PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NEURO, RENAL, ENDOCRINE

A 50 year old African American man has had headaches for the past month.On physical examination his blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg (N = 120/80 mm Hg). He cannot afford to take any medications. He is admitted to the hospital after suddenly losing consciousness. When he is aroused, he cannot speak and he cannot move his right leg. Which of the following is the most likely cause associated with this patient? A. Cerebral vascular accident caused by an athernorma in the abdominal portion of the aorta B. Cerebral vascular accident cause by a hemorrhage C. Cerebral vascular accident caused by an embolus D. Cerebral vascular accident caused by an thrombus E. Cerebral vascular accident caused by vagal-vagal response

B. Cerebral vascular accident cause by a hemorrhage

A 20 year old present to the eye clinic complaining of intermittent diplopia (double vision). Initial eye exam was unremarkable and an MRI was ordered. Multiple plaques of demyelination were visible on MRI scan. What is the most likely condition? A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis B. Multiple sclerosis C. Huntington disease D. Niemann-Pick disease E. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

B. Multiple sclerosis

A 66 year old man is finding that he has more difficulty getting up and moving about for the past year. He is annoyed by a tremor in his hands, but the tremor goes away when he performs routine tasks using his hands. His friends remark that he seems sullener and doesn't smile at them, but only stares with a fixed expression on his face. He has not suffered any loss of mental ability. Which of the following conditions is he most likely to have? A. Niemann-Pick disease B. Parkinson disease C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D. Myasthenia gravis E. Huntington disease

B. Parkinson disease

All of the following are potential sources for the development of meningitis EXCEPT: A. Neisseria meningitidis B. Streptococcus pyogenes B. Group B, hemolytic stretococcus C. Stretococcus pneumonia D. Haemophilus influenza

B. Streptococcus pyogenes

A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n): A) Stroke in evolution B) Arteriovenous malformation C) Transient ischemic attack D) Cerebral hemorrhage

C) Transient ischemic attack

Which of the following tests is used to assist in the diagnose multiple sclerosis? A. Genetic test B. Karyotyping C. Blood Test D. MRI E. Ultrasound

D. MRI

What is the pathophysiology to multiple sclerosis? A) Destruction of myelin sheath with resulting plaque formation at the site B) Destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the myoneural junction C) Destruction of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft D) Inhibition of synaptic vesicle binding E) Inhibition of neurotransmitters reuptake

A) Destruction of myelin sheath with resulting plaque formation at the site

Which of the following neurotransmitters play a key role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease? A) Dopamine B) Acetylcholine C) Norepinephrine D) Serotonin E) GABA

A) Dopamine

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission? A) Slow rate of action potential conduction B) Increased rate of action potential conduction C) Facilitation of action potential initiation D) Faster rate of repolarization

A) Slow rate of action potential conduction

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis? A) The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years. B) MS is more common in men than women. C) There is a higher incidence of MS in military veterans. D) There is a higher rate of MS in African-Americans.

A) The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including: A) deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain. B) degeneration of basal ganglia. C) hypertrophy of frontal lobe neurons. D) significant aluminum deposits in the brain.

A) deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain.

When the kidneys have too few nephrons to excrete metabolic wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance adequately, the client is said to have ____________. A. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) B. renal insufficiency C. acute tubular necrosis D. dialysis

A. End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A 42 year old former major league baseball player develops progressive, symmetric muscular weakness of his upper extremities along with fasciculation over the course of 3 year. Then he develops difficulty speaking and swallowing. He does not have myalgia or arthralgia. He is afebrile. His mental function has not become diminished. Which of the following is his most likely diagnosis? A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis B. Parkinson disease C. Huntington disease D. Neimann-Pick disease E. Myasthenia gravis

A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

which of the following is the most likely etiology for Multiple Sclerosis? A. Autoimmune B. Autosomal dominant C. Autosomal recessive D. X-linked E. Incomplete penetrance

A. Autoimmune

A 41 year old former professional football player was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although unable to play football physically, the patient desires to remain in football as a coach or as a mentor to young football players. What is the most appropriate statement about this disease that you can share with the patient? A. Cognitive function remains normal B. Cause of death is usually a cardiac arrhythmia C. ALS affect primarily young women and occurrence in males is extremely rare D. Sensory neurons are damaged initially but do recover

A. Cognitive function remains normal

Patient teaching is considered successful regarding ALS when the patient identifies its cause as being A) Viral infection B) Autoimmune C) Atrophy of the spinal cord lateral column D) Demyelination of the motor neurons E) Single gene defect

B) Autoimmune

A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. History includes a previously treated sinusitis. Which medical diagnosis is best supported by this assessment data? A) Aseptic meningitis B) Bacterial meningitis C) Fungal meningitis D) Nonpurulent meningitis

B) Bacterial meningitis

A patient is newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). What physiological change is causing the patient's symptoms? A) Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS) B) Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS C) Reduced amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction D) The development of neurofibril webs in the CNS

B) Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS

A 40-year-old male complains of uncontrolled excessive movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begin in the face and arms that eventually affect the entire body. The most likely diagnosis is: A) Tardive dyskinesia B) Huntington disease C) Hypokinesia D) Alzheimer disease

B) Huntington disease

Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because: A) viral damage can be inhibited. B) demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms. C) steroids reverse the progression of the disease. D) steroids inhibit synaptic degradation ofneurotransmitters.

B) demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms.

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include: A) intention tremor and akinesia. B) rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity. C) ataxia and intention tremor. D) skeletal muscle rigidity and intention tremor.

B) rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.

Patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis often have pathologic changes involving the: a. Astrocytes B. Satellite Cells C Oligodendrocytes D. Ependymal

C Oligodendrocytes

A patient has excessive movement. What disorder will the nurse see documented on the chart? A) Hypokinesia B) Akinesia C) Hyperkinesia D) Dysdiadochokinesia

C) Hyperkinesia

A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. Where do these plaques most commonly form? A) In the larger veins B) Near capillary sphincters C) In the cerebral arteries D) In the venous sinuses

C) In the cerebral arteries

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of: A) multiple sclerosis. B) myasthenia gravis. C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. D) Dementia

C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: A) a brain biopsy demonstrating organic changes is necessary. B) biochemical tests for aluminum toxicity must be positive. C) other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out. D) increased protein is found in a lumbar puncture.

C) other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out.

A 62 year old male was recently diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack (TIA). As the charge nurse, you are responsible for providing education to this patient. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates that he understands the information? A, "TIAs are usually caused by large bleeds in the brain that resolve on their own" B. "Because TIAs don't cause permanent damage, I do not need to worry if I have another one" C. "It is important to seek medical attention immediately if I am experiencing these symptoms again because they could mean that I am having a stroke" D. "Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are often caused by small bleeds in the brain that resolve on their own"

C. "It is important to seek medical attention immediately if I am experiencing these symptoms again because they could mean that I am having a stroke"

A 62 year old female presents to her primary for her annual examination. On this visit, she states that she's noticing tremor of the right hand greater than the left hand. The tremors disappears if she's holding an object. She states that her husband of 30 years noted that her gait has changed and her walking is more like a shuffle. Physical examination was significant for resting tremor, masked facies, and mild muscular rigidity. When asked about her condition, which of the following statements is most appropriate to share with the patient? A. "Your disease will not worsen/progress if you do not take your medication(s) as directed" B. "This disease results from an access accumulation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter." C. "This is a progressive disease and medications are designed to slow the disease process." D. Only B and C

C. "This is a progressive disease and medications are designed to slow the disease process."

A 50 year old African American man has had headaches for the past month. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg (N = 120/80 mm Hg). He cannot afford to take any medications. He is admitted to the hospital after suddenly losing consciousness. When he is aroused, he cannot speak and he cannot move his right leg. For the above patient, what is the most likely cause for his condition on admission? A. Poorly controlled ADH secretion B. Poorly controlled dietary habits C. Poorly controlled heart disease D. Poorly controlled hypertension E. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

D. Poorly controlled hypertension

A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for an 85-year-old man who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Which of the following statements best identifies future complications associated with TIAs? TIAs: A. are an accumulation of small deficits that may eventually equal the effects of a full CVA. B. are a relatively benign sign that necessitates monitoring but not treatment. C. resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke. D. are caused by small bleeds that can be a warning sign of an impending stroke.

C. resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke.

A 60-year-old patient with a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. What does the nurse suspect cause this type of stroke? A) Infarction B) Thrombotic C) Embolic D) Hemorrhagic

D) Hemorrhagic

Parkinson disease is associated with: A) demyelination of CNS neurons. B) insufficient production of acetylcholine in the basal ganglia. C) a pyramidal nerve tract lesion. D) a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.

D) a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.

Which of the following is an unmodifiable risk factor for stroke? A. Age B. Sex C. Race D. All of the above are unmodifiable risk factors for stroke

D. All of the above are unmodifiable risk factors for stroke

Which of the following proteins is most likely defective and is associated with Parkinson's disease? A. SOD-1 B. Tau proteins C. Beta amyloid protein D. Alpha synuclein

D. Alpha synuclein

When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" the nurse bases the answer on the interaction between: A) vascular and metabolic factors. B) bacterial infection and the inflammatory response. C) neurotransmitters and inherited genes. D) randomness E) autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility.

E) autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility.

A 70 year old man has a two-day history of worsening generalized headache and increasing obtundation. He now complains of stiffness in his neck. Vital sign was significant for fever. A CBC reveals a WBC count of 16,850/microliter (N < 10,000/microliter). A lumbar puncture yields cloudy cerebrospinal fluid with a glucose of 32mg/dL, protein 146 mg/dL, and cell count of 3800 WBCs (95% neutrophils and 5% monuclear) and 2 RBCs. The patient was diagnosed with meningitis. He receives antibiotic therapy and improves. Which of the following statements is true for this bacterial meningitis? A. Treatment includes glucocorticoids B. Complications include Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal gland hemorrhage) or hydrocephalus C. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major cause in this age group D. Signs and symptoms associated with this condition include headaches, stupor, seizures, photophobia E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Causes for meningitis include: A. Viral B. Bacterial C. Fungal D. Protozoa E. All the listed microorganisms can cause meningitis.

E. All the listed microorganisms can cause meningitis.

Your patient returns from the operating room after a successful abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Which of the following symptoms is a sign of acute renal failure? a. Oliguria b. Vomiting c. Polyuria d. Diarrhea e. None of the above

a. Oliguria

Excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood is referred to as: a. azotemia b. dysuria c. bacteremia d. hematuria

a. azotemia

A 54-year-old female is diagnosed with nephritic syndrome. Which of the following is a common symptom of this disease? a. hematuria b. dysuria c. oliguria d. proteinuria

a. hematuria

What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency? a. loss of tubule function b. increased blood pressure c. decreased aldosterone secretion d. Increased GFR

a. loss of tubule function

A patient who reported a very painful sore throat 3 weeks ago is now diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. When asked, "Why is my urine the color of coffee?", the nurse responds a. "Normally, red blood cells that enter the urine are taken back into the blood, but in glomerulonephritis, the kidney disease you have, they stay in the urine and make it coffee-colored." b. "Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored." c. "The bacteria that caused your sore throat have traveled to your kidneys and are causing a little damage there that allows some red blood cells to leak into your urine and make it orange-colored." d. "When parts of your kidneys stopped working, your blood kept flowing and broke some of your little blood vessels, so red blood cells are flowing into your urine and making it coffee-colored."

b. "Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored."

A 21-year-old male was admitted to the renal ward for glomerulonephritis. As an admitting nurse, which of the following questions is most appropriate question to ask the patient? a. do you have history of heart failure? b. Have you taken an excess amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? c. have you recently had kidney stones? d. are you sexually active and do not wear condoms?

b. Have you taken an excess amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

All of the following patients are at risk for acute renal failure of the pre-renal type EXCEPT: a. a 22 year old male who lost 40% of his blood volume following a workplace injury b. a 41 year old female admitted for intravenous antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis c. a 75 year old male with diagnoses of biventricular heart failure d. an 80 year old female, in a nursing home, admitted to the ER for treatment of dehydration and malnutrition e. a 20 year old who just completed a grueling triathlon in the middle of the summer season

b. a 41 year old female admitted for intravenous antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the glomerular inflammation results from: a. toxins produced by the bacteria b. a type III hypersensitivity reaction c. an ascending infection from the bladder d. spread of infection from the tubules

b. a type III hypersensitivity reaction

An infection caused by group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci is associated with: a. Acute renal failure b. acute glomerulonephritis c. Chronic renal failure d. Chronic renal insufficiency

b. acute glomerulonephritis

A 65-year-old male was transported to the ER. Six hours ago, he ran a marathon and placed second in the final standing. Vital signs in ht ER are blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, tachycardia, tachypnea. Skin turgor pressure was poor with dry mouth. Initial laboratory values revealed significantly elevated BUN and creatinine. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. chronic renal failure b. acute renal failure of the pre-renal type c. acute renal failure of the intra-renal type d. acute renal failure of the post-renal type

b. acute renal failure of the pre-renal type

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because: a. hepatocyte failure decreases albumin synthesis b. albumin is excretes in the urine c. albumin leaks into the interstitial spaces. d. malnutrition is part of nephrotic syndrome

b. albumin is excretes in the urine

An appropriate question to ask the patient with a presume diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis is: a. do you have history of heart failure? b. have you had any type of infection, e.g. strep-throat, within the last 2 weeks? c. have you recently had kidney stones? d. are you sexually active and do not wear condoms?

b. have you had any type of infection, e.g. strep-throat, within the last 2 weeks?

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is primarily caused by: a. swelling of mesangial cells in the bowman space in response to the presence of bacteria b. immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries and inflammatory damage c. inflammatory factors that stimulate cellular proliferation of epithelial cells. d. accumulation of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies

b. immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries and inflammatory damage

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is a. infection of the glomerular capsule secondary to a urinary tract infection. b. immune system damage to the glomeruli. c. hydronephrosis resulting from kidney stones. d. Streptococcus infection that migrates from the bloodstream to the glomerulus.

b. immune system damage to the glomeruli.

A 45-year-old present with hypertension, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, and anemia and is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. What is the cause of this patient's anemia? a. red blood cells being lost in the urine b. inadequate production of erythropoietin c. inadequate iron absorption in the gut d. red blood cells being injured as they pass through the glomerulus

b. inadequate production of erythropoietin

A 35-year-old who was severely burned is now demonstrating symptomology associated with acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Which form of renal failure is this patient experiencing? a. prerenal b. intrarenal c. postrenal d. extrarenal

b. intrarenal

All of the following apply to CVA EXCEPT: a. the common cause is an atheroma with thrombus. b. maximum necrosis and infarction develop within several hours of onset. Death is imminent. c. warning signs may appear with partial obstruction of the artery. d. increasing neurological deficits usually develop during the first few days.

b. maximum necrosis and infarction develop within several hours of onset. Death is imminent.

The major underlying factor leading to the edema associated with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is: a. hematuria b. proteinuria c. glycosuria d. bacteruria e. pyuria

b. proteinuria

A 9-year-old by diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following is NOT associated with his disease? a. Hypoalbuminemia b. Protein loss from the plasma to the glomerular filtrate c. Azotemia d. Proteinuria e. Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space resulting in edema

c. Azotemia

Which of the following systemic diseases is strongly associated with the hemorrhagic cerebral vascular accident? a. Diabetes Mellitus b. Atherosclerosis c. Hypertension d. Cushing's disease e. All of the above

c. Hypertension

A 25-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. He was transported to UMC in stable condition. Abdominal CT scan showed intra-abdominal bleeding from liver laceration. The patient was prepped for emergency surgery to repair the laceration. Resulting from this traumatic event, blood flow to the kidneys decreased. Which of the following may/will occur? a. Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited b. There is systemic vasodilation c. The renin-angiotensin system will be activated d. Obligatory water reabsorption will decrease e. The amount of ADH in the blood will decrease

c. The renin-angiotensin system will be activated

As the chief resident of the nephrology service, you are tasked to educate 4th year medical students rotating through the nephrology clinic. On the first day of the rotation, a medical student was involved in the admission of a patient with pre-renal failure. Which of the following is a teaching point to the medical student to ensure he understands the disease process? a. the cardinal signs of pre-renal failure is polyuria b. Ureteral and bladder outlet obstruction are common contributors to pre-renal failure c. Trauma with blood lost, burns, and cardiogenic shock are precursors to pre-renal failure c. Only A&B are correct d. All of the above

c. Trauma with blood lost, burns, and cardiogenic shock are precursors to pre-renal failure

Which of the following statements is most correct for acute renal failure? a. the cardinal signs of pre-renal failure is polyuria b. Ureteral and bladder outlet obstruction are common contributors to pre-renal failure c. Trauma with blood lost, burns, and cardiogenic shock are precursors to pre-renal failure d. All of the above

c. Trauma with blood lost, burns, and cardiogenic shock are precursors to pre-renal failure

A 30-year-old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3-5 grams per day, with albumin being the major protein. The most probable diagnosis the nurse will see documented on the chart is: a. cystitis b. chronic pylonephritis c. acute glomerulonephritis d. renal calculi

c. acute glomerulonephritis

one of the complications of renal failure is anemia. which of the following is indicated to treat patient with anemia secondary to renal dysfunction or failure? a. arrange for frequent blood transfusions in an outpatient clinic b. administer iron dextran, intravenously c. administer subcutaneous injection of erythropoietin d. administer prerenal vitamins twice a day e. loading dose of iron follow by oral multivitamin with iron supplement

c. administer subcutaneous injection of erythropoietin

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause: a. hyperlipidemia b. proteinuria c. hematuria d. generalized edema

c. hematuria

Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? a. streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions b. ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased GFR c. immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation d. increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons

c. immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation

A 42-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident that has resulted in prerenal failure. What is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? a. kidney stones b. immune complex deposition in the glomerulus c. inadequate renal blood flow d. obstruction of the proximal tubule

c. inadequate renal blood flow

An older male presents with flank pain and polyuria. Tests reveal that he has an enlarged prostate. Which type of renal failure is this patient at risk for? a. prerenal b. intrarenal c. postrenal d. extrarenal

c. postrenal

A 42-year-old is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Which dietary restriction will the nurse discuss with the patient? a. fats b. complex carbohydrates c. proteins d. sugars

c. proteins

Which of the following is a true statement about transient ischemic attacks. (TIAs)? a. They usually cause necrosis and permanent brain damage b. They may be caused by rupture of an aneurysm or a damaged artery. c. They usually indicate systemic hypertension d. They can warn of potential cerebrovascular accidents

d. They can warn of potential cerebrovascular accidents

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include: a. oliguria b. red blood cell casts in the urine c. proteinuria d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Signs of nephritic syndrome include: a. Hematuria b. Proteinuria c. Mild edema d. all the listed signs are associated with nephritic syndrome e. cholesterol

d. all the listed signs are associated with nephritic syndrome

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is: a. renal ischemia b. bacterial invasion of the glomerulus c. an anaphylactic reaction d. an immune complex reaction

d. an immune complex reaction

Glomerular disorders include a. pyelonephritis. b. obstructive uropathy. c. interstitial cystitis. d. nephrotic syndrome.

d. nephrotic syndrome.

A 20-year-old male diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome returns to the clinic for follow up. Which of the following events indicates that this patient is recovering from nephrotic syndrome? a. elevated blood pressure b. the gain in body weight c. increase serum lipid levels d. the disappearance of proteins from the urine

d. the disappearance of proteins from the urine

A 55-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for a 6-months follow up visit. On this visit, he denies any complaints, pain, discomfort, or changes in his lifestyle. He did say that he's forgetful when it comes to taking his medication . His medical history is significant for moderate obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Blood work indicated an elevated creatinine and BUN levels. His GFR is 50 ml/min (GFR= 125 ml/min). Which of the following is the most appropriate statement to share with the patient considering these lab results? a. "You likely have chronic kidney disease, and there may be urine in your blood until it is controlled" b. "Your condition is stable and will get better if you take you medication" c. "You are in renal failure and hemodialysis is indicated immediately. I will request a consult with the vascular surgeon" d. "We will regularly monitor your kidney's function, but most likely your kidneys will be able to compensate on their own and intervention is not required." e. "Your chronic kidney disease has progressed and is likely been caused by your non-compliant with the treatment to your diabetes and hypertension"

e. "Your chronic kidney disease has progressed and is likely been caused by your non-compliant with the treatment to your diabetes and hypertension"

At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema, significantly elevated potassium level, pulmonary edema, and mental status change. What is the next best step to initiate for this patient? a. salt restiction b. Antibiotics c. Protein restricted diet d. Fluid restricted diet e. Dialysis

e. Dialysis

Which of the following diseases is caused by the lack of dopamine? a. Muscle Dystrophy b. Myasthenia Gravis c. Multiple Sclerosis d. Alzheimer's Disease e. Parkinson's Disease

e. Parkinson's Disease

All of the following are etiologies (causes) for urinary obstruction EXCEPT: a. a 58-year-old male with renal calculi (stone) b. a 60-year-old male with benign prostatic hypertrophy c. a 20-year-old with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury d. a 25-year-old pregnant woman e. a 39-year-old female who just completed the Boston marathon

e. a 39-year-old female who just completed the Boston marathon

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ______ in the urine. a. blod b. sodium c. potassium d. calcium e. protein

e. protein