Pathshala Test Review

What is Upvas?

- Abstaining from food - Means of staying closer to the soul's true nature - Being devoid of aversion and attachment.

What is Adarmastikaya, and what are its characteristics?

- Adarmastikaya : Medium of rest - The absence of this causes soul and other such matters to exist in the Lokakash (cosmic space), and move continuously in the universe.

What is Ajiva? What are some characteristics of Ajiva?

- Ajiva: Non-living - Anything which does not have a life is Ajiva - They do not have any consciousness. - They can not feel feelings like happiness, pain, and sadness - They do not accumulate karma

What is Akashastikaya, and what are its characteristics?

- Akashastikaya : Space - In Jainism, space is divided into two parts, the Lokakash and the Alokakash - The Alokakash is mostly empty, and does not contain matter, Jiv, and mediums of rest and time. - The Alokakash is bigger, and all around the Lokakash

What is Parishhah jay?

- Bearing adversities with patience - Jay means to win over, Parishhah means hardships. So... Parishhah jay means to win over hardships, with equanimity. - This is mostly for monkhood, although laypeople can follow this to some extent which is possible.

What is Dharmastikaya, and what are its characteristics?

- Dharmastikaya : Medium of motion - One of the six universal substances (Shad Dravya) - Dharmastikaya helps in the movement of matter and soul in the universe. - Exists in the Lokakash (cosmic space) - Is absent, does not exist in the Alokakash

What is Nirjara and its two types?

- Eradication of karmas - Akam Nirjara: The karma becomes operative, gives its effect (situation) and leaves the soul - Sakam Nirjara: Accumulated Karmas which are not yet operative stay dormant within soul. Efforts such as penance, austerity etc. can eradicate them before they become operative - There are two types of Tap, internal and external

What is Chaaritra?

- It is the third jewel - It means conduct - Gaining Samyak Darshan and Samyak Gnaan should also lead to this - This is mostly for monkhood, although laypeople can follow this to some extent which is possible

What is Jiva? What are some characteristics of Jiva?

- Jiva : Soul - Jiva is one of the nine tattvas, and also one of the six substances (Shad Dravya) - The number of souls in the universe neither increases nor decreases, a soul never dies and is never born - Jiva is eternal and consciousness - Jiva is intangible, invisible, odorless, colorless, tasteless, shapeless, and formless - Upayoga Lakshano Jivah: the capability to know is the characteristic of the soul. - The main characteristic of the soul that distinguishes it from matter that is lifeless is the fact that the soul has the capability to know and to be aware

What is Kaal, and what are its characteristics?

- Kaal : Time - Time is the measure of the change in soul and matter - Time is divided into infinite time cycles (Kalchakra) - Jains believe that time has no beginning or end, and is continuous.

What is Punyanubandhi Pap? What are some examples of this (real-life and story)?

- One of the four-fold combinations of Punya and Pap - Earning Punya karmas while suffering the consequences of Pap karma. (Punya is the result of Pap) - Story example: Roheniyo Thief (Roheniya, the son of a burglar Lohkur and his wife Rohini, was extremely smart and cunning. He robbed riched people of their wealth and distributed it among the poor. His robberies were so clever that no one could catch him, and due to his disguises, he was very hard to identify. His father, while on his death bed told Roheniya not to listen to any of Mahavir Swami's sermons, as they would not be good to succeed in his profession. Roheniya agreed to this. King Shrenik then appointed his most intelligent chief minister, Abhaykumar to help catch Roheniya. One day, while heading to Rajgiri, where he had to pass one of Mahavir Swami's sermons, Roheniya stepped on a thorn and had to take his hands off his ears. This forced him to hear a bit of Mahavir Swami's sermon, where he explained how heavenly beings do not have shadows, their eyes are steady, their garlands do not wither, and their feet do not touch the ground. Roheniya then quickly left the sermon, but ran into Abhaykumar who had his suspicions regarding who Roheniya was, and caught him, taking him to the royal court. While in the royal court, Roheniya claimed to be a farmer named Durgachandra, and did not admit to any of his crimes. Abhaykumar still had his suspicions. He knew that Roheniya was fond of drinks, and made sure that Roheniya drank so much that he became unconscious. While sleeping, Roheniya was dressed and cleaned up, then put into a heavenly setting, where Roheniya was to confess the crimes he had committed to in his previous life. At first Roheniya thought that he was indeed in heaven, for helping out the poor people, and was about to confess his crimes. At this moment however, he noticed that the angels and beings were blinking, and their feet were not touching the ground. He realized that he was not in heaven (because of hearing Mahavir Swami's sermon), and made-up things that he did in his previous life, being put out of suspicion. Later, Roheniya thought that if one small bit of Mahavir Swami's sermon could help him so much, how much would listening to all of it help? Thus, he decided to go to Mahavir Swami and ask to be a disciple. Mahavir Swami agreed but only if Roheniya revealed his identity to the kingdom, and agreed to face consequences of what he had done. Roheniya did so, and then he became a disciple of Mahavir Swami, conducting severe penance to get rid of his bad karmas, being reborn in heaven during his next life.) EXPLANATION -- Stealing leads to Pap karmas regardless of what you do it for. This is what happened to Roheniya. However, when he renounced everything and became a disciple of Mahavir Swami, repenting for his crimes, he gained Punya Karma. - Real-life example: A person who shoplifts for the first time feels incredibly bad for doing that, and thus turns themselves in and returns the stolen item to its respective place. EXPLANATION -- Shoplifting is another form of robbery, thus leading to Pap karma. However, the person turning themselves in and returning the item back from where they got it results in Punya karma, as the person is accepting their defeat, and is ready to face whatever consequences come.

What is Papanubandhi Punya? What are some examples of this (real-life and story)?

- One of the four-fold combinations of Punya and Pap - Earning new Pap karmas while enjoying the fruits of previous punya karmas (Pap is the result of Punya) - Story example: Mamman Seth (King Shrenik and his wife, Queen Chelana noticed a poor man who was working to take out logs from the river in their neighborhood on a rainy day. His name was Mamman Seth. The king and his queen wondered why he was working so hard while everyone else was resting on this day, and he replied that he was collecting firewood to sell, in exchange for money to build the horns on the pair of bullocks he has at his place. He already had three horns made but needed the fourth one. King Shrenik thought that maybe he could help out the poor Bania, and decided to go to his house the next day in order to estimate the cost of the fourth horn, and saw to his amazement that the bullocks were made out of precious, expensive gems, which even the king could not afford. When asked how he got those, Mamman Seth replied that his sons go abroad to pay for it, and they save money by preparing very little food.) EXPLANATION -- Mamman Seth works day and night, extremely hard, in order to sell the firewood he acquires, and gain some money. This action also helps society, and thus results in Punya karma. However, Mamman Seth using this money to build bullocks made out of gems would be using the money in the wrong way, resulting in bad karma. Real-life example: A person wins a very important, national science competition. This person, instead of congratulating and commending the other players for their hard work, flaunts the success of their own work by teasing the others for how bad their entries were. EXPLANATION -- The person won the competition presumably due to previous Punya Karmas, and hard work. However, instead of using this win to congratulate others and help the world, the person is teasing others for not winning, acquiring bad karmas.

What is Papanubandhi Pap? What are some examples of this (real-life and story)?

- One of the four-fold combinations of Punya and Pap - Earning new Pap karmas while suffering from the consequences of previous ones (Pap is the result of Pap) - Story example: Kaalsaurik Butcher (In Magadha City, there was once a butcher named Kaalsaurik who loved to kill animals. One day, King Shrenik requested that all slaughterhouses in the city should be closed, and all the killing should be stopped. However, Kaalsaurik did not adhere to this request, and when asked why, he said that he loved to kill animals and could not stop. Thus, King Shrenik put Kaalsaurik in a well thinking that there would be nothing to kill. However, in the well, Kaalsaurik made clay animals and pretended to kill them.) EXPLANATION -- Kaalsaurik Butcher already earned an ample amount of bad karmas through his occupation as a butcher, by killing many animals. However, when given an opportunity to reform this and possibly even gain Punya karmas through repentance, Kaalsaurik Butcher continued to pursue his liking even when told not to do so, and when put into the well as to avoid any concrete damage, he killed animals through his mindset. After all, the intention of doing something is the biggest factor in attaining karmas. - Real-life example: A person robs a bank just for fun, and when caught, lies about not doing it. EXPLANATION -- Robbing a bank would result in Pap karma, and when given a chance to reform this and admit to their mistakes, if a person continues to lie and cheat their way out of things, it would result in even more Pap Karma.

What is Punyanubandhi Punya? What are some examples of this (real-life and story)?

- One of the four-fold combinations of Punya and Pap - Earning new Punya karmas while enjoying the fruits of previous ones (Punya is the result of Punya) - Story example: Shalibhadra (Shalibhadra, a merchant who had an immense amount of riches and a seven-story house, decided to renounce the world and go for monkhood because he was tired of limited lordship. He came to this decision after King Shrenik visited him, hearing of Shalibhadra's riches since he had bought a lot of extremely expensive shawls that even the king didn't want to buy because of its expenses.). EXPLANATION -- Shalibhadra already had a lot of riches due to his previous Punya Karma, and while enjoying the fruits of this, he gained more Punya Karma by renouncing the world and going into monkhood. - Real-life example: A person who is very rich donates to charity. EXPLANATION -- The person is also rich presumably due to previous Punya Karmas. By donating to charity, this person gained more Punya Karmas, using the fruits of his previous ones (the money).

What is Pap? What are some characteristics of it? How is it acquired?

- Pap : Unwholesome/Ashubh Karma - Acquired through bad, and vicious deeds - Punya and Pap are on relative terms, which means that it depends on one's mental attitude during a situation which is given - It is Heya, and should be avoided

What is Samiti, and it's 5 types? (for the test we only need to know the english terms, but it is good to know and list both)

- People have to undertake their activities - Comes in for things that can not be restrained by Gupti - One needs to exercise vigilance while doing activities. 5 types: - Iryaa Samiti - Vigilance while making movements - Baasha Samiti - Vigilance while speaking - Eshaana Samiti - Vigilance while accepting articles - Aadaana-Nikshep Samiti - Vigilance while picking up / placing any object - Utsarga Samiti - Vigilance while disposing waste

What is Pudgal, and what are its characteristics?

- Pudgal : Matter - One of the six universal substances (Shad Dravya) - Pud means addition, and gal means division. Thus, anything that continuously changes through addition and division is called Pudgal. - Matter possesses a physical body, volume, and mass. - Pudgal can be perceived by our senses

What is punya? What are some of its characteristics? How is it acquired?

- Punya : Wholesome/Shubha deeds - Acquired through good and virtuous deeds - Creates feelings of self-accomplishment and satisfaction - This is Upadeya for beginners, but Heya for spiritually advanced people - An individual should stay detached from the results of good deeds, in order to avoid gaining new karmas - Punya and Pap are on relative terms, which means that it depends on one's mental attitude during a situation which is given

What is Gupti?

- Restraining mental, vocal, and physical faculties properly - Yog is one of the primary causes of Asrava

What is Samvara?

- Samvara is the restraining of Asrava ( Aasrav Nirodhah Samvarah) - It consists of Gupti, Samiti, Dharma, Anupreksha, Parishahjay & Chaaritra (Sa Gupti samiti dharma anupreksha parishhahjay chaaritrah) - The observance of Tap also leads to Nirjara (Tapasaa Nirajaraa Cha)

What are the 4 factors that determine the intensity of karma?

- The degree of attachment (High vs. Low) - The vigor put in activities - The condition in which something is done (Knowingly vs. Unknowingly) - The means employed (More violent vs. Less violent)

What is a one sensed soul called, and what are the names of some of the examples?

- They are called ekendria • Earth as body - Prithvikaya • Water as body - Apakaya • Fire as body - Agnikaya • Air as body - Vayukaya • Plant as body - Vanaspatikaya

What is Dravya?

- This means substance - The Jain word for being and existence is Sat. This term refers to 3 aspects: -- Dravya / Substance (The mass of infinite inseparable attributes) -- Guna / Attribute (An attribute is that which exists in each and every part of the substance and in all of its modifications) -- Paryaya / Modification (Every substance continuously goes through Origination and Destruction. This is known as the Modification of a Substance or Paryäya. While going through continuous changes, some qualities of a substance remain constant and unchanged is known as substance.) - Dravyas (substances) have existed from the beginning (aadi) and will continue to exist until the infinite time (anant)

What are the Tripadi / 3 Pronoucements of Lord Mahavir?

- Uppannei Vä - Utpäd (Origination) A new phase of the substance emerges. This is called Utpäd or Utpatti, which denotes emergence of a new mode. - Vigamei Vä - Vyaya (Destruction): The old mode of the substance vanishes. This is called Vyaya or Laya, which denotes disappearance of the old mode. - Dhuvei Vä - Dhrauvya (Permanency) The original qualities of the substance remain constant. This is called Dhrauvya, which denotes the permanence of the substance.

Background on Uvasaggaharam Stotra

- Was composed 2,100 years ago by Shree Bhadrabahu Swami - Shree Bhadrabahu Swami's brother, Varamihir became angry that his brother was getting more respect, and became angry with all Jains and the religion as a whole. - Varamihir became a Vyantar Dev after his death, and inflicted a lot of pain (Upasarag) to the Jains which resided on Earth. - During this time, a lot of people approached Shree Bhadrabahu Swami for help, and he wrote the Uvasaggarharam Stotra (meaning: removal of upsurges). - This stotra payed respects to the 23rd Thirthankar, Bhagawan Parshwanath, and evoked demi-gods to come upon earth whenever someone recites this stotra with full concentration - Due to the fear of this stotra being misused, one of the gathas (stanzas) was removed

What are the two types of vanaspatikaya, and its characteristics?

1) Pratyek Vanaspatikaya (plant as body) - They reside above ground vegetables, fruits, beans, etc. - Each plant has an innumerable amount of cells - Each cell is occupied by one soul - The plant has an innumerable amount of souls 2) Sadharan Vanaspatikaya - These are underground vegetables (Nigod or Kandmul ... Potatoes, Onions, Carrots etc..) - Each plant has an innumerable amount of cells - Each cell is occupied by one soul - The plant has an innumerable amount of souls

What are the five anuvratas? (May not be needed on the test, as it is not mentioned in our class slideshow. But this is good to know, as it is related to one of the topics we have learned)

1. Ahimsa Anuvrata - Sthul Pränätipät Viraman-vrata: Limited Vow of Nonviolence 2. Satya Anuvrata - Sthul Mrushäväda Viraman-vrata: Limited Vow of Truthfulness 3. Achaurya Anuvrata - Sthul Adattädäna Viraman-vrata: Limited Vow of Non-stealing 4. Brahmacharya Anuvrata - Svadärä-santosh: Limited Vow of Celibacy 5. Aparigraha Anuvrata - Ichchhä Parimäna or Parigraha Parimäna: Vrata Limited Vow of Non-possessiveness

What are the two classifications of Jiva?

1. Free or Liberated Souls (Siddha) 2. Bonded or Worldly Souls (Samsäri) There are also virgin souls that are not migrated in Samsar, called: Avyavahär räshi Nigod Souls

What are the two types of Panchendriya souls?

1. Living beings that do not have a mind, and can not attain Samyaktva 2. Living beings with a mind, that can attain Samyaktva (removal Mithyätva). They can attain proper conduct and liberation.

What are the causes of Pap? (eighteen papsthanaks)

1. Pranatipat - To injure/kill living beings There are two types of Pranatipat a) Sukshma Himsa (applies to one sensed beings) b) Sthul Himsa (applies to himsa related to two or more sensed beings). 2. Mrishavad - To speak/tell a lie 3. Adattadana - To steal or take something without permission 4. Maithuna - To engage in sensuous pleasure and not be faithful to own spouse 5. Parigraha - Overcollect/have too much of worldly objects. Greed is the root cause of accumulation. 6. Krodha - Anger (kashaya). This destroys friendships/relationships. 7. Mana - Ego (I am something). 8. Maya - To deceive, cheat or mislead 9. Lobha - Greed. This is the root of all sins and destroys all merits. 10. Raga - Attachment 11. Dvesha - Aversion (hatred, jealousy) where there is raga there is Dvesha. 12. Kalah - To dispute/Quarrel 13. Abhaykyana - To accuse someone (due to jealousy) 14. Paishunya - To gossip (bad mouthing behind one's back, spread rumors) 15. Par-Parivada - Criticize others 16. Rati-Arati - Taking part in temporary happy/sinful activities 17. Maya Mrushavad - To lie with the intent of cheating. 18. Mithyatva Shalya - To have a false faith. To have false trust in God, Guru, and religion

What are the names of the aras in the kaal chakra, their meaning, and their durations?

1. Sukham Sukham - very happy - 4*10^14 sagaropams 2. Sukham - happy - 3*10^14 sagaropams 3. Sukham Dukham - more happy than sad - 2*10^14 sagaropams 4. Dukham Sukham - more sad than happy - 1*10^14 sagaropams (approximately 42,000 years) 5. Dukham - sad - 21,000 years 6. Dukham Dukham - really sad - 21,000 years

8 attributes of Siddhas

Anant-Jnan : Infinite Knowledge Anant-Darshan : Infinite Perception Anant-Chartira : Infinite/Perfect Conduct Anant-Virya : Infinite Energy Anant/Avyabadha-Sukha : Infinite Bliss Aguru-Laghutva : Equal-ness (with other siddhas) Akshaya Stithi : Immortality Arupitva : Formlessness

What are some of the important lines from the Tattvartha sutra?

Beginning Sutras: - Samyak darshan gyaan charitrani moksha margaha - Tattvartha Shraddhanam Samyak darshanam - Tannisarga dadhigamadva - Jeeva Ajeeva Asrava Bandha Samvara Nirjara Mokshas Tattvam Aasrav related Sutras: - kaaya vaangmana karma yogah - Sa Asrava - Shubhah Punyasya - Ashuhbha Papasya - Sa Kashaaya Akashaayayoh Samparaayik Iryaapathayoh Causes of Bandha: - Mityaa-darshan avirati pramaad kashsaay yog Bandhhetavah Samvar Sutras: - Aasrav Nirodhah Samvarah - Sa Gupti samiti dharma anupreksha parishhahjay chaaritrah - Tapasaa Nirajaraa Cha

What are two sensed souls called, and what are some examples of them?

Beindriya: leeches and worms

What are four sensed souls called, and what are some examples of them?

Chaurendriya: flies and bees

Uttamah Aarjav is the antithesis of what?

Deceit/Maaya (Uttamah Aarjav means straightforwardness and honest)

What are the nine ways of acquiring Punya?

Described in a Jain Agam called the 'Stanagna Sutra' These five types of activities are offered to deserving people (supatra): 1. Anna (food) Punya 2. Pan (water) Punya 3. Layan (shelter) Punya 4. Shayan (bed) Punya 5. Vastra (clothes) Punya These two types of activities are within one's mind: 6. Mana (good thinking) Punya 7. Vachan (kind words) Punya This Punya is through one's own body: 8. Kaya (good conduct) Punya This Punya is paying respects to the Panch Parmesthi: 9. Namaskar

Uttamah Mardav is the antithesis of what?

Ego, arrogance, and disdain (Uttamah Mardav means humility and humbleness)

Who "invented" electricity?

Electricity has always existed as a natural force, and thus can not be invented. However, electricity was first discovered early in 600 B.C. but was highly popularized in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin's theory about electricity being made from positive and negative objects. Electricity was put into action in 1879, through Thomas Edison's invention of the light bulb. Following this, there have been many prominent inventions of electricity in use (John A. Fleming's radio signal detecting vacuum in the early 1900s, more vacuum tube inventions leading to television and radars in the 1920s and 1930s, electronic computers in the 1940s, the iPhone in 2007 - around June 29, etc...)

How does Yog cause Asrava?

Essentially, Yog leads to an incoming, or influx of Karma, due to its vibrations on the soul that attracts lifeless karma particles. The definition of Asrava is the influx of karma, thus Yog causes Asrava. (Sa Asrava)

What causes Yog?

Exercising vocal, mental, and physical activity leads to Yog. (kaaya vaangmana karma yogah)

What is Nirjara - External Tap, and its subtypes?

External - 6 sub types: - Unodari - Eating less than required - Anaashan - Fasting - Vrutti-Sankshep - Eating within limits of predetermined restrictions - Ras-tyag (eating non-tasty food) - Kaayaa-Klesha - Penance, Tolerating physical pain voluntarily - Sanlinataa - Staying in a forlorn place & occupying minimum space

What are the 8 types of karma?

Ghati Karmas (destructive karmas): - Jnanavarniya (knowledge obscuring karma) - Darshnavarniya (perception obscuring karma) - Antaraya (obstructing karma) - Mohaniya (deluding) -- The worst of all the ghati karmas Aghati Karmas (nondestructive karmas): - Vedaniya (feeling pertaining karma) - Ayushya (life span determining karma) - Gotra (status determining karma) - Nam (body and physique determining karma)

What are some other natural/energy sources that we can not see, but believe in/feel?

Gravity, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, black-holes, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission.

Uttamah Shaucha is the antithesis of what?

Greed (Uttamah Shaucha means contentment and cleanliness of the soul)

What is Nirjara - Internal Tap, and its subtypes?

Internal Tapa - 6 subtypes: - Praayashchitta - Repentance for sins and trying NOT to repeat the sinful acts again - Vinay - Humiity, Respect for others - Veyavachcham - Selfless service to monks, nuns and needy - Swadhyay - Study of religious scriptures and self-analysis - Dhyan - Meditation - Kayotsarga - Renunciation (of body & attachments)

What is electricity?

It is a crucial form of energy. We cannot see, hear, or smell this type of energy, but we know about it through it's actions and what it does.

What are the 9 tattvas and their meanings?

Jiva (soul), Ajiva (non-living matter), Punya (the result of good deeds), Pap (the result of bad deeds), Asrava (influx of karmas), Samvar (stoppage of Karmas), Bandh (bondage of karmas), Nirjara (eradication of karmas), Moksha (liberation) In the Digambar tradition, Punya and Pap are considered to be part of Ajiva and not separate tattvas. In Shwetambar tradition, Punya and Pap are separate tattvas, adhering to the list above.

What are the three categories in which the nine tattvas are divided? Provide the meaning of each, as well which tattvas go into which category.

Jneya - To be known (worth knowing) Jiva and Ajiva are Jneya Heya - To be avoided Pap, Asrava, and Bandha are Heya Upadeya - To be adopted Samvar, Nirjara, and Moksha are Upadeya Punya is Upadeya for beginners and Heya for more spiritually advanced people.

What are the 10 Dharmas?

Kshamaa - Forgiveness Maardav - Modesty, Humility Aarjav - Straightforwardness, Candor Shauch - Contentment Satya - Truthfulness Sanyam - Self-Restraint, Control of Senses Tap - Austerity, Penance Tyag - Renunciation Akinchanya - Giving up feeling of attachment Brahmacharya - Celibacy, Chastity UTTAMAH MEANS SUPREME

What are the two types of souls and their characteristics?

Liberated souls - experiencing eternal bliss, knower and observer, Keval Jnan Samsarik souls - bonded with karma, have the potential to become liberated souls

What are the 12 main Bhavanas, and the 4 auxillary Bhavanas? - Also known as Anupreksha ((May not be needed on the test, as it is not mentioned in our class slideshow. But this is good to know, as it is related to one of the topics we have learned)

Main Bhavanas: 1. Anitya Bhävanä (Impermanence) 2. Asharan Bhävanä (Helplessness) 3. Samsär Bhävanä (Cycle of Life and Death) 4. Ekatva Bhävanä (Solitariness) 5. Anyatva Bhävanä (Otherness of Body) 6. Ashuchi Bhävanä (Impurity of Body) 7. Äsrava Bhävanä (Influx of Karma) 8. Samvar Bhävanä (Stoppage of Karma) 9. Nirjarä Bhävanä (Eradication of Karma) 10. Loka-svabhäva Bhävanä (The Nature of Cosmos) 11. Bodhidurlabh Bhävanä (Rarity of Enlightenment) 12. Dharma Bhävanä (Religion) Auxillary Bhavanas: 13. Maitri Bhävanä (Contemplation of Friendship) 14. Pramod Bhävanä (Contemplation of Appreciation) 15. Karunä Bhävanä (Contemplation of Compassion) 16. Mädhyastha Bhävanä (Contemplation of Neutrality)

What are the three types of gupti?

Mano Gupti : proper control over mind Vachan Gupti : proper control over speech Kaya Gupti : proper control over body

What are the five causes of Samparaayik Asrava/Bandha?

Mithyatva - Wrong perception (arises from Mohaniya, delusive state of mind) Avirati - Lack of restraint (12 Anuvirat for householders, 5 Mahavirat for monks) Pramad - Laziness (caused by failure to exercise rigor in order to overcome worldly attachments) Kashaya - Krodh (Anger), Maana (Ego), Maya (Deceit), Lobh (Greed) Yog - Undue exercise of speech, mind, and body

What chart could be made for Bandha vs. Samvar? (What characteristics of Samvar can help eliminate those of Bandha?)

Mityatva - Samyak Darshan, Anupreksha Avirati - Anuvirat, Maha virat, Parishahjay Pramad - Samiti (Vigilance) Kashaya - Dharma Yog - Gupti

Is there any proof that the soul exists, and continues to live after a body dies?

No, but most of us believe in the notion regardless.

What are five sensed souls called, and what are some examples of them?

Panchendriya: animals, birds, and humans

What are the six universal substances? (Shad Dravya)

Pudgal (matter), Dharmastikaya (medium of motion), Adarmastikaya (medium of rest), Akashastikaya (space), Kaal (time), and Jiva (soul)

What are the four-fold combinations of Punya and Pap?

Punyanubandhi Punya, Papanubandhi Punya, Punyanubandhi Pap, Papanubandhi Pap

What is pure bhav?

Pure bhav (pure meditation and spiritual activity) is Shuddha Karma (devoid of any attachments). This means that it does not attract any karmas ( No inflow of karma - Samvar. Nirjara - eradication of karmas).

What is Samyak Darshan?

Right faith, faith in the tattvas

What are the two types of Asrava, and their characteristics? Provide an example for each one.

Sa Kashaaya Akashaayayoh Samparaayik Iryaapathayoh Samparaayik Asrava (activities with Kashaya) - Yog with Kashayas / aversion and attachment causes this type of Asrava - The karma acquired from this affects the purity of the soul (defiles it). This type of karma is strong and stays for long - This can be compared to flinging a mud ball at a wall, it takes a lot of time and effort to clean Iryaapathik Asrava (activities without Kashaya) - Yog without Kashayas / aversion and attachment causes this type of Asrava - The Karmas from this type of Asrava come and go very quickly. - This can be compared to throwing a tennis ball at a wall. The ball would bounce back immediately and leave no lasting impact on the wall.

What is Sanjini and Asamjini?

Sanjini - with mental power Asamjini - without mental power This is part of the classification for Tras beings

What are the two types of sadness, and examples?

Silly sadness - losing a toy, not getting a phone, not enough likes on social media Serious sadness - health issues, losing a loved one

What are immobile beings called?

Sthavar

What does "Upayoga Lakshano Jivaha" mean?

This means that the capability to know (consciousness) is a characteristic of the soul.

What are mobile beings called? (beings with 2,3,4, or 5 senses)

Tras

What are three sensed souls called, and what are some examples of them?

Treindriya: ants and lice

What are the two types of Yog, and how do they affect the type of Karma being acquired?

Wholesome Yog (good deeds) leads to the acquisition of Punya Karma. Example: Donating to charity ( Shubhah Punyasya) Unwholesome Yog (bad deeds) leads to the acquisition of Pap Karma. Example: Insulting someone (Ashuhbha Papasya) INTENTIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT

What are some characteristics of liberated/free souls?

• In Jainism, they are known as Siddha or God • They possess Infinite (Perfect) Knowledge, Vision, Power, Bliss • They are free from Pain and Pleasure • They are free from all Karma • They are free from Cycle of Birth and Death • They have no physical body • There are an infinite number of them • They live in Moksha

What are some characteristics of Worldly (Samsäri) Souls?

•They possess Mithyätva (ajnan) and Kashäya (vices) •They have Limited Knowledge, Vision, Power, and Conduct •They are able to feel Pain and Pleasure •They are the doer of all Karma (Actions) •They are the recipient of Fruits of Karma •They are covered with Karma (Matter) •They have a physical body(Matter) •They are in a Cycle of Birth and Death •They can contract and expand •There are an infinite number of them •They are capable of becoming Free/Liberated • They possess 1-5 senses ( 1. Touch - One Sense 2. Taste - Two senses 3. Smell - Three Senses 4. Sight - Four Senses 5. Hearing - Five Sense)