Pathos Week 1 - Chapter 1: Concepts of Health & Disease

A client delivers a child via vaginal birth after having an uneventful prenatal course. After the infant is born, the nurse discovers an extra digit. The client states that she had the same thing when she was born. What does the nurse recognize that this defect is considered? Acquired defect Congenital condition A chronic defect An acute defect

Congenital condition

The nurse is conducting a community program about removing the risk factors that may predispose patients to hypertension. Which of the following types of prevention is the nurse focusing on? Secondary prevention Primary prevention Tertiary prevention Prognosis prevention

Primary prevention

A client has been taking a corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma for several months. The client has now developed signs and symptoms of cortisol excess. The client has been informed that when the steroid has been discontinued gradually, the signs and symptoms will abate. What does the nurse understand that this is referred to as? Complications A syndrome Congenital disease Acquired disease

A syndrome

A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. Therefore, the majority of diseases are multifactorial in origin. are simple and easy to diagnose. are complicated and hard to diagnose. have a single cause.

are multifactorial in origin.

The nurse documents which of the following assessment data as a symptom? Elevated temperature Enlarged lymph node Report of pain Pinpoint pupil size

Report of pain

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client that states they fell and twisted their right ankle during a softball game. The nurse notes that the right ankle is edematous and will probably need to be x-rayed. What term does the nurse use to describe the changes that accompany this finding? A chronic disorder A symptom A sign A syndrome

Sign

Which client conditions illustrate acquired defects? Select all that apply. club foot hypospadias rheumatoid arthritis cleft lip and palate colon cancer

rheumatoid arthritis colon cancer

Which science is called on to study the risk factors in multifactorial diseases? Histology Morphology Epidemiology Scientology

Epidemiology

The healthcare team is attempting to determine the cause of a clients disease. What does the nurse recognize that this will be documented as? Etiology Clinical manifestations Condition Signs

Etiology

What do morbidity and mortality statistics refer to? Cause of death and impact on the family because of a disease Long-term consequences and recovery rates of a disease Functional effects and death-producing characteristics of a disease Effects a disease has on a person's life and treatment

Functional effects and death-producing characteristics of a disease

A patient tests positive for an infectious disease but does not have any symptoms. The physician informs the patient that she is capable of infecting others. Which of the following stages of the clinical course is this patient experiencing? Carrier state Clinical disease Subclinical disease Acute disorder

Carrier State

A patient develops an infection with a resistant organism while hospitalized for surgery. After treatment, there are no obvious signs of infection, but a culture shows that the organism is present. Which of the following describes the patient's status? Carrier status Clinical disease Preclinical stage Chronic disease

Carrier status

During an assessment, a patient tells the nurse that he has asthma since he was a child. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which of the following types of condition? Subclinical Chronic Acute Subacute

Chronic

When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be which of the following? Subclinical Preclinical Acute Chronic

Chronic

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refers the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include which of the following? Standing orders for wound care Step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection Guidelines for staging pressure ulcers Pictorial representation of various dressings

Step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection

A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform their activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life. However, few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are hundreds of thousands of Canadians living with the disease but relatively few new cases in recent years. This disease has: high morbidity, low mortality, high prevalence, and low incidence. low mortality, high morbidity, low prevalence, and high incidence. high mortality, low morbidity, high incidence, and low prevalence. low mortality, high morbidity, high incidence, and low prevalence.

high morbidity, low mortality, high prevalence, and low incidenc

A nurse is conducting a staff educational program on diagnostic tests. The nurse should include that the normal value of a laboratory test represents the test results that fall within which of the following distribution levels? 100 80 95 75

95

A school nurse compares the number of cases of measles in one elementary classroom to the number of students in the school. Which of the following describes this type of comparison? Primary prevention Prevalence Morbidity Risk analysis

Prevalence

A nurse who has worked with ostomy patients for several years is adept at measuring and cutting the stoma wafer to the correct size for each patient's stoma. This is an example of the nurse using which of the following? Clinical expertise Evidence-based practice Intuition Research

clinical expertise

The nurse is caring for a client in the burn unit that has sustained partial and full thickness burns over 16 percent of the body. What type of etiologic factor does the nurse recognize these burns are? Physical forces Biologic agents Psychological factors Chemical agents

Physical forces

An obese patient develops osteoarthritis. Which of the following factors will the nurse include when educating the patient about the etiology of the disease? Select all that apply. Genetic inheritance Chemical agents Physical forces Biologic agents

Physical forces Genetic inheritance

Why are some diseases termed syndromes? They are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state. They have complications. They leave sequelae such as lesions as residual effects. They are a group of disease states that has the same etiology.

They are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

An infant has a difficult time passing through the birth canal and the physician uses forceps to deliver the child. In the process the facial nerve was damaged, resulting in a facial droop. Which of the following conditions does the nurse recognize this to be? Pathogenisis Acquired defect Congenital condition Morphological change

Acquired defect

Two years ago, the nurse assisted with a difficult vaginal birth and the infant sustained facial paralysis related to the use of forceps. What form of defect does the nurse recognize this injury is related to? Acute illness Congenital defect Chronic illness Acquired defect

Acquired defect

After teaching a patient, the nurse wants to see if the patient understands the risk factors for heart disease. Which of the following responses by the patient would indicate the need for further instruction? "My hemoglobin A1c should be between 4 and 5.6%." "A healthy blood pressure should be below 120/80." "I will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco." "If I lose as little as 10 pounds, it will help cut my risk."

"I will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco."

A member of the healthcare team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under her care in a hospital context. Which aspect of client's situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology? A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis. A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident. A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning. A client who has been exposed to the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium.

A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis.

A nurse is interpreting the test results of a patient's screening test for cancer. If the patient's result is negative and the test has a 95% specificity, the nurse should conclude that there a 95% chance of which of the following? Result is a false positive. Patient has cancer. Result is a false negative. Patient does not have cancer.

Patient does not have cancer

A nurse is calculating the incidence of pressure ulcers on the unit. The nurse should do which of the following? Divide Braden scale scores by patients' age Divide existing cases by the number of patients on the unit Divide the number of new cases by the number of patients on the unit Divide the number of new cases by existing cases

Divide the number of new cases by the number of patients on the unit

For a physician to diagnose a patient, which of the following processes must be followed? Select all that apply. Obtaining information about how many other patients have the same symptoms Getting a complete history Trying different medications to find out what is wrong with the patient Diagnostic testing Performing a careful physical examination

Getting a complete history Diagnostic testing Performing a careful physical examination

Nurses are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is known to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of clients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3% of clients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which statement best characterizes this blood test? High specificity, low reliability High sensitivity, low reliability High sensitivity, low specificity Low validity, high reliability

High sensitivity, low specificity

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occurs from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis? The causes of disease How the disease process evolves What sets the disease process in motion Multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease

How the disease process evolves

Which of the following statements is an example of a prognosis? Folic acid during pregnancy may prevent fetal neural tube defects. The leading cause of death is cancer. Pressure ulcers occur in 2 percent of hospitalized patients. The patient's chance of a full recovery is 50%.

The patient's chance of a full recovery is 50%.

Which of the following statements accurately describes clinical practice guidelines, or evidence-based practice guidelines? (Select all that apply.) They should review various outcomes; weigh various outcomes, both positive and negative; and make recommendations. They are intended to inform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances. They can take the form of algorithms, which are step-by-step methods for solving a problem; written directives for care; or a combination thereof. They take the place of both written orders by the doctor and the nursing care plan.

They are intended to inform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances. They should review various outcomes; weigh various outcomes, both positive and negative; and make recommendations. They can take the form of algorithms, which are step-by-step methods for solving a problem; written directives for care; or a combination thereof.

The nurse is collecting data on several clients on the acute care unit about the causes of the disorders the clients have been admitted with. What etiologic agents dose the nurse recognize are the possible etiologic agents? (Select all that apply) Chemical agents Biologic agents Physical forces Psychological factors

Biologic agents Physical forces Chemical agents

A patient is diagnosed with Crohn's disease and is informed that there is no cure but the patient will have periods when are no symptoms and periods of exacerbations. Which of the following types of clinical course does the nurse determine the patient will have? Acute Chronic Subacute Carrier state

Chronic

The nurse is providing a prenatal class for a group of women at the local women's center. The nurse informs the group about the importance of taking their folic acid supplements for the prevention of neural tube defects. What type of prevention is the nurse providing? Secondary prevention Primary prevention Initial prevention Tertiary prevention

Primary prevention

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which of the following statements accurately describes secondary prevention? Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings. Secondary prevention is often accomplished outside the health care system at the community level. Secondary prevention takes place within health care systems and involves the services of a number of different types of health care professionals. Secondary prevention goes beyond treating the problem with which the person presents.

Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a newly admitted patient with asthma and hears wheezes in the upper lobes of the lungs. When the nurse documents this finding, which of the following would the nurse recognize this to be? Objective symptom Diagnosis Complication Sign

Sign

A patient is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The patient's disease is in which of the following phases of its clinical course? Clinical Postclinical Preclinical Subclinical

Clinical

A patient with hypertension is given an IV medication and has an anaphylactic reaction. This is considered to be which of the following? Sequelae Subacute presentation Syndrome Complication

Complication

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health? "What are the things that give you the most joy in your life?" "How often have you been sick over the past 12 months?" "Would you consider yourself to be more healthy, less healthy, or average?" "How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

"How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

The nurse is educating a client that will be having a series of diagnostic tests. The clients asks the nurse, "What is the importance of me having all of these tests? I told the physician I know what is wrong with me!" What is the best response by the nurse? "The physician orders a lot of tests to be sure he covers all of the possible illnesses that you could have." "The physician wants to validate what they believe the client problem is."

"The physician wants to validate what they believe the client problem is."

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? (Select all that apply) Financial information A careful history Social data Diagnostic tests Detailed physical examination

A careful history Detailed physical examination Diagnostic tests

The nurse observes that blood pressure readings taken by a new certified nursing assistant (CNA) are very different from what other nurse's obtain. What does the nurse understand is occurring with these readings? The blood pressure machine is not sensitive. The blood pressure readings from the CNA are not specific. A lack of reliability in the readings of the CNA. The validity of the blood pressure calibration is inconsistent.

A lack of reliability in the readings of the CNA.

The nurse is evaluating the results of a study where the rates of cardiovascular disease was compared in smokers versus nonsmokers. The nurse interprets the results for which of the following types of study? Qualitative Case control Cohort Cross-sectional

Cross-sectional

Which of the following is a benefit of healthcare providers using an evidence-based practice guideline? It uses one research method for delivery of care. It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition. With continued use, it will decrease healing time for patients. Once a practice guideline is well developed, it does not require modification.

It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition.

A patient with risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test followed by a negative Western blot test. Which of the following interpretations of these results by the nurse is incorrect? The patient has not developed an HIV infection. The patient had a false positive ELISA result. The patient had a contaminated specimen. The patient has Western blot specificity.

The patient had a contaminated specimen.