Cystic hygroma

What is another name for cystic hygroma?

Cystic lymphangioma

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for thyroid cancer?

Diet high in iodine

____________is the state in which the thyroid is producing the right amount of thyroid hormone.

Euthyroid

Which of the following is/are true about thyroid adenomas?

Usually they have peripheral hyperechoic halo

What is the predominant cause of thyroid carcinoma in young adults?

Papillary carcinoma

The term "thyroid inferno" is usually associated with ------------

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyroid cyst is considered benign when less than ----------- cm.

4

Enlarged lymph nodes measure:

>10mm

A round, echo-free mass seen high in the midline of the neck, above the thyroid, is MOST likely:

A thyroglossal duct cyst

De Quervain's disease results from

A viral infection of the gland

-- -- -- -- -- -- - are the most frequently occurring benign thyroid nodule.

Adenomas

Anaplastic carcinoma rapidly invades surrounding tissues, causing what?

Airway obstruction

Salivary glands secrete saliva and the -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --.

Amylase

There are 4 major types of thyroid cancer. The pathology report concluded that the patient had the fastest growing thyroid cancer. It is the worst kind because patients tend to die within months of diagnosis. Which cancer does the patient has?

Anaplastic

Large parathyroid adenomas displace the thyroid gland:

Anteriorly

A 42-year- old man is found to have a 14-mm parathyroid gland on ultrasound evaluation. Based on this finding, the sonographer should look:

At the kidneys for calcifications

What is the most common etiology of Grave's disease

Autoimmune disorder

Acute suprative thyroiditis is caused by:

Bacterial

A hyperechoic thyroid nodule is more likely to be what?

Benign

Follicular carcinoma may be indistinguishable from what?

Benign follicular adenomas

What does secondary hyperparathyroidism result in?

Bone demineralization

Which of the following is NOT associated with Graves' disease?

Bradycardia

Grave's disease patients are often referred to ultrasound for what?

Carotid evaluation

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in patients with what

Chronic renal failure

Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a single parathyroid adenoma. Which of the following is NOT consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism?

Decreased serum calcium

All of the following are sonographic appearance of malignant nodules except:

Echogenic mass

Which of the following best describes sonographic appearance of a malignant lymph node?

Enlarged, hypoechoic mass with absence of echogenic hilum and irregular wall contour

What is the most effective method for diagnosing malignancy in a thyroid nodule?

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) with cytology evaluation

The most common diffuse abnormality of the thyroid gland is?

Goiter

Which pathology is associated with the sonographic appearance of thyroid inferno?

Grave's Disease

Exophthalmia is associated with which pathology?

Grave's disease

What disease is clinically similar to toxic multinodular goiter?

Grave's disease

What thyroid disorder presents with bulging eyes, nervousness and weight loss?

Graves disease

Increased vascularity with color Doppler is seen in:

Graves' disease

Chronic thyroiditis is another name for:

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A painless, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid in afebrile young girl, with decreased T3 & T4 is most probably:

Hashimoto's

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto's disease

A 35 years old woman decided to see her physician because she had noticed some swelling at the base of her neck. She told the physician that she had been really tired lately. She also said she had gained some weight & that no matter how hard she tried; she just could not seem to lose it. Based on the history the diagnosis is

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Myxedema is a clinical sign for?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Ultrasound of the parotid gland is:

Homogenous with low level echoes

Cystic hygromas can occur throughout the body, although approximately 75% occur where

In the neck

The lab values with primary parathyroid adenomas will reveal:

Increased PTH levels

Sonographic examination demonstrated multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The patient indicated having had fever for over a week. What is the most likely cause for the lymphadenopathy?

Infection

What is the most common primary carcinoma to metastasize to the thyroid?

Lungs

What nodules should FNA is considered in?

Nodule >1.0 cm with micro calcifications

The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is:

Parathyroid adenoma

Which pathology is responsible for the majority of primary hyperparathyroidism cases?

Parathyroid adenoma

------------- is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia.

Parathyroid hyperplasia

Inflammatory processes of the parotid glands is called:

Parotitis

What age does anaplastic carcinoma occur most often in?

People over 60

What type of calcification is the most reliable feature of a benign nodule?

Peripheral

What is the most common type of hyperparathyroidism?

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is suspected with an increase in what on routine screening?

Serum calcium level

What confirms the diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level is increased

Which of the following is not an ultrasound apperance of De Quervain's Disease?

Small echogenic thyroid

What is the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Surgical excision of the parathyroid adenoma

Papillary carcinoma - What is the major route of spread?

Through the lymphatics

The exam of the right lobe of the thyroid in a 40-year- old female demonstrates a solid mass with a "halo" effect. This is highly suggestive of a (an).

Thyroid adenoma

What is the best diagnosis if the sonographic features include an irregular, solid, uneven, increased internal vascularity within the mass, hypoechoic mass with internal micro calcification within the mass of a thyroid gland?

Thyroid carcinoma

A patient presents with osteoporosis, the finding for this abnormality includes all of the following except:

Thyroid cyst

Which of the following is true about non-toxic goiter?

Thyroid functions might be normal

Which of the following laboratory values will MOST likely be abnormal in a patient with a multinodular goiter?

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

A solitary thyroid nodule in the presence of cervical adenopathy on the same side suggests malignancy

True

Benign thyroid nodules tend to have sharp, well-defined margins, whereas malignant lesions tend to have irregular or poorly defined margins.

True

Calcifications that are fine and punctate are more suggestive of a malignancy.

True

What are cystic hygromas associated with

Turner's syndrome

What is the prognosis of anaplastic carcinoma?

Very poor prognosis

How does follicular carcinoma tend to spread?

Via the blood stream

Grave's disease is characterized by the following features except:

Weight gain

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- is the largest salivary gland.

parotid gland