Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM Review
For legal purposes, brain death is defined as: a. cessation of entire brain function. b. death of the brainstem. c. lack of cortical function. d. a consistent vegetative state (VS).
a
What structure conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum? a. Bachmann bundle b. Bundle of His c. Sinoatrial node d. Atrioventricular node
b
What term is used to describe an explosive, disorderly discharge of cortical neurons? a. Brain death b. Seizure c. Reflex d. Inattentiveness
b
What term is used to describe receptors that respond to increased pulmonary capillary pressure? a. Stretch receptors b. J-receptors c. Chemoreceptors d. Irritant receptors
b
When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what activity did the nurse have the patient engage in? a. Physical exertion b. Standing up c. Eating d. Lying down
b
When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: a. a normal immune response to an infectious agent. b. an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen. c. antigenic desensitization. d. a reduced immune response found in most pathologic states.
b
When a staff member asks the nurse which gland secretes ADH and oxytocin, how should the nurse respond? a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary c. Hypothalamus d. Pineal
b
Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? a. Hyperventilation b. Pneumonia c. An increase in noncarbonic acids d. Vomiting
b
Which information is basic to the assessment findings associated with a patient diagnosed with an aneurysm? a. Epidural hemorrhage occurs in over 80% of patients. b. The majority are asymptomatic. c. A headache is the most common symptom. d. Nosebleeds are an early symptom.
b
Which of the following hormones enhances myocardial contractility? a. Somatotropin b. Epinephrine c. Prolactin d. Oxytocin
b
Which of the following would increase a patient's risk for thrombotic stroke? a. Anemia b. Dehydration c. Hyperthyroidism d. Hypertension
b
While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: a. regenerate. b. die. c. atrophy. d. age.
b
A patient diagnosed with a diffuse brain injury (DBI) is at increased risk for which complication? a. Complete loss of vision b. Arrhythmia c. Acute brain swelling d. Meningitis infection
c
A patient has paralysis of both legs. What type of paralysis does the patient have? a. Quadriplegia b. Paresthesia c. Paraplegia d. Infraparaplegia
c
A patient's arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. What is the most likely cause of this situation? a. Cyanosis b. Hypoventilation c. Hyperventilation d. Apnea
c
After birth, red blood cells are normally made only in the: a. liver. b. spleen. c. bone marrow. d. kidney.
c
The region of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli is called the: a. medulla. b. cortex. c. pyramids. d. columns.
b
Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called? a. M b. G2 c. S d. G1
a
A patient has increased intraocular pressure. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? a. Nystagmus b. Diplopia c. Ocular degeneration d. Glaucoma
d
Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: a. plasma oncotic pressure. b. osmotic forces. c. antidiuretic hormone. d. buffer systems.
b
What is the main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas? a. Venous b. Arterial c. Capillary d. Sinus
b
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome? a. Paternal translocations b. Maternal nondisjunction c. Maternal translocations d. Paternal nondisjunction
b
What is the most likely cause of chronic bronchitis in a 25-year-old? a. Chronic asthma b. Cigarette smoke c. Recurrent pneumonias d. Air pollution
b
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? a. XXY b. XYY c. XX d. XY
a
A 19-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition? a. Acidosis b. Primary hyperaldosteronism c. Diuretic use d. Insulin secretion
a
A 25-year-old female has a heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood. Which of the following adaptations should the nurse expect? a. Peripheral vasoconstriction b. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin c. Decreased cardiac output d. Movement of fluid into the cell
a
A 30-year-old White female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually moderate red meat consumption. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. A nurse determines which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis? a. Genetic b. Diet c. Race d. Age
a
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with lymphadenopathy. Which assessment finding will help confirm this diagnosis? a. Enlarged lymph nodes b. Small, hard lymph nodes c. Nonpalpable, nontender lymph nodes d. Disordered lymph nodes
a
A 35-year-old hypertensive male begins taking a diuretic. Which of the following common side effects of this medication should the nurse monitor? a. Hypokalemia b. Hyponatremia c. Increased uric acid secretion d. Hypermagnesemia
a
A 42-year-old presents with dyspnea; rapid, shallow breathing; inspiratory crackles; decreased lung compliance; and hypoxemia. Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. What is the most likely diagnosis supported by the patient's condition? a. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) b. Sarcoidosis c. Postoperative respiratory failure d. Malignant respiratory failure
a
A 49-year-old male presents reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial? a. Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply. b. Give an antibiotic to decrease infection. c. Encourage exercise to increase heart rate. d. Administer a diuretic to decrease volume.
a
A 50-year-old is diagnosed with lung cancer. The health history includes a 30-year history of smoking, exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation. What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer? a. Cigarette smoke b. Asbestos c. Air pollution d. Radiation
a
A 50-year-old was prescribed a drug that acts as a negative inotrope. Which endogenous substances would be most similar? a. Acetylcholine b. Thyroid hormone c. Dopamine d. Epinephrine
a
A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which electrolyte imbalance would be expected in this patient? a. Hyponatremia b. Hypernatremia c. Hyperkalemia d. Hypokalemia
a
A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina? a. Prinzmetal b. Stable c. Unstable d. Silent
a
A 67-year-old was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests now reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that impairs blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Which diagnosis does this history support? a. Aortic stenosis b. Aortic regurgitation c. Mitral regurgitation d. Mitral stenosis
a
A 75-year-old patient experienced a lacunar stroke. When looking through the history of the patient's chart, which of the following would the nurse expect to find? a. An ischemic lesion b. An aneurysm c. An embolus d. A hemorrhage
a
A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing? a. Translation b. Translocation c. Transcription d. Termination
a
A coup injury resulting from a blow to the frontal portion of the skull would occur in which region of the brain? a. Frontal b. Occipital c. Temporal d. Parietal
a
A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? a. Diffusion b. Hydrostatic pressure c. Osmosis d. Active transport
a
A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Which type of traumatic brain injury should the nurse discuss? a. Concussion b. Diffuse axonal injury c. Penetrating trauma d. Focal brain injury
a
A patient is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should the nurse anticipate? a. Dehydration from polyuria b. Metabolic acidosis c. Cardiac arrest from hyperkalemia d. Dilutional hyponatremia
a
A patient is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. When an intraventricular catheter is inserted, the intracranial pressure (ICP) is recorded at 24 mm Hg. How should the nurse interpret this reading? a. Higher than normal b. Borderline c. Normal d. Lower than normal
a
A patient is newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). What physiological change is causing the patient's symptoms? a. Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS b. The development of neurofibril webs in the CNS c. Reduced amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction d. Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS)
a
A patient is undergoing a sleep lab test. When the sleep lab worker notices EEG patterns with brain activity similar to the normal awake pattern, which phase of sleep is occurring? a. REM b. Fast wave c. Non-rapid eye movement (REM) d. Delta wave
a
A patient presents to the emergency department reporting difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the: a. thoracic aorta. b. inferior vena cava. c. renal arteries. d. cerebral vessels.
a
After activation of the Bainbridge reflex in a patient, the nurse assesses for: a. increased heart rate. b. decreased blood pressure. c. decreased myocardial contractility. d. increased rate and depth of respirations.
a
After teaching about coping, which information indicates a correct understanding? Coping is best defined as the process of: a. managing stressful challenges. b. mediating anger. c. adjusting to disease. d. preventing psychological distress.
a
Confirmation of somatic death is based on: a. complete cessation of respiration and circulation. b. presence of livor mortis. c. change in skin color to pale yellow. d. presence of algor mortis.
a
Most memorable dreams occur during which sleep phase? a. REM b. Delta wave c. Non-REM d. Alpha wave
a
Palpation of the neck of a patient diagnosed with Graves disease would most likely reveal: a. diffuse thyroid enlargement. b. a small discrete thyroid nodule. c. a normal-sized thyroid. d. multiple discrete thyroid nodules.
a
Several years after an amputation the patient continues to sporadically feel pain in the absent hand. What type of pain should the nurse document in the chart? a. Phantom limb pain b. Visceral pain c. Neuropathic pain d. Chronic pain
a
The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as: a. anaphase. b. prophase. c. metaphase. d. telophase.
a
The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: a. neutrophil. b. eosinophil. c. lymphocyte. d. macrophage.
a
What is the most common type of renal stone composed of? a. Calcium b. Cystine c. Struvite d. Uric acid
a
When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of: a. autoimmunity. b. alleimmunity. c. homoimmunity. d. alloimmunity.
a
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of: a. rigor mortis. b. algor mortis. c. livor mortis. d. gangrene.
a
When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" the nurse bases the answer on the interaction between: a. autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility. b. bacterial infection and the inflammatory response. c. neurotransmitters and inherited genes. d. vascular and metabolic factors.
a
When a patient presents at the emergency department for an allergic reaction, the nurse recognizes the most severe consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is: a. anaphylaxis. b. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). c. hives. d. urticaria.
a
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an: a. increase in size. b. increase in excitability. c. decrease in number. d. decrease in length.
a
When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of: a. sodium. b. chloride. c. bicarbonate. d. potassium.
a
When the nurse is taking a patient's temperature, which principle should the nurse remember? Regulation of body temperature primarily occurs in the: a. hypothalamus. b. cerebrum. c. brainstem. d. pituitary gland.
a
Which description accurately describes electrolytes? a. Electrically charged molecules b. Micronutrients used to produce ATP c. Large protein molecules d. Small lipid-soluble molecules
a
Which hypothyroid diagnosis is supported by low levels of TSH? a. Secondary b. Primary c. Autoimmune d. Atypical
a
Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: a. dehydration. b. hypoaldosteronism. c. diuretic use. d. vomiting.
a
Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long-term potassium deficits? a. Kidneys b. Gastrointestinal tract c. Lungs d. Central nervous system (CNS)
a
Which statement indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: a. IgG. b. IgE. c. IgA. d. IgM.
a
The nurse identified each of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation. Which would the nurse classify as a local response? (select all that apply) a. Swelling b. Fever c. Heat d. Redness e. Pain
a,c,d,e
The nurse is describing the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues. What term should the nurse use to describe this process? a. Ventilation b. Perfusion c. Circulation d. Diffusion
b
A 5-month-old child is admitted to the hospital with recurring respiratory infections. A possible cause of this condition is: a. increased maternal IgG. b. immune insufficiency. c. hypergammaglobulinemia. d. decreased maternal antibody breakdown, resulting in hyposensitivity.
b
A 25-year old male college student is diagnosed with an upper urinary tract infection. The nurse anticipates that which diagnosis is likely to be documented on the medical record. a. Cystitis b. pyelonephritis c. Urethritis d. Prostatitis
b
A 30-year-old presents with hypertension, headache, tachycardia, impaired glucose tolerance, and weight loss. Which of the following diagnoses is supported by this symptomology? a. Addison disease b. Pheochromocytoma c. Cushing disease d. Conn disease
b
A 35-year-old who was severely burned is now demonstrating symptomology associated with acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Which form of renal failure is this patient experiencing? a. Prerenal b. Intrarenal c. Extrarenal d. Postrenal
b
A 50-year-old diabetic patient experiences visual disturbances and decides to visit his primary care provider. After examination, the primary care provider tells the patient that the cells that allow him to see are degenerated. Which of the following structures is most likely damaged? a. Cornea b. Retina c. Pupil d. Lens
b
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death? a. Gangrenous necrosis b. Gas gangrene c. Wet gangrene d. Fat necrosis
b
A 52-year-old male enters a sleep study to gather information about his sleep disturbances. He reports that his wife will not let him sleep in the bed with her until he stops snoring so loudly. He also reports feeling tired a lot through the day. When the nurse checks the chart, what is the most likely diagnosis? a. Jet-lag syndrome b. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) c. Somnambulism d. Insomnia
b
A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: a. dysplasia. b. metaplasia. c. hyperplasia. d. anaplasia.
b
A 56-year-old presents to his primary care provider for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is of greatest concern to the nurse? a. Pulsus paradoxus b. Tamponade c. Aneurysm d. Exudate
b
A 65-year-old patient who recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding? a. Dysphasia b. Agnosia c. Hypomimesis d. Echolalia
b
A 72-year-old patient demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted less than an hour and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n): a. stroke in evolution. b. transient ischemic attack. c. cerebral hemorrhage. d. arteriovenous malformation.
b
A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: a. increase calcium influx. b. decrease the heart rate. c. increase the strength of myocardial contraction. d. decrease the refractory period.
b
A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? a. Intracellular fluid (ICF) b. Intravascular fluid c. Extracellular fluid (ECF) d. Interstitial fluid
b
A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are: a. pentose sugars and four phosphate bases. b. a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases. c. adenine, guanine, and purine. d. codons, oxygen, and cytosine.
b
A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth? a. Meningioma b. Malignant tumor c. Lipoma d. Hypertrophy
b
A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: a. calcium. b. sodium. c. magnesium. d. potassium.
b
A patient is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the pancreas alpha cells. Which of the following would the nurse expect to be most likely increased in this patient? a. Insulin b. Glucagon c. Amylin d. Somatostatin
b
A patient who has elevated thyroxine production should be assessed for which accompanying condition? a. Increased anterior pituitary stimulation b. Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c. Increased thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) d. Decreased T4
b
As a result of a severe head injury, a patient is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea. What term should the nurse use when charting this condition? a. Orthopnea b. Cheyne-Stokes c. Frank-Starling d. Apnea
b
Asthma is thought to be caused by: a. excessive use of antibiotics as a young child. b. interactions between genetic and environmental factors. c. an autosomal recessive trait. d. autoimmunity.
b
For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: a. protein buffering. b. kidney excretion of H+. c. kidney excretion of HCO3. d. prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2.
b
Stress-induced catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla may result in: a. decreased glycogen synthesis. b. elevated blood pressure. c. decreased muscle contraction. d. decreased blood flow to the brain.
b
The body's inability to conserve water and sodium when affected by Addison disease is explained by which of the following conditions? a. Elevated levels of cortisol b. Aldosterone deficiency c. Hypersecretion of ADH d. Decreased levels of ACTH
b
The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily allows for: a. potassium secretion. b. water reabsorption. c. hydrogen ion reabsorption. d. sodium secretion.
b
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to the: a. hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule. b. perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries. c. vascular resistance in the glomerular arterioles. d. oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
b
The majority of intervertebral disk herniations occur between which vertebral levels (cervical, C; thoracic, T; lumbar, L; sacral, S)? a. C1-C3 b. L4-S1 c. T1-T4 d. T12-L3
b
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is: a. lung cancer. b. left heart failure. c. right heart failure. d. asthma.
b
The nasopharynx is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. One function of this membrane is to: a. cool air. b. humidify air. c. absorb air. d. exchange gases.
b
The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: a. eosinophil. b. neutrophil. c. lymphocyte. d. macrophage.
b
While planning care for infants, which principles should the nurse remember? (select all that apply) Infants have problems with thermoregulation because they: a. have decreased metabolic rates. b. cannot conserve heat. c. rarely sweat. d. have excess subcutaneous fat. e. do not shiver.
b,e
A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: a. tissue-specific hypersensitivity. b. autoimmunity. c. anaphylaxis. d. immunodeficiency.
c
A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of: a. IgA. b. IgM. c. IgE. d. toxoids.
c
A 39-year-old female is recovering from the birth of her third child. Which hormone would help prevent uterine bleeding? a. Aldosterone b. Cortisol c. Oxytocin d. Prolactin
c
A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Based upon these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? a. Pleural effusion b. Open pneumothorax c. Tension pneumothorax d. Transudative pneumothorax
c
A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion and is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain occurs when: a. cardiac output has fallen below normal levels. b. the vagus nerve is stimulated. c. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand. d. myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits.
c
A 54-year-old female is diagnosed with nephritic syndrome. Which of the following is a common symptom of this disease? a. Dysuria b. Proteinuria c. Hematuria d. Oliguria
c
A 65-year-old diagnosed with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals both bluish skin and mucous membranes. What term will the nurse use to document these observations? a. Hemoptysis b. Ischemia c. Cyanosis d. Hematemesis
c
A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. A nurse recalls his untreated hypertension led to: a. alterations in alpha and beta receptor function. b. inhibition of renin and aldosterone. c. myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. d. ventricular dilation and wall thinning.
c
A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? a. UAGCCUAG b. TUGCCTUG c. TAGCCTAG d. CGATACGT
c
A nurse checks individuals with liver disease for clotting problems because: a. treatment medications for liver failure cause fibrinolysis. b. high levels of bilirubin interfere with the clotting system. c. clotting factors are produced in the liver. d. the liver is often the site of platelet pooling.
c
A nurse observes a cardiologist multiplying the heart rate by stroke volume. What is the cardiologist measuring? a. Ejection fraction b. Vascular resistance c. Cardiac output d. Preload
c
A nurse recalls that regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the: a. buffer systems. b. skin. c. lungs. d. liver.
c
A nurse wants to teach about one of the primary organs responsible for heat production. Which organ should the nurse include? a. Pancreas b. Heart c. Adrenal medulla d. Liver
c
A patient asks when adjuvant chemotherapy is used. How should the nurse respond? Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used: a. as the primary treatment. b. in cancer with little risk of metastasis. c. after surgical removal of a tumor. d. before radiation therapy.
c
Besides hyposecretion and hypersecretion, endocrine system dysfunction can result from: a. extracellular electrolyte alterations. b. increased synthesis of second messengers. c. abnormal receptor activity. d. abnormal hormone levels.
c
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? a. X-linked dominant b. Autosomal dominant c. Autosomal recessive d. X-linked recessive
c
Hikers are attempting to cross the Arizona desert with a small supply of water. The temperatures cause them to sweat profusely and become dehydrated. The hikers are experiencing: a. malignant hyperthermia. b. heat stroke. c. heat exhaustion. d. heat cramping.
c
In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the nurse assesses for active bleeding after intravascular clotting because: a. inflammatory mediators are released. b. prothrombin is activated. c. clotting factors are depleted. d. tissue factor (TF) is inactivated.
c
Leukocytosis can be defined as: a. a normal leukocyte count. b. another term for leukopenia. c. a high leukocyte count. d. a low leukocyte count.
c
Patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the: a. lungs. b. pancreas. c. thymus. d. brain.
c
Six weeks ago a patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. What complication does the nurse suspect when the patient develops a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia? a. Extreme spinal shock b. Parasympathetic areflexia c. Autonomic hyperreflexia d. Acute anxiety
c
Spinal shock is characterized by: a. loss of spinal cord function at the level of the lesion only. b. temporary loss of spinal cord function above the lesion. c. cessation of spinal cord function below the lesion. d. loss of voluntary motor function with preservation of reflexes.
c
The most common condition associated with the development of acute pyelonephritis is: a. nephrotic syndrome. b. cystitis. c. urinary tract obstruction. d. renal cancer.
c
The nurse is describing the receptors in the lung that decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated. Which receptors is the nurse discussing? a. Baroreceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Stretch receptors d. Carbon dioxide receptors
c
The nurse is describing the slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords. What term should the nurse use? a. Larynx b. Epiglottis c. Glottis d. Carina
c
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of: a. autonomic hyperreflexia. b. multiple sclerosis (MS). c. myasthenia gravis. d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
c
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)? a. A familial, autosomal dominant gene defect b. Obesity and lack of exercise c. Immune destruction of the pancreas d. Hyperglycemia from eating too many sweets
c
What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? a. Neurofibromatosis b. Polyploidy c. Nondisjunction d. Conjoined twins
c
What type of breathing will the nurse observe while assessing a patient experiencing both metabolic acidosis and Kussmaul respirations? a. Audible wheezing or stridor b. Very slow inhalations and rapid expirations c. Increased rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause d. Rapid respirations with periods of apnea
c
What type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequence and thus has no observable consequence? a. Missense b. Spontaneous c. Silent d. Frameshift
c
When a patient's vagus nerve is stimulated, what does the nurse expect to observe? a. Vasoconstriction b. Pupil constriction c. Increased gastrointestinal activity d. Increased heart rate
c
When an aide asks the nurse about the purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond? a. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms. b. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury. c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue. d. To provide specific responses toward antigens.
c
When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme is most important? a. Messenger RNA b. RNA polymerase c. DNA polymerase d. Transfer RNA
c
Where are the target cells for oxytocin located? a. Liver b. Thymus c. Uterus d. Renal tubules
c
Where does the majority of sodium reabsorption take place? a. Loop of Henle b. Distal tubule c. Proximal tubule d. Collecting duct
c
Which neurotransmitter is released when a patient's parasympathetic motor neurons are stimulated? a. Substance P b. Epinephrine c. Acetylcholine d. Serotonin
c
Which of the following alterations would the nurse expect to find in a patient with untreated Cushing disease or syndrome? a. Hyperkalemia b. Bradycardia c. Hypertension d. Tachypnea
c
Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system? a .Sodium/potassium b. Amylase/albumin c. Carbonic acid/bicarbonate d. Protein/fat
c
Which patient should the nurse assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with: a. pulmonary disorders. b. Cushing syndrome. c. renal failure. d. diabetes insipidus.
c
Which valvular condition is characterized by the valve opening being constricted and narrowed, causing the valve leaflets, or cusps, to fail to open completely? a. Incompetence b. Regurgitation c. Stenosis d. Insufficiency
c
While planning care for a patient with renal calculi, the nurse remembers the most important factor in renal calculus formation is: a. body temperature. b. gender. c. urine pH. d. serum mineral concentrations.
c
Who is most at risk of spinal cord injury because of preexisting degenerative disorders? a. Women b. Infants c. The elderly d. Men
c
When the nurse is teaching the staff about X-linked recessive disorders, which information should the nurse include? (select all that apply) a. The trait is seen much more often in females than in males. b. The trait never skips generations. c. The gene can be transmitted through a series of carrier females. d. The trait is never transmitted from father to son. e. The gene is passed from an affected father to all his daughters.
c,d,e
A nurse recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (select all that apply) a. skeletal. b. mucosal. c. nerve. d. connective. e. epithelial. f. muscle.
c,d,e,f
A patient is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be reported? a. Headache and blurred vision b. Nausea and vomiting c. Chest pain and palpitations d. Syncope and fainting
d
A patient is diagnosed with renal calculus that is causing a urinary obstruction. Which symptoms would be most likely experienced? a. Pyuria b. Anuria c. Hematuria d. Flank pain
d
A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: a. pitting edema. b. lymphedema. c. generalized edema. d. localized edema.
d
A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the following types of immunity was compromised? a. Inflammatory response b. Specific immunity c. Adaptive immunity d. Innate immunity
d
A 28-year-old presents to the ER reporting severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. Other signs include a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. Assessment findings support which medical diagnosis? a. Stable angina b. Pericardial effusion c. Myocardial infarction (MI) d. Acute pericarditis
d
A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired: a. nutritional status. b. contraction. c. epithelialization. d. collagen synthesis.
d
A 30-year-old white male recently suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Which of the following is the most likely factor that contributed to his stroke? a. Race b. Age c. Gender d. Diabetes
d
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). The most likely cause is a decrease in: a. gastric enzymes. b. erythropoietin. c. ferritin. d. intrinsic factor.
d
A 40-year-old female's Pap smear indicates abnormal changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells. Which term would be used to identify this type of change? a. Hypertrophy b. Atrophy c. Metaplasia d. Dysplasia
d
A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? a. Constipation b. Hypoglycemia c. Respiratory acidosis d. Laxative abuse
d
A 42-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident that has resulted in prerenal failure. What is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? a. Kidney stones b. Immune complex deposition in the glomerulus c. Obstruction of the proximal tubule d. Inadequate renal blood flow
d
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: a. free radicals. b. chemical toxicity. c. malnutrition. d. ischemia.
d
A CT scan reveals that a patient has an open basilar skull fracture. Which major complication should the nurse observe for in this patient? a. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) b. Hematoma formation c. Cognitive deficits d. Meningeal infection
d
A child fell off a swing and scraped his right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? a. Vasoconstriction at injured site b. Pale skin at injured site c. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site d. Edema at injured site
d
A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. Where do these plaques most commonly form? a. In the venous sinuses b. In the larger veins c. Near capillary sphincters d. In cerebral arteries
d
A nurse is caring for a patient who cannot clot. Which end product of the clotting cascade is this patient unable to make? a. Fibrinogen b. Thrombin c. Collagen d. Fibrin
d
A patient involved in a motor vehicle accident experiences a severe head injury and dies as a result of the loss of respirations. The nurse suspects the area of the brain most likely damaged is the: a. thalamus. b. cerebral cortex. c. basal ganglia. d. brainstem.
d
A patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change? a. Eating meat b. Drinking tomato juice c. Living arrangements d. Smoking cigarettes
d
A patient presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath and is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. The embolism most likely originated from the: a. left ventricle. b. systemic arteries. c. superficial veins of the arm. d. deep veins of the leg.
d
A patient scrapes both knees while playing soccer and reports sharp and well-localized pain. Which of the following should the nurse document to most accurately characterize the pain? : a. Referred pain b. Chronic pain c. Visceral pain d. Somatic pain
d
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? a. Increased paternal age. b. Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus. c. Family history of Down syndrome. d. Pregnancy in women over age 35.
d
A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? a. Free-floating nuclear material b. A single circular chromosome c. No organelles d. A nucleus
d
A teenager sustains a severe closed head injury following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident and is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. How should the nurse document this in the chart? a. Coma b. Obtundation c. Confusion d. Stupor
d
After entering a room of chemical fog, a 20-year-old male cannot stop coughing. Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for his response? a. Upper respiratory tract mucosa b. Upper respiratory nasal hairs and turbinates c. Irritant receptors in the trachea and large airways d. Irritant receptors in the nostrils
d
An 11-year-old is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess the patient for? a. Vomiting, abdominal pain, sweet, fruity breath, dehydration, and Kussmaul breathing b. Recurrent infections, visual changes, fatigue, and paresthesia c. Weakness, vomiting, hypotension, and mental confusion d. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss
d
An IV drug user was diagnosed with hepatitis C 5 years ago. The patient is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. The nurse suspects a decrease in which of the following vitamins? Selected Answer: a. E b. D c. B12 d. K
d
An older male presents with flank pain and polyuria. Tests reveal that he has an enlarged prostate. Which type of renal failure is this patient at risk for? a. Prerenal b. Extrarenal c. Intrarenal d. Postrenal
d
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly transported in the blood: a. attached to oxygen (O2). b. combined with albumin. c. dissolved in red blood cells. d. in the form of bicarbonate.
d
During the sleep cycle, when does loss of temperature control occur? a. Non-REM sleep b. Delta wave sleep c. Light sleep d. REM sleep
d
During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis c. Pinocytosis d. Phagocytosis
d
Erythropoietin is produced in the: a. spleen. b. bone marrow. c. liver. d. kidneys.
d
If a patient has a problem with the adrenal medulla, which of the following hormones should the nurse monitor? a. Cortisol b. Estrogens c. Androgens d. Epinephrine
d
In a patient with acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift: a. upward, allowing more O2 to dissolve in the plasma. b. downward, allowing less O2 to dissolve in the plasma. c. to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to the cells. d. to the right, causing more O2 to be released to the cells.
d
Individuals with Raynaud disease need to be counseled to avoid which of the following conditions to prevent severe symptoms? a. Hot water immersion b. Allergic reactions c. Tissue injury d. Cold exposure
d
Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which hormone? a. Atrial natriuretic factor (ANP) b. Aldosterone c. Renin d. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d
The patient diagnosed with tuberculosis can transmit this disease through: a. skin contact. b. blood transfusions. c. fecal-oral contact. d. airborne droplets.
d
The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by: a. elevated sodium concentrations. b. increased blood volume. c. renal hypertension. d. decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles.
d
When a nurse is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes: a. hyperchromic. b. macrocytic. c. microcytic. d. hypochromic.
d
When a patient asks what the somatic nervous system controls, how should the nurse respond? It controls: a. smooth muscle organs. b. the spinal cord. c. the heart. d. skeletal muscle.
d
When giving report, what term should the nurse use to describe the coughing up of bloody secretions? a. Cyanosis b. Rhinitis c. Hematemesis d. Hemoptysis
d
Which group of people is most prone to color blindness? a. Elderly persons b. Females c. Children d. Males
d
Which of the following assessment findings is most likely to occur following a splenectomy? a. Decreased platelets b. Hypoglycemia c. Decreased red blood cell count d. Leukocytosis
d
Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? a. Excess aldosterone b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Insulin usage d. Acute acidosis
d
Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect in a patient who has sustained trauma to the lungs and chest wall and is experiencing respiratory failure? a. Electrolyte imbalances b. Elevated pH c. Low hematocrit d. Elevated PaCO2
d
While checking the lab results for a patient diagnosed with Graves disease, the nurse would expect the T3 level to be a. variable. b. absent. c. low. d. high.
d
