PE PRAXIS II 2019 (5095)

In a typical PE class, most students are engaged in vigorous activity approximately what percent of the time?

Less than 40%

What is primarily included in reflection?

Creating curricula and modifying them to promote optimal student learning

Leisure is considered a human right by whom?

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

What are some ways you can vary official doubles badminton to teach students how to play?

1. Both teams in front-to-back formation for entire game; alternate front/back positions with teach rally; complete 10 rallies 2. Play a 10-hit rally then attempt to score: only a smash or drop hit earns points; switch positions after each point 3. One team in front/back formation, one in side/side formation for whole game; complete 10-hit rally then try to score 4. Teams make up, practice, and play their own games by varying shot types, serve types, formation types, space, and scoring methods

Three types of muscles:

1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Skeletal: used in voluntary movement, wrapped in several layers of connective tissue, which join to form tendons attaching to bones.

5 conditions required for cooperative learning activities to be more productive than individual or competitive learning activities:

1. Clearly perceived positive interdependence 2. Face to face interaction 3. Individual accountability for group goals 4. Make use of interpersonal skills 5. Group processing of group functioning to improve future effectiveness *cooperative relationships don't occur naturally through simply grouping students-structure and manage them for students

What 5 things do coaches need to ask themselves as they communicate with athletes?

1. Do you have athletes' attention? 2. Can athletes understand easily? 3. Have athletes understood? 4. Do athletes believe what I said? 5. Do athletes accept what I say?

What is one consideration when children are initially learning manipulative skills?

1. Don't expect them to be perfectly accurate: children must first master the action before developing accuracy

What four parts are required for a PE teacher to be judged negligent?

1. Duty 2. Breach of duty 3. Cause 4. Damage

What are the 3 body shapes and what sports is each type best for?

1. Ectomorph: long, narrow, thin with minimal muscle or fat-distance running and high jump. 2. Endomorph: fat, pear-shaped, narrow shoulders, wide hips, small ankles/wrists with more fat on torso, arms, and legs-shot put and wrestling. 3. Mesomorph: muscular, wedge-shaped, wide shoulders, narrow hips, strong limbs, little body fat-gymnastics and swimming.

Doubles badminton can be played in two formations:

1. Front-to-back 2. Side-to-side

Muscular aspects of movement can be broken down into two categories:

1. Gross motor movement 2. Fine motor movement

What are 4 parts in order of an appropriate warm-up sequence?

1. Jogging (increases blood flow to the muscles to enhance the effectiveness of calisthenics and stretching) 2. Calisthenics 3. Stretching 4. Sprints

6 ways to structure individual accountability in cooperative student groups:

1. Keep group size small 2. Give each individual student a test 3. Randomly call on individual students to present group work for oral exams 4. Observe each group and record how often each member contributes to the group 5. Assign one student per group the role of "checker"-they ask other group members to explain reasons behind their answers 6. Have individual students teach what they've learned to another

List 4 characteristics of mature execution of a basketball jump shot:

1. Knees slightly flexed 2. Non-shooting hand supporting the ball 3. Shooting hand, elbow, and shoulder aligned with the target 4. Finger pads of the shooting hand in contact with the ball (not palms)

What are 3 categories of fundamental movement skills/patterns?

1. Locomotor 2. Manipulative 3. Stability

What two factors influence the development of locomotor, stability, and manipulative movement abilities in infants?

1. Maturation 2. Learning

Nine fundamental processes of physiological life:

1. Organization: labor is divided at every level of life, each part cooperatively performing its function. Lack of organization (integrity) causes death. 2. Metabolism: all the chemical reactions in the body (breaking substances down to simpler components and releasing energy). 3. Responsiveness (irritability): detecting changes in external and internal environments and reacting to them-sensing and responding to stimuli. 4. Movement: molecules move among locations at the cellular level; blood moves among body parts in the circulatory system; as we breath, our diaphragms move; our muscles produce movement through contractility (ability to shorten). 5. Reproduction: transmitting life across generations by creating new organisms; new cell formation to repair/replace old cells. 6. Differentiation: how unspecialized cells developmentally become specialized, with distinct functions and structures (into tissues and organs). 7. Respiration: how oxygen and CO2 are exchanged between cells and the environment, including ventilation, diffusion, and transportation in blood. 8. Digestion: breaking down foods into simple molecules for absorption and use. 9. Excretion: removal from the body of digestive and metabolic waste products.

Why do people pursue recreational activities? (6)

1. Pleasure 2. Healthy lifestyles 3. Social interaction 4. Competition 5. Physical and mental rehab 6. Other therapeutic and preventative medical purposes

According to SHAPE America, what are the essential components of PE?

1. Policy and Environment 2. Curriculum 3. Appropriate Instruction 4. Student Assessment 5. Professionalism

What two types of validity does external validity include and what are they?

1. Population validity: whether a sample population accurately represents the whole population, and whether acceptable sampling methodology is used (random selection, not convenience sampling) 2. Ecological validity: whether the testing environment or process affects behavior

Six elements of effective communication:

1. Present info in a CLEAR way 2. Be CONCISE:not long-winded 3. Give CORRECT info-don't mislead 4. Give COMPLETE info-not just parts 5. Be COURTEOUS: non-threatening 6. Be CONSTRUCTIVE: present info positively

Give instructions for practicing the Heimlich maneuver:

1. Protect yourself (victims may unintentionally strike out) 2. Do NOT perform the Heimlich on someone who is speaking, coughing, or breathing (they aren't choking) 3. Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around them as if hugging them 4. Make a fist with your right hand and put it above the victim's navel 5. Grasp your right fist with your left hand; thrust in and up forcibly 6. Repeat thrusting until the victim can breathe 7. If the victim loses consciousness, begin CPR

What are the transitional stages that babies go through after developing the locomotor skills of crawling that culminate in independent walking?

1. Pulling up 2. Balancing while standing 3. Sideways cruising while holding onto furniture for support

What are the three rudimentary abilities of manipulation for infants?

1. Reaching 2. Grasping 3. Releasing

What are some tactical cues to give players for volleyball?

1. Start in rotational position (one setter in front, one in back, no overlapping) 2. Serve the ball (using assigned method, aim at open spaces, be prepared to move quickly) 3. Transition to base defense (upon serve, move from their rotational positions to their base positions) 4. Defend against attack (watch the ball, call it, start the sequence passing)

What are the 2 types of balance?

1. Static balance: maintaining a desired shape in a stationary position (handstand in gymnastics) 2. Dynamic balance: controlling the body as it moves through space

What is the best initial step for teachers to take in developing effective behavior management plans for students? What steps come next?

1. Teachers should consider their own philosophy concerning behavior management first because this forms the basis for the behavior management model the teacher will adopt in the classroom. 2. Examine their own strengths and weaknesses 3. Establish behavior management goals 4. Determine measurable behaviors they wish to achieve

What are the infant's first attempts at walking characterized by?

1. Wide base of support (feet spaced widely apart) 2. Feet turned outward 3. Knees/legs hardly bent, nearly straight 4. Bend elbows upward, palms of hands facing up 5. Set each foot down all at once or walk on their toes instead of heel to toe

If each player in tennis has one point, what is the score?

"15-all"

List some examples of classroom rewards:

-Praise; Recreation day; Awards

What manipulative skills does golf involve?

-Swinging the club to hit the ball -Retrieving the ball by hand -Writing down scores

What locomotor skills does volleyball involve?

-Walking to take and rotate positions -Running to reach the ball

Which forms of martial arts use punching strikes?

-Western boxing -Wing Chun -Kalaripayattu

What are 4 reasons why we have more leisure time today than people did historically?

1. Industrialization 2. Higher standards of living 3. Longer life expectancies 4. More commercially offered recreational activities

What must volleyball players know and do in team defense?

1. Know their base position 2. Defend their space 3. Respond timely to offensive attacks by the opposing team

2 uses of assessment:

1. to evaluate student performance 2. to reflect on how productive their teaching practices are

Amount of players per team for soccer:

11 -1 goalkeeper -10 outfield players

How far out from the goal are penalty kicks made in soccer?

12 yards out

At what age does a baby have the rudimentary elements of releasing objects from his/her grasp mastered?

14 months

Percentage of schools examined that offered PE 5 days per week:

17.4%

Name the softball defense positions:

1: Pitcher 2: Catcher 3: First baseman 4: Second baseman 5: Third baseman 6: Short stop 7: Left fielder 8: Center fielder 9: Right fielder

Explain the markings of a tennis court:

1: Singles sideline 2: Baseline (serve from here) 3: Doubles sideline 4: Net (lower in the center ~3ft) 5: Service box (when serving, place the ball in the opponent's service box on the opposite side from which you stand. The first serve of each game should finish in the service box to your left. On your second service point, move to the left-hand side of the court and play into the right-hand service box. Alternate until you have served out the game) 6: Base line center park (when serving, stand just to the side of this line)

What are 3-set matches played to point-wise?

2 sets to 25 points and a third set to 15 points (each set must be won by 2 points) -5-set matches: first four sets played to 25 points and final set played to 15 points

At what age do babies have well-coordinated control of all aspects of reach, grasp, and release?

18 months

Overpass (volleyball)

A ball passed across the net

What computer software program could best help a teacher create student reports to document progress toward student achievement of standards-based outcomes?

A spreadsheet program

This domain of behavior involves feelings and emotions as applied to self and others through movement.

Affective domain

What is "port de bras" in ballet?

Carriage of the arms

What caused aerobics to become popular internationally?

Jane Fonda's exercise videos

Muscle fibers (slow/fast-twitch) are always activated in groups called ___________ units, which include __________ neurons.

Muscle fibers (slow/fast-twitch) are always activated in groups called MOTOR units, which include MOTOR neurons. -dumbbell curls use more motor units than picking up a pencil, for example

This is one's personal assessment of self-worth. It is influenced by a variety of factors, one of which is movement.

Self-concept

What is the initial reason that infants handle objects?

Simply to touch, feel, or mouth them

What is bocce a combination of?

Ski-ball, bowling, and shuffleboard

What is biomechanics?

Study of the human body at rest and in motion using principles and concepts derived from physics, mechanics, and engineering

What manipulative skills does tennis involve?

Swinging the racket to hit the ball when serving and returning.

As the infant masters manipulation abilities, how does their reason of doing so change?

The child now manipulates objects to learn more about the world in which he/she lives.

When is National Dance Day?

The last Saturday in July.

How do you achieve balance?

When your center of gravity is over your base of support

What is nonverbal communication?

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions used in combination with verbal communication

If the server in tennis scores the first point, what is the score?

"15-love"

Give an example of an activity where students can improve reaction time and learn about prepositions.

"Above and Beyond the Blanket" -4th & 5th grade -teacher states a sentence (ex: "Susan hid under a bush"); students respond by moving under the blanket as quickly as they can -etc.

Which NASPE standards can be met through teaching serving and defending in HS volleyball? (3)

#1.2: setting, spiking, forearm passing, defensive strategies, and officiating #3.4: aerobic capacity #5.6: cooperating and accepting challenges

How can student development of peer comparisons negatively affect their perceived physical competence? How can this be prevented?

-1st & 2nd graders usually assume they're competent in all activities -3rd & 4th graders begin noticing some of their peers performing skills better than others, so they start judging their own competence by comparing it to that of others (this is reinforced by separating students by focusing everyone's attention on them) -PE teachers can have students practice in scattered formations, not in a circle or a line where they think everyone is watching them

Differences between concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle contractions:

-Concentric: causes muscles to shorten, thereby generating force. -Eccentric: causes muscles to elongate in response to greater opposing force (against or in the opposite direction of contraction of a muscle; elongates while under tension due to an opposing force which is greater than the force generated by the muscle). -Isometric: generate force without changing the length of the muscle.

What are some learning cues for landing prone on the hands/arms?

-Hold arms shoulder-width apart -Bend elbows -Keep hands flat -Spread fingers -Hold head up -Keep body straight -Pull in stomach to prevent back arching

How can video recordings of students help classroom management?

-Provide records of exactly what happened at certain times and places -Be used to help teach self-observation and self-assessment sills -Help students change inconsiderate or aggressive behaviors, adopt prosocial behaviors, correct athletic techniques, and learn more effective conflict resolution methods

Psychological factors that affect learning in PE:

-Readiness: physiological and psychological variables that affect individual ability and interest for learning. -Motivation: intrinsic conditions of needs and drives required for individuals to initiate goal-directed activities -Reinforcement: actions, behaviors, and events adding to the probability that an individual will repeat the same response to a stimulus -Individual Differences: student abilities, backgrounds, intelligence, personalities, and learning styles

What non-locomotor skills does volleyball involve?

-Stretching, reaching, twisting, and bending to reach the ball in high and low positions

How is arithmetic needed in weight training?

-counting repetitions and sets -knowing the numbers of pounds you can lift/press

Physical benefits of recreational activities:

-fewer doctor visits -lower BMIs -lower systolic (top/first number) blood pressure

What are some tips to help young children skip?

-march, raising one knee high and hopping on the other foot -step/hop, step/hop -alternate sides

What are some tips to help young children side-slide?

-spread your arms -lead with one foot -rise in the middle

What are some examples of locomotor skills?

-walking -running -jumping -hopping -galloping -skipping

Give instructions for practicing CPR:

1. "Shake and shout," trying to wake the victim 2. If they don't awaken, have someone call 911 and begin CPR 3. If nobody is available, do CPR for 2 minutes, then call 911 4. Children (1-8yrs): 2 chest compressions/second 30x then repeat 5. Adults (8 and above): chest compressions at least 100x per minute or 30x in 18 seconds, and repeat

1. How many players do soccer teams have? 2. What is the minimum number of players per team typically?

1. 11 2. 7

What are adult pitching distances internationally and non-internationally?

1. 110-210 yards long and 70-80 yards wide internationally 2. 100-130 yards long and 45-90 yards wide non-internationally

What are two options in soccer if there is a tie?

1. A penalty shootout 2. Extra time designated

What are the three main components of fitness evaluated by the FITNESSGRAM?

1. Aerobic Capacity 2. Body Composition 3. Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility

What is game point in tennis?

4

Around what age do children walk the way adults walk (their balance has improved and gait patterns have changed)?

7 years of age

Dimensions of a tennis court:

78' long x 27' wide for singles 78' long x 36' wide for doubles

How far apart of goal posts in soccer?

8 yards apart

What are authentic assessments?

A type of performance assessment that stresses the importance of focusing on the application of understandings and skills to real problems in real-world; contextual settings. -allow a teacher to take a regular look at each student, monitor progress in short spans of time, and use all gathered information to assess improvement over the long term

When teaching a forward roll, which of the following types of mats may best be used to assist the student?

A wedge mat

Activities in which the body or a body part is positioned in the path of a moving object for the purpose of stopping or deflecting that object:

Absorptive movements: catching and trapping

What constitutes physical activity?

Activities must use energy by moving the body at a level of intensity sufficient to raise one's body temperature to feel warmer, and to cause one to breathe somewhat deeper than normally

What is the tennis score when a server has won 4 points and the receiver has won 3 points?

Ad-in

What is the acronym APE?

Adapted Physical Education

What is differentiated instruction?

Allows students to access info using different avenues and addresses multiple learning styles of students. -Ex: students keep a journal about their individual responses to 3 different types of cardio activities and write an entry on how they felt about each activity

Three kinds of alternative approaches to testing with examples:

Alternative approaches involve student products: 1. Audiovisual: made to display/exhibit (artwork, posters, PowerPoints, videos, sculptures, etc.) 2. Written: research papers, essays, stories, poems, anecdotes, journals, logs, personal fitness plans, checklists, rating scales, brochures, advertisements; teacher, peer, or self-rubrics; questionnaires, reflection, etc. 3. Performance Tasks: physical/cognitive behaviors (officiating a game, playing a game, conducting fitness assessments, giving oral reports, teaching lessons; showcases, debates, skits, role plays, locomotor movement sequences, warmup routines, etc.)

Define validity relative to assessment instructions:

An instrument measures what it claims and is intended to measure

Agonist vs. Antagonist Muscles

Antagonistic Pairs-as one muscle contracts, the other relaxes (they oppose each other) -Agonist: a muscle that contracts while another relaxes -Antagonist: stretching muscle -Ex: biceps and triceps (to contract, the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm)

How does anxiety affect performance and how can it be prevented?

Anxiety affects performance by narrowing and internalizing attentional focus. -Physical activity reduced general/non-competition anxiety -Warmups reduce performance anxiety (and also prevent injuries and enhance movement)

What is verbal communication?

Any kind of social interaction using words, whether spoken, written, or signed

What is the recommended amount of physical activity children should have?

At least an hour of moderate physical activity most days of the week. (Adults should aim for at least a half-hour)

What can extrinsic rewards lead to over time?

Attitude and self-esteem problems

External feedback that improves internal feedback by enabling kinesthetic references for correct movements and techniques is called:

Augmented feedback

Examples of net/wall games:

Badminton, tennis, volleyball, racquetball, handball

Which dance is considered the foundation for all other dance forms?

Ballet

In what sports would you use the overhand throw?

Baseball/softball pitching, tennis/badminton serving, javelin, volleyball passing, basketball shoulder passes.

How can a PE teacher use task cards, station signs, or posters to teach a specific sport skill?

Basketball example: -set up stations using posters/etc., goals, a target, cones, and a basketball to guide students through a dribbling unit -each station can involve completing a task of progressively greater difficulty (students master one dribbling skill at a time)

Examples of invasion games:

Basketball, lacrosse, rugby, etc.

Where must you be to serve in tennis?

Behind the baseline between sideline and center mark-on the right side of the court.

What non-locomotor skills does football involve? (2)

Bending in the huddle and twisting when dodging tackles.

What does "plie" mean in ballet?

Bent

When do an infant's first attempts at independent walking generally occur?

Between the 10th and 15th months

The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physicochemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.

Biochemistry

Examples of target games:

Bocce, frisbee golf, etc.

Which swimming stroke is the most popular?

Breastroke -you can swim breaststroke while keeping your head above water all the time so it's often the first stroke taught -slowest of all the strokes

As oxygen consumption increases, which physiological factors increase proportionately?

Cardiac output, heart rate, and work rate are linearly related to oxygen consumption.

List several major body systems:

Cardiovascular/Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Immune Integumentary Lymphatic Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal Urinary

A branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life. Concerned with the physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways, life cycle, chemical composition and interactions of the cell with their environment.

Cellular biology

List 7 additional Latin dances

Cha cha Rumba Bachata Merengue Salsa Tango Argentine tango

App that helps with behavior management

ClassDojo -monitor and track student behavior -preset criteria whereby students gain or lose points and collaborate toward shared point goals -enables student self-monitoring and real-time updates by being connected to a projector -email weekly behavior updates to parents

What are different materials that tennis courts can be made of?

Clay, grass, asphalt, concrete, acrylic, or carpeted indoors

What is the associative phase of motor learning?

Connecting the skill to other skills or previous learning

The principal motor system for controlling movements that require the greatest skill and flexibility and the last motor system to develop:

Corticospinal System

Give a course description of a high school PE course that teaches volleyball.

Course description: students will learn to use the knowledge and skills they acquired in earlier volleyball courses to lead their peers, which includes explaining the rules, the rationale for the rules, and identifying when and how the rules have been violated

How can you integrate technology with student learning activities and increase communication among parents, students, and the teacher?

Creating a Web site and posting activities in class and allowing students to submit online fitness journals and record/keep track of pedometer step counts.

Issue that presents the greatest challenge to PE in K-12 schools:

Curriculum time for PE instruction and activities has been decreased. -the health risks of being sedentary and the physiological benefits of exercise are evident, so it's critical to every student's physical, cognitive, and psychological development to provide daily PE

What does "sur les pointes" mean in ballet?

Dancing on toes in pointe shoes

Three different energy systems the body uses for exercise:

Depending on the amount of oxygen available, any one of three exercise energy systems can be accessed selectively: 1. Alactic anaerobic system 2. Lactic anaerobic system 3. Aerobic system

What's the most appropriate way to assess the skills of students during a basketball skills unit?

Developing a rubric to assess learners as they move through the unit.

How can a PE teacher establish a supportive classroom environment at the beginning of the year?

Developing and maintaining clearly established classroom rules

What manipulative skills does basketball involve? (4)

Dribbling, passing, catching, and throwing the ball.

This aspect of movement is classified as open or closed motor skills:

Environmental Aspects of Movement (the context in which the movement occurs)

Rough soccer field dimensions and goal measurements:

Field: 120 yards long x 75 yards wide (must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-100 yards wide) Goal: 8' high x 8 yards wide

How does Newton's third law of motion apply to running?

Foot force produces a downward, backward force vector; the ground produces an upward, forward force. (Ground reaction force, AKA GRF). -force = impulse/impact time; impulse is relatively constant. -bent knees extend impact time, reducing joint forces and injuries

Newton's third law of motion:

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

When do you switch sides in tennis?

For every odd-numbered game (3, 5, 7, etc.)

What is the acronym FITT?

For fitness and weight training: F-Frequency I-Intensity T-Time T-Type

This refers to the observable performance of basic locomotor, manipulative, and stabilizing movements. They involve the combination of movement patterns of two or more body segments. Running & jumping, striking & throwing, and twisting & turning are all examples.

Fundamental movement patterns/skills (FMS)

In which locomotor skill does one foot "walk" WHILE the other foot "leaps"?

Galloping

In general, how do PE teachers help students improve their motor skills development?

Give students structured, frequent practice.

PE competencies for grades 3-4:

Grades 3-4: -describe movements identifying body parts and actions -identify basic muscle groups and movements -show awareness of body part relationships (opposition, unison, sequence) -demonstrate leaping, alternating leading foot -apply space concepts in movements with others -balance on various equipment with control -show an understanding of static and dynamic balance -show comprehension of how bodies create and absorb force -choose forces appropriate to tasks -control personal and manipulative force (like dribbling while walking/running) -demonstrate slow, medium, and fast movement -move with tempo changes -incorporate various equipment into rhythmic patterns and movements -combine up to 3 movements with or without equipment (jump-rope routines) -demonstrate smooth transitions among sequential motor skills (like running to jumping) -solve movement challenges combining concepts of force, time, and balance (ex: gymnastics routines) -define, apply, and assess the four health-related fitness components

What are LSD and Marijuana classified as?

Hallucinogens

What is inter-limb coordination?

Hands and feet coordination

The tripod is most commonly used as a lead-up activity for which of the following skills in stunts and tumbling?

Headstand: the tripod establishes the proper base of support for the headstand and allows elements of the headstand to be taught in a sequence of movements.

What is hypertonia?

High muscle tone: causes stiffness and difficult movement

How is the lactic anaerobic energy system used to provide energy to the muscles during exercise?

High-intensity exercise for up to 90 seconds uses the lactic anaerobic energy system. -Ex: 800m sprint or one ice hockey shift -functions when the alactic anaerobic system is depleted and the aerobic system cannot handle the exercise intensity's demands -produces lactic acid as a byproduct in the muscles but does not use oxygen -directly accesses cellular respiration to convert food energy to supply ATP

What condition dealing with muscle tone might children with cerebral palsy have?

Hypertonia

What condition dealing with muscle tone might children with Down syndrome have?

Hypotonia

Where is badminton played?

In competition-indoors due to the effect of wind on the shuttlecock. Recreationally-often outdoors as well.

_________________ contractions generate force by changing the length of the muscle and can be concentric contractions or eccentric contractions.

Isotonic contractions

How is motor development different from cognitive or emotional development?

It can be tracked in a fairly sequential manner

The part of biomechanics involving the study of movement and the forces that produce movement:

Kinetics

Who was ballet popularized by?

King Louis XIV (14)

What does "grand jete" in ballet?

Large jump

What does "grand battement" mean in ballet?

Large kick

What non-locomotor skills does basketball involve? (3)

Leaning, stretching, and bending

These tasks involve transporting the body from one point to another through space (crawling, running, high jump):

Locomotor tasks

What is hypotonia and what does it cause?

Low muscle tone: causes floppiness, weakness, and poor balance

These tasks involve imparting a force to an object or receiving force from an object (striking, volleying, writing, knitting):

Manipulative tasks

Are crawling and walking more strongly influenced by maturation or experience?

Maturation

What is VO2 max?

Maximal aerobic capacity which indicates cardiorespiratory fitness-defines the cardiovascular system's greatest ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles, and how quickly the body can produce ATP to supply energy to muscles

How is the psychomotor domain assessed in PE?

Measuring student development of health-related fitness and motor skills. -Ex: assessing elementary school student skipping skill; FITNESSGRAM; etc.

How is the cognitive domain assessed in PE?

Measuring student knowledge about movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics. -Ex: middle school students explain verbally a strategy for defending their territory in a sport or verbalize a movement skill pattern to use in an underhand throw

In the late 1800s, the greatest influence on the direction of PE came from individuals with a background in what?

Medicine -physicians interested in anthropometric measurement and other medically related subjects played a primary role in the development of PE in the nineteenth century

Original name of volleyball, created by William Morgan:

Mintonette

MVPA

Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity measured by approximately 122 steps per minute

Do people have more or less leisure time today than they did historically?

More today (historically, people needed more time to survive physically and economically)

The part of the cerebral cortex in the brain where the nerve impulses originate that initiate voluntary muscular activity.

Motor cortex

This is an individual's belief in his/her ability to satisfy the demands of various movement tasks.

Movement competence

What does gross motor movement involve?

Movement of the large muscles of the body. Most sports skills are classified as gross motor movements.

What are locomotor skills?

Movements wherein we use our legs and feet to move our bodies from one location to another.

What is one of the primary means by which infants develop cognitively?

Moving about and interacting with the environment.

When observing an activity in PE class, where should the teacher place themselves?

Moving about the perimeter of the gym to see all students without getting in the way of the activity.

This aspect of movement means the size or extent of the movement.

Muscular

Identify and describe a fitness app teachers and students can use to support healthy lifestyles and physical fitness:

Myfitnesspal -track exercise and diet -create personal diet profiles (enter meal content, etc.) -track calories burned through exercise -join forums to discuss progress, share info and tips, give support and motivation, etc. -review how many calories you burn, water drunk, percentages of foods from protein, fat, and carbs at the end of the day -diary, newsletter, articles, and social networking -syncs with Fitbit, Underarmor app, HR monitors, etc.

What is NASPE?

National Association for Sport and Physical Education

After 3 years of teaching, certified PE teachers can apply for an advanced level of certification known as the:

National Board Certification -through the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) -this advanced credential recognizes exemplary teachers who demonstrate a commitment to continuous professional growth

Every since the 1990s, school accountability has become an increasing trend in education, requiring the establishment of:

National standards and the use of nationally standardized assessment tests.

Naturalistic Observations and advantages/disadvantages:

Naturalistic: unobtrusively observing student performance as it typically occurs in students' usual daily setting -advantages: seeing realistic instances of typical student behaviors -disadvantages: teacher judgment can be overly subjective

The ability of the brain to change continuously throughout one's life:

Neuroplasticity

Who created National Dance Day?

Nigel Lythgoe (co-creator, executive producer, and judge of TV's "So You Think You Can Dance") and Adam Shankman (choreographer, producer, and movie director).

Is a block considered a hit in volleyball?

No (doesn't count in amount of hits a team/player can perform)

These movements are performed while remaining stationary (twisting):

Non-locomotor

What is a closed skill?

One in which the environment remains stable and predictable, and the performer knows what to do and when to do it.

This is one's feelings of potential for success in all areas, including movement.

Perceived competence

This domain of behavior includes the processes of change, stabilization, and regression in physical structure and neuromuscular function.

Psychomotor domain

A ______________ specifies certain learning objectives a student should be able to demonstrate, and in what ways.

Rubric

How do runners change speeds (in regards to kinetics)?

Runners must modify the stance phase (when contacting the ground) to change speeds. -faster running requires shorter stance time plus higher peak forces.

This locomotor activity is a gait that includes an aerial phase when no body parts contact the ground or floor, with no external forces on the body (excluding gravity and wind resistance).

Running

What locomotor skills does basketball involve? (2)

Running and jumping

What locomotor skills does football involve? (2)

Running and sometimes jumping over other players

What is Brazil's official dance?

Samba

A type of muscle growth which increases muscle density. Fewer repetitions of lifting heavy weights rupture muscle cells' plasma membranes (sarcolemma), calcium leaks out between the cells, activating enzymes (cal pains) and immune system cells (monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages) to remove and break down damaged tissue, and stimulating nearby muscle cells to make and release growth factors.

Sarcomere hypertrophy

Numerous repetitions of lifting moderately heavy weights trigger muscle fiber cells to increase their numbers of mitochondria, concentrations of cellular respiration enzymes, and ATP stores, all of which make muscles grow larger:

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy (Dealing with biochemistry/cellular biology/weight training) --a type of muscle growth

What is proprioception?

Sense of self in space; sense of your body's location, orientation, positioning, and movements.

How is the alactic anaerobic energy system used to provide energy to the muscles during exercise?

Short-term (10 sec or less), high-intensity, explosive exercise recruits the alactic (not producing lactic acid) anaerobic (not using oxygen) energy system. -Ex: 100m sprint or one weightlifting set -also called the ATP-PCr (adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine) or phosphagen energy system -this is the first accessed for exercise -uses ATP stored in muscles and then rephosphorylizes the resulting ADP via phosphocreatine -stops supplying energy when PCr is depleted until muscles have rested and regenerated PCr

What badminton formation should you and your partner use in doubles if the opponent is in position to smash the shuttlecock?

Side-by-side (AKA defensive formation) in the mid-court so that between you both you cover the full court width.

How wide and long is the badminton court? How high is the net?

Singles: 44 feet long, 17 feet wide Doubles: 44 feet long, 20 feet wide Net: 5 feet high

What is a debate about leisure time?

Some people see it as spare time, while others see it as an essential part of civilization and personal development because it enables people to reflect on the realities and values they overlook during daily life activities.

What did Kenneth Cooper notice that caused him to develop aerobics?

Some people with great muscular strength still performed poorly at endurance sports like long-distance running, swimming, and cycling.

What language is Latin ballroom dance in?

Spanish, because of its origins in Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin American countries.

This involves the consciousness of and decisions about changes in objects' positions within 3D space:

Spatial Awareness. The sequence of developing spatial awareness has 2 phases: 1. Recognizing object locations in space relative to one's own body 2. Locating multiple objects in space relative to each other, independently of one's body

What are martial arts?

Standardized combat systems

What does "tendu" mean in ballet?

Stretched

What skills do Karate, Sanshou, and Muay Thai use?

Strikes

What are some skills used in unarmed forms of martial arts?

Strikes, grappling, or both

Challenges PE teachers encounter regarding student variables that teachers must be flexible and modify instructional goals to address.

Student: -physical ability -cognitive ability -varying learning styles -varying developmental levels -diverse and specific student interests

Give some course content of a high school PE course that teaches volleyball.

Students apply their knowledge of volleyball's rules through taking advantage of opportunities for peer coaching and officiating.

Why should PE teachers require students to assess their own abilities and skills?

Students are encouraged to reflect about their current levels of skill and they become more motivated to advance these levels. They also assume control over their development.

In what sports would you use the two-handed side-arm strike?

Swinging a golf club, hockey stick, or baseball bat; forehand drives in tennis, badminton, disc golf, or ping pong; cut shots in volleyball, golf, or pool.

Formula for measuring torque:

T=torque F=force Perpendicular (right-angle) distance from the force's action line is the symbol that looks like a horizontal line with a vertical line coming up from it halfway down with a d on the end -Formula: T=F(--I--)d

Uses and benefits of recreational therapy (RT):

The American Therapeutic Recreation Association highlights RT benefits to recovering addicts, psychiatric patients, seniors, and children including: -better body function -improved cognitive function -stress management -accelerated healing from medical conditions

What is the world governing body of the sport of badminton?

The Badminton World Federation (BWF); formed in 1934.

Who bats first at the top (first half) of the inning in softball?

The away team (so the home team bats at the bottom of the innings)

How should participation by students in PE be motivated?

The intrinsic reward of feeling a sense of accomplishment.

Young children who are first learning to strike or catch a ball tend to focus primarily on what?

The person throwing the ball: young children are characteristically distracted by the motion of the person throwing the ball.

National PE Standard 2:

The physically literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics related to movement and performance.

National PE Standard 1:

The physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.

National PE Standard 3:

The physically literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.

National PE Standard 4:

The physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others.

National PE Standard 5:

The physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction.

What happens if the ball hits the boundary line in volleyball?

Then the ball is deemed to be in-play

What are these terms in ballet? -Tours -Pirouettes -Fouettes -Chaine

These are terms for turns

What's something a PE teacher could share research-wise with colleagues that would help students?

They can share how physical activity enhances academic performance and collaborate with colleagues to plan activities that improve student achievement across the curriculum.

What do aerobics exercises consist of?

They combine rhythmic dance-like movements that raise the heart and respiratory rates with strength training and stretching, typically to music with a strong beat.

What do chemical stimulants generally do to the body?

They increase the rate of most body functions.

Where must a serve go once given?

They must clear the net without touching and go diagonally into the opposing service box

What are some national standards for PE teachers for using communication to show/elicit respect, and create high expectations?

To create a respectful, supportive environment: •Use two-way communication with students -this shows respect and the expectation that students are respectful in return •Involve students in dialogue •Regularly communicate to students high expectations -promotes student achievement and shows respect for students and their abilities •Carefully select what you do and say to gain rapport with students -be sensitive to how you set tones and model positive behaviors

What does it mean to take a holistic approach to health and lifetime physical activities?

To embrace total wellness, encompassing individual physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being.

The correct racing posture of a swimmer, a cyclist, or a downhill skier minimizes the effect of:

Turbulence -all 3 activities require that their participants maintain a compact arrangement of the body so that it can move smoothly through the medium that is involved -the failure to observe this compact body arrangement would hinder movement by creating turbulence

In tennis, how many chances is the server allowed to land their ball into the service box? What is the first serve attempt called?

Two chances. The first attempt is known as the first service.

Federal IDEA requirements for schools to conduct assessments:

Use multiple, varied assessment strategies and tools to collect information about the student developmentally, functionally, and academically.

A recent trend in PE terminology:

Using the term "wellness" in place of "health and fitness". -Although wellness generally represents optimum well-being and health, its definition has been widened to encompass mental, emotional, social, environmental, and spiritual well-being

What is primarily determined by directly measuring the rate of oxygen consumption during exercise?

VO2 max (maximal oxygen intake)

What are 3 sports that should be taught using the whole-part-whole approach and why?

Volleyball, soccer, and badminton because students need to first have a whole understanding of.

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

What role does walking play in cooling down after exercise?

Walking brings the heart rate down gradually to its resting place

What are the basic locomotor skills that children develop in the approximate order they usually learn them?

Walking, running, hopping, jumping, skipping, galloping, sliding (galloping sideways), and leaping.

Positive Interdependence

When members of a group realize the are dependent on one another to succeed and must collaborate. Students must work together to successfully accomplish a task. -no member gets a free ride (everyone's work is necessary for the group to succeed) -every group member has unique roles -all students are responsible for learning content and assuring the rest of the group learns it

When would a PE teacher use a checklist to assess students? Give an example.

When observing student performance in skill areas. -Ex: demonstration of strength and endurance; balance and flexibility; skill in locomotion; interest in a sport; ability to follow oral directions in games; motor skill ability; participation

Formula for calculating BMI:

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

Latin ballroom dance style "Paso doble"

"Double step": based on the bullfight: male dancer represents the bullfighter; female represents the cape with swirling skirts and movements.

What non-locomotor skills does tennis involve?

-Bending to pick up a ball -Stretching and twisting to prepare for a serve -Stretching, bending, leaning, twisting, and reaching to return the ball in a volley

What is the avoidance reaction?

-Occurs in the initial stage of catching -Turning the face away or protecting the face with arms -Learned and therefore may not be present

What are some tips to help young children jump?

-keep feet together -push and land with both feet -try jumping rope -see how high they can jump, how many times in a row, and how quietly they can land

What are some tips to help young children hop?

-see how quickly and slowly they can hop, and whether either side is harder

What are some tips to help young children walk?

-walk with straight, smooth steps and swing their arms in opposition to their feet -practice different walks (tiptoe, low, fast, robotic)

Some forms of physical activity that can contribute to a healthy lifestyle for children:

-walking to/from school -playing sports at school -housework and yard work -ride bicycles, swim, dance, take nature walks

What are two ways you can use assessment?

1. To evaluate student performance 2. To reflect on how productive my teaching practices are

What is BMI?

Body Mass Index: a ratio of weight to height

Which swimming stroke is the second fastest swimming stroke?

Butterfly

How is a home run scored in softball?

By hitting the ball over the outfield and into a dead ball area. -the batsman then runs around the bases to score along with any additional batsmen on bases already

What is the point of this game? Tip the spider: -Partners pair up -Partner A is on all fours and is the spider -Partner B tips the spider onto their side by pushing their closer shoulder while pulling on their opposite hand -Teachers look for straight arms, hands facing inward to body, and even, soft surfaces

For students to learn how to fall sideways and land on their hands

What is a primary short-term effect of amphetamines on an athlete's sports performance?

Increasing feelings of alertness. -this can also mask the level of fatigue an athlete is experiencing, which can delay the healing of injured muscle tissue and prolong recovery times

These motor skills occur in an unpredictable and changing environment (wrestling, catching a fly ball, etc.)

Open motor skills

What is the first step in creating an after-school coordinating physical activity program?

Organizing a committee that includes teachers, parents, and community members. -collaborate with stakeholders to get an idea of what activities should be offered

What is the APE goal for physical activity?

Over 50% moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

What is program feedback?

Provides error information about the fundamental pattern of a movement (generalized motor program) -Ex: for a football quarterback-"flick your wrist a little more" for basic forward pass timing (given before athlete has developed more regular throwing patterns)

Human behavior responses can be classified into these three domains:

Psychomotor Cognitive Affective

To attain maximal force with any movement that uses multiple muscles in a manner that enables generating the maximum force possible.

Summation of forces (biomechanics) -the total amount of force is a sum of the total individual muscles when these are added together -force is both simultaneous and sequential

What is the IAAF for track and field?

The International Association of Athletics Federation, which governs the track and field World Championship

An inning in softball is split into two sections called:

The TOP and BOTTOM of the inning

Which structure supports the weight of the body through the vertebral column?

The pelvic girdle

How could a teacher adapt a forward roll for a student who couldn't do this safely due to atlantoaxial instability?

The student could perform a log roll instead.

How do students receive internal feedback?

Through kinesthesia [awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints] and proprioception (perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body): when they produce movements, they receive sensations and information from their muscles, joints, and vestibular (balance) systems.

How do students receive external feedback?

Through verbal and visual feedback from teachers.

What is a common goal of a lifetime wellness course in high school?

To ensure that students become "health-literate" individuals.

What is the standard badminton doubles tactic?

To gain control of the rally by forcing your opponents to lift, and then playing increasingly aggressive shots until you can finish the rally with a smash.

What is the object of tennis?

To prevent the opponent from returning the ball within bounds.

What is the primary function of all teachers?

To provide a safe learning environment

Why are instruction and practice critical in developing motor skills?

Without these, the extent of children's motor skills development is determined only by their natural talents and abilities

Give an example of an activity where students can improve balance & coordination and English literacy language skills.

"Alphabet Hopscotch" -grades K-3 -students practice alphabet while improving balance & coordination -draw a hopscotch board on the floor with all letters of the alphabet -each student takes turns hopping through the ABCs, alternating left and right feet

How high are tennis nets in the center? At the posts?

-3 feet high in the center -3 feet 6 inches high at the posts

What are some questions to ask students after playing volleyball?

-Did you transition to base defense after the server hit the ball? Why or why not? -Did your team defend against attack successfully? If so, how?

Offensive systems in volleyball:

-Five-One (5-1): uses five hitters and one setter -Four-Two (4-2): uses four hitters and two setters -Six-two (6-2): uses four spiders and two spiker/setters (setter comes from the back row)

Define in tennis: -Game point -Double game point -Triple game point

-Game point: a score of 40-30 -Double game point: 40-15 (the leading player is ahead by 2 points and just needs 1 more to win) -Triple game point: 40-love *If the scores were reversed, the terms would be: break point, double break point, triple break point

At what age should punting be introduced and mastered?

-Intro: 2nd grade -Mastered: 4th grade

What are five differences between softball and baseball?

-Smaller infield -Larger ball (11-12 in. in circumference-3 in. bigger) -Pitching must be underhand -Seven innings compared to nine -Infields have bases 60 feet apart compared to 90 feet apart

What are some of the shots called in badminton? (7)

-Smash: steep trajectory and mid-court sideline target (hit by back player) -Lift -Net shot -Drive -Cross-court drive -Push -Drop: low trajectory and front-court target (hit by front player)

What is peer feedback and some advantages/disadvantages?

-Teacher gives clear task criteria, grouping students to evaluate each other's performance, observes student cooperation and feedback skills -Ad: teachers can circulate through the class; students learn through observing/analyzing others' movements; students develop social skills; all students get feedback -Disad: some students won't give good feedback; tasks must be very clear

List some examples of classroom consequences:

-Time out; 'F' for the day; Letter home; Referral to administrator -Write a paper for rule violation -Oral, verbal warning; time-out; additional time-out with written response identifying which rule student broke and what they'll do to follow the rules -"S" for first violation; "I" for second; "T" for third: student then sits out for specified duration until they can verbalize how they'll return ready to learn (starts over with each class); eventual parent letters -"Behavior tickets" for breaking rules

What non-locomotor skills does golf involve?

-Twisting and turning to swing -Bending to retrieve the ball from the cup, green, etc.

Before communicating with athletes, what 6 questions should coaches consider?

-Why communicate -Who with -Where it should be -When it should be -What to communicate -How to communicate

What are some examples of APE services?

-adaptive equipment -APE consultation -direct APE teacher services -peer support

Factors that can cause communication blocks between coaches and athletes:

-athlete perceives something differently than the coach -athletes may jump to conclusions when a coach introduces a topic -coach tries to communicate something an athlete lacks the knowledge required to understand -athletes may not be motivated to listen -coach may have difficulty expressing certain things -emotions can interfere with communicating information -personalities may clash

Compare and contrast individual and situational interest.

-both influence learning -they interact with and influence each other's development -individual interest comes from internal psychological characteristics and can enable someone to respond differently to stimulating environmental situations than others lacking interest -situational interest comes from external environment stimuli and can help long-term individual interest to develop

What are some advantages of congruent feedback?

-it is congruent, or aligns, with the cues taught in learning the skill -it reminds students of the cue while providing positive reinforcement for correct technique -reminds the rest of the class of what to do

How is arithmetic needed in competitive team sports?

-keeping score -baseball: runs, errors, averages, and innings -basketball: points and fouls -football: first downs and touchdowns; yards gained; time and overtime -golf: strokes -tennis: points

What are some characteristics of intermediate or advanced levels of the forward roll?

-keeping the chin tucked -keeping the knees and hips flexed -using the hands to cushion the head contact

Challenges and issues related to designing PE curriculum that is culturally relevant for schools in urban communities:

-less research is available into culturally relevant physical education (CRPE) -teacher practices do not become more culturally sensitive as a result of taking courses in multicultural education -communicating with students having limited English-language proficiency (LEP), the local relevance of various activities, and curricula including diverse representations and languages are all challenges to PE teachers in trying to design urban PE curricula that are culturally relevant

How can you know that gender bias is present in a PE program?

-males and females are separated for required instructional units -different activities are offered for males and females

What should a cheerleading performance checklist include on it?

-mastery levels (skilled, talented, athletically gifted) to check for skills like these: energy and enthusiasm; voice inflection and projection; memorization and rhythm of routines; jumping height and technique; tumbling and gymnastics; punctuality, attendance, professional attitude, cooperation; creativity (developing cheers, routines, dances); use of pom-poms, flags, etc.; choreography and dance skills; etc.

Give some more statistics related to MVPA and PE class time:

-middle school students received more minutes per day of PE than elementary due to less time spend on class management -students were exposed to more PE daily when schools had more teachers dedicated to teaching only health and PE -students engaged in MVPA during more of PE class and teachers used less class time on management, when student-teacher ratios were lower -higher MVPA and lower management time were also associated with better access to adequate facilities and equipment

Barriers to participating in sports that people with disabilities commonly experience:

-no sports experience early in life, which presents an obstacle to sports later in life -people around them lack awareness and understanding of how to include them -limited community resources, programs, and opportunities to acquire training, participate, and compete -lack of funding and support -lack of accessible gyms and facilities and also transportation -social and psychological barriers of disabled people and surrounding people -inadequate access to information and resources

Can a runner overrun a base in softball?

-only for 1st base as long as she runs out of bounds after she passes the base -runners may not overrun any other base (if they do and are tagged while off base, they're out)

Advantages of student self-assessment:

-practical and quick -relieves teachers of much extra work -engages students in their own evaluation processes -allows students to communicate what they want to about their progress from their own perspectives

Breastroke swimming technique:

-prone position: body goes from a horizontal position during a short, streamlined glide phase to a more inclined position during arm recovery phase -arm movements are simultaneous and symmetrical: during the backward underwater arm pull, the hands describe an arc, moving from an extended forward position to below the chest -during the arm recovery, the hands move from below the chest to the extended forward position in a straight line -the legs do a symmetrical whip kick: first, the legs are fully extended at the end of the glide phase -the feet then move toward the butt during the leg recovery -during the propulsive phase of the kick, the feet move outward and backward from the butt and then inward and backward back to the fully outstretched leg position again -breathing occurs at the end of the underwater arm pull, when the hands move below the chest and the head and chest move above the water surface

What are some examples of manipulative skills?

-reach, grasp, release -throwing -catching -kicking -striking

Physical activities in the community for students to engage in outside of school:

-running ("kids running" on runnersworld) -skateboarding (Nike SB App) -soccer (American Youth Soccer Organization) -swimming -walking/hiking

What is the most effective technique for a teacher to use when monitoring student behavior during a PE class?

-scanning the class frequently from the perimeter of the teaching area from right to left -also vary the way you walk through the teaching area during an activity and stand in various places throughout class instruction

Effects of recreational activity on mental health:

-sense of control over how you spend your time -relief from required duties in the form of having fun -opportunity to achieve balance in life -help manage stress more effectively -decrease symptoms of depression

What are some cues to look for in basketball lay-up technique?

-step with each foot -hop -knee up -aim for backboard

Give some safety considerations for movement activities regarding specific rules teachers should give students in elementary school:

-teach skills in the correct order -games must include skills already taught -give activities needing no equipment at the beginning of the school year, then introduce smaller equipment before mobile equipment -instruct students in floor activities (balancing when walking on floor lines) before using equipment such as benches -define procedures/rules and give students practice (stop/start signals, looking in direction they're moving, safe equipment use) before going outside -don't use stages/walls as end zones or turning points -never leave students alone

How is teaching similar to cooking?

-teachers follow instructional recipes like chefs -teachers combine recipes with their own creativity and unique ingredients -take into account each student's unique abilities, the learning environment, and teachers' own strategies, styles, and personality -teachers cannot depend on a single teaching method, like chefs can't depend on one recipe to meet all diners' tastes and needs -before implementing a teaching style, the teacher must consider additional factors, such as content, learning environment, time, and students

Guidelines for determining a student's eligibility for APE:

-testing by PT/OT -doesn't perform well in group settings -scores below average in two or more parts of state physical fitness test -social behaviors impede theirs or others' learning for more than 1/3 of class time -scores 1.5 standard deviations or more below the norm in two or more parts of a norm-referenced test -results are not within normal limits of a test of gross motor development (TGMD)

How variations in human, material, and curricular resources affect the amounts of time students are physically active during PE classes:

-time spent on administrative tasks (up to 21% of class time); high student-teacher ratio and large classes require more time spent here -equipment selection and transitions among spaces takes time -access to curriculum resources aligned with best PE practices -minority of schools studied in research offered PE every day (averaging less than 3 days/week; lessons lasted less than 47 minutes; students were very active only during 1/4 of class time, spending over 20% walking, 20% sitting, over 1/3 standing, etc.)

What are some tips to help young children gallop?

-use one food as "leader" and the other as "follower"

Criteria for after-school intramural physical activity programs:

-voluntary -equal opportunities for participation -students can help plan, organize, and administer programs -adjusted to student skill level and age -specific rules to ensure safety, fair play, and equal opportunity -non competitive or competitive

Health benefits of physical activity:

-weight control -lower risks for heart disease and some cancers -strengthens muscles and bones -enhances mental health -lower risks for many illnesses

What constitutes a steal in softball?

-when a runner runs to the next base without the ball being hit -the runner may not leave the base until after the pitcher releases the ball -the runner is out if she is tagged with the ball before reaching the base

When does a batter become a runner in softball?

-when they hit a ball in fair territory and run to first base -when they walk after 4 balls -when they get hit by a pitch

In what year did badminton become an official, medaling, Olympic sport?

1992

What do ballet classes use to practice on?

A barre

Who serves first in tennis?

A coin flip or racket spin (the toss) determines which player serves first. The player who lost the toss decides which side of the court they want to play on first.

What is the acronym BEEF usually used for in PE?

A common teaching cue for shooting a basketball: B: Balance the ball in the shooting hand E: Elbow-keep it under the ball and over the knee E: Eyes on the target F: Follow through by snapping the wrist

What is it called in tennis when you touch the baseline or extension of the center mark with your foot before hitting the ball?

A foot fault

What is a common barrier to successfully implementing a school wellness program?

A lack of support and involvement from key stakeholders.

Why would a gymnast squat to regain balance on a balance beam?

A lower center of gravity affords better stability. The lower a gymnast is to the balance beam, the more stable the distribution of weight over the base.

What is the difference between a motor skill and a movement skill?

A motor skill looks at the contributions of underlying mechanisms (neural, muscular, biomechanical, and perceptual); whereas a movement skill looks at what can be seen through naked eye observation.

By what age have children usually learned to run, hop, and jump?

Age 2

By what age have children usually learned to gallop, skip, slide, and leap?

Age 3

Which drug is considered a depressant and what does it do to the body?

Alcohol: chemical depressants decrease the rate of most body functions.

When can babies begin adjusting their hand shapes before object contact, informing themselves visually about object shapes, sizes, and orientations?

Around 8 months

The FITNESSGRAM was designed as part of which program and why?

As part of the U.S. Presidential Youth Fitness Program for lifelong health and fitness

This is our sense of balance.

Equilibrium -gives us information regarding where our bodies are in space -ex: we can tell whether we're standing up, sitting, or lying down; in an elevator going up or down; or riding a roller coaster through our sense of equilibrium.

This type of validity is general, common-sense, non-objective, non-quantified evaluation based on experience and judgment:

Face (representation) validity

This aspect of movement can be categorized as stability, locomotor, and manipulative tasks:

Functional Aspects of Movement (the purpose of the movement)

This type of reliability quantifies the amount of agreement between two, or among several, observers to test administrators. -Ex: Olympics judges and university/school examiners who must adhere to common standards

Interrater reliability

How does NASPE define a person who is physically educated?

NASPE defines physically educated as being: -physically fit -skilled in various physical activities -participating regularly in physical activity -aware of the benefits of physical activity -valuing the contributions of physical activity to a healthy lifestyle -respectful of diversity -socially responsible in action and behavior

How does baseball require locomotor skills? (2)

Players run to bases and to catch fly balls

One of the principal brain areas involved in motor function, whose role is to generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement:

Primary motor cortex (M1)

What is perceived physical confidence and what does it usually determine?

Students' perception of their physical abilities. This frequently determines willingness to try new activities and keep participating.

The best choice of available fitness tests for a teacher to use to assess students with disabilities:

The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) -criterion-referenced, health-related test of physical fitness appropriate for students with disabilities and customized to meet the needs of all students with varying abilities -tests musculoskeletal functioning, muscular strength/endurance; body composition; aerobic functioning; and flexibility

Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?

The Italian military leader who reintroduced bocce into popular culture in the 1800s.

What is the most widely used and regularly issued practitioner resource for planning and professional development in PE?

The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (JOPERD)

"Self-monitor physical activity and create an individualized physical activity plan" This is a physical activity descriptor for students which comes from which association?

The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) -from their Instructional Framework for Fitness Education in Physical Education (IFFEPE)

Where is the strike zone in softball and when is a strike called?

The area between the batter's shoulder's and knees. A strike is called when the batter: -fails to swing at a pitch that crosses the plate in the strike zone -swings at a pitch and misses -hits the ball out of bounds with fewer than 2 strikes against them *a batter can't strike out on a foul ball-only on a swing and miss or a ball they fail to swing at in the strike zone*

What happens in volleyball if the ball hits the net during a volley or on a serve?

The ball may be played.

What is the classical theory of motor development?

The classical theory of motor development attributed motor skills development to neuromuscular maturation.

When a teacher places students on teams that are balanced in terms of gender, ethnicity, athleticism, and skill, which model are they using?

The sport-education model -allows teams to be evenly mixed

Is whole or part training superior for motor learning?

Whole training to acquire specific sport skills. (For athletic skills requiring high levels of inter-limb coordination practice the whole skill)

Short-term and long-term effects of activity on mental and cardiovascular health:

-Short-term: release of endorphins (mental); increases blood circulation (cardio) -Long-term: prevents and relieves depression (mental); lowers one's blood pressure and pulse, and lowers one's long-term risks of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardio disorders (cardio)

How PE teachers can collaborate with parents to promote student interest, support, etc.:

-offering opportunities for families to get involved in their PE programs (hold events and discussions with parents, etc.) -communicate PE's benefits with parents -invite parental input -invite parents who are health professionals to come and talk to the class

When was pickle ball invented?

1965 on Bainbridge Island

When did Jane Fonda release her exercise videos using aerobic techniques?

1982

Average percentage of time in PE classes used for classroom management:

23%

To lose 1 pound of fat per week, a person would need a weekly caloric deficit of approximately:

3,500 calories (this equals 1 pound). -This deficit should be reflected through food intake

Average percentage of time spent engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during PE:

45.3% (averaged 21 minutes per class and 10 minutes per day because most schools studied only offered PE 2.47 days per week)

What is the maximum number of rules a teacher should have at one time to prevent students becoming overwhelmed?

5

When do infants develop successful reaching for objects?

5 months

How many players do volleyball teams have?

6

Federal regulations require IEPs to be developed for students determined eligible within how many days after written referrals?

60 days

Recommended daily amount of MVPA for children according to The Institute of Medicine (2005):

60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity. -in actuality, children have ~23 min of PE per day, and are engaged in MVPA for less than half of that time (~10min/day)

Dimensions of bocce ball court:

60' long x 12' wide

How many players are on a volleyball court?

6: 3 in front row and 3 in back row

What is a rubric?

A scoring tool that actually lists the criteria and expected level of performance for the skill or assignment.

What is a "let" in tennis?

A serve hitting the net before landing in the service box-the serve is counted void and is retaken.

Ace in volleyball:

A serve that results directly in a point, usually when the ball hits the floor untouched on the receiving team's side of the court

What is the "Pas de deux" in ballet?

A standard performance element of classical ballets: a duet

What is ability grouping in classes an example of?

A teaching approach that uses differentiated instruction.

What does failing the first service in tennis lead to? What happens if you fail this next step?

The second service. Failing the second service results in the loss of the point.

Who's responsibility is it to announce the score at the start of each point in tennis?

The server's.

Where can the FITNESSGRAM test admin manual be downloaded at?

Websites: -Presidential Youth Fitness Program -Human Kinetics -Cooper Institute -state education departments using it

How can a teacher who has planned a lesson on throwing that discovers a wide range of skill levels within the same class modify the activity to address student needs?

•Set up a series of learning stations: 1.) beginner: practice throwing at a stationary target 2.) intermediate: practice making lead passes 3.) advanced: practice passing to teammates while being defended

What are some faults in volleyball? (6)

-catching and throwing the ball -double hit -four consecutive ball contacts by one team -making the ball touch the floor outside the opposite court or without clearing the net first -touching the net (net foul) -crossing the boundary line while serving (foot fault)

Temporal aspects of movement are classified in three ways:

1. Discrete motor skills: clearly defined beginning and ending (hitting a pitched ball, flipping a switch). 2. Serial motor skills: series of discrete skills in rapid succession (dribbling a basketball, opening a locked door) 3. Continuous motor skills: performed repeatedly for a length of time (peddling a bike, swimming, etc.)

Describe the two types of softball?

1. Slow-pitch: most commonly played, 10 players per team, larger ball, no bunting the ball or stealing bases 2. Fast-pitch: 9 players per team, faster pitching, allows bunting and stealing bases

How does baseball require manipulative skills? (4)

Pitching, catching, fielding, and batting

What are some examples of fine motor skills?

-buttoning buttons -zipping zippers -twist ties -writing, drawing, painting -using eating utensils

Describe a second-grade classroom activity that integrates PE with ELA (include standards met and skills developed):

"Vocabulary Hot Potato" -standards met: perform fundamental motor & manipulative skills; recognize safety hazards; correctly spell words studied earlier -develops skills: eye-hand coordination and manipulation skills for accurate tossing & catching -teachers review correct throwing techniques; announce one word and toss the ball to a student, who gives the word's first letter then tosses the ball to another student, continuing until the word's correct spelling is complete; the student's who spelled the word select a whole-class exercise with as many repetitions as letters in the spelled word; repeat with other words

What is a food calorie?

(AKA: dietary calorie, nutritional calorie, kilogram calorie, or large calorie): the approximate amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. -the gram calorie or small calorie = the energy required to increase the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius -the food calorie = 1,000 small calories, or one kilocalorie

When did Kenneth Cooper publish his book, "Aerobics," and what did it include?

-1968 -It included research-based walking, running, swimming, and cycling exercise programs

What are PE teachers liable for? Acts of ____________ and ____________.

-Acts of omission (not supervising) -Acts of commission (endangering students with harm)

After 4 points (at game point), which terms can be used?

-Ad-in: server's advantage -Ad-out: receiver's advantage -Deuce: even score

Which forms of martial arts use chokehold, submission hold, and joint lock types of grappling?

-Aikido -Judo -Jujitsu

List the fundamental manipulative movements (which commonly combine both locomotor and stabilizing movements:

-Ball rolling -Overhand throwing -Catching (underhand should be used when the object to be caught is below the waist; overhand when the object is above the waist) -Kicking -Trapping -Striking -Dribbling (preceded by ball bouncing and catching) -Volleying (form of striking in which an over-hand pattern is used

What are some tips to help young children leap?

-lead with one foot -leap over an object -land with the other foot

What are some cues for doubles badminton?

-Determine team strategy (are they better at offense or defense?) -Communicate (call court positions as partners move to strike/call "mine" to hit ball) -Attack/defend (attack front to back/defend side to side formations)

What are some solutions for teaching aquatics for schools that don't have a pool?

-Exploring options in the community: YMCAs, recreation centers, public pools, etc. -Teachers can still teach swim strokes using task cards for breathing pattern, kick, arm stroke, etc. and a bench where students can take turns practicing and giving each other feedback

What are some physical proficiencies that affect performance?

-Explosive strength (standing long jump) -Static strength (weight-lifting) -Trunk strength (pole-vaulting) -Extent flexibility (yoga) -Dynamic flexibility (squat-thrusts) -Limb movement speed (javelin-throwing) -Static balance -Dynamic balance (gymnastics) -Object-balancing -Multi-limb coordination (stick-shift driving) -Gross body coordination (hurdling) -Stamina (marathons) -Dynamic strength

How are movement principles applied to landing?

-Impact when landing should be distributed across the greatest possible distance/area -Joints should be bent when landing from jumps, for absorbing force

At what age should overhand throwing be introduced and mastered?

-Intro: 1st grade -Mastered: 4th grade

What are some examples of outdoor experiences that enhance perceptual and spiritual pleasure and appreciation that may also be physically rewarding?

-Meditation -Aesthetic contemplation -Nature study -Photography -Painting -Historical research -Archeological research -Paleontological research -Ethnography and research into indigenous cultures

How can teachers engage the community in PE?

-Parks and rec departments can come and talk about using community resources properly -take a field trip, giving students experience maintaining trails -get support from local businesses -solicit funds from local health and wellness agencies for buying sports equipment -ask for medals and ribbons from local trophy companies -enlist volunteers for an Olympics-themed event

Appropriate vs. inappropriate teacher practices relating to establishing a productive learning environment.

-Respect and support vs. sarcasm and insults -Support all students' development of positive self-concept vs. viewing physically fit & skilled students as successful, ignoring less fit & skilled -Stress intrinsic motivation vs. extrinsic motivation in the form of fear of punishment -Use/promote exercise for fun, skill development, and health benefits vs. punishment -Consistent/fair classroom management vs. inconsistency and unclear rules -Immediately address bullying, etc. firmly vs. ignoring/overlooking -Actively teach safety and emergency plans vs. ignoring/permitting unsafe student practices -Match activities to ability levels vs. allowing activities that enable aggressive behaviors (dodgeball) -Have updated CPR & AED certifications and regularly conduct facility and equipment safety inspections

What kind of character should PE teachers have?

-Responsible -Patient -Good listening skills -Trustworthy -Encouraging -Inspiring

What is self-feedback and some advantages/disadvantages?

-Students view video of and evaluate their own performance; teachers determine student self-assessment abilities, etc. -Ad: greater student independence; students learn to analyze their own movements -Disad: less-skilled students can't self-analyze

What is teacher feedback and some advantages/disadvantages?

-Teacher gives students task sheets clearly stating criteria; circulates and gives feedback -Advantages: students can work independently, teachers can give individual students specific feedback -Disadvantage: giving all students feedback can be difficult

Two muscle fiber types and their use regarding speed/endurance:

-Type I/red/slow-twitch muscle fibers: needed for endurance activities and need more aerobic energy. -Type II/white/fast-twitch muscle fibers: need less oxygen and are used in short-term, maximum-force exertion like sprinting, jumping, and weight-lifting. -Both types are activated in activities needing maximal force production. -Lesser force requirements activate slow-twitch fibers first, then fast-twitch if needed.

What locomotor skills does golf involve?

-Walking

Give some safety considerations for warm-up/cool down, exercise techniques, and environmental conditions:

-Warm-up/cool down: teach students correct procedures before activity and after -Select activities that are appropriate for students' cognitive development, behavioral patterns, and mental/physical abilities -If an activity is not included in the PE curriculum or official safety guidelines, determine whether its educational value matches/supersedes its entertainment value before submitting it for approval -Instruct all students in body contact techniques and skills, concussion safety lessons, and head-injury prevention principles (document instruction) -require protective equipment where applicable -inspect equipment before use -assure parents know safety precautions for extreme weather and outdoor conditions -develop safety protocols for weather and communicate to parents and staff

What are some think-about for doubles badminton?

-When playing against a team in front-to-back formation, where should your shots land? -What is one advantage of front-to-back formation? -Which shot was most effective against each doubles formation? -Which doubles formation did you like better? Why?

How does leisure increase quality of life?

-by finding balance in life -enhancing self-esteem (people are more likely to report greater satisfaction with their lives) -better mental health -better physical health -2000 study by the American Recreation Coalition showed that 90% of respondents who regularly engaged in recreational activities reported satisfaction with their fitness and health

What are some different methods of obtaining PD?

-completing advanced certificates and degrees in PE and related disciplines -pursuing enrichment opportunities in education (ex: taking a course in outdoor adventure expeditions/obtaining certification for rock climbing instruction) -active engagement in educational committees and professional organizations -develop professional networks to share experience, knowledge, and skills; and connect with educators in a variety of settings

General procedures for beginning the referral process of a student for APE services:

-explore alternative programs within the general education PE program -student is referred for APE services at an IEP, planning/placement meeting, or child study conference -request referral from SpEd director or principal -parents give written consent for formal assessments of the student's motor, fitness, and behavioral skills conducted by qualified personnel -meeting to discuss results and support required -students eligible for SpEd with gross or fine motor skills deficits are referred for PT/OT evaluations, which PE teachers use to develop IEP goals

What are some appropriate uses of the FITNESSGRAM assessment?

-facilitating fitness education to students -helping students track fitness results over time -allowing teachers to analyze data in order to reevaluate the curriculum -NEVER TO DETERMINE A STUDENT'S GRADE

What are some cues to look for in basketball chest/bounce passing technique?

-fingers spread -step forward -elbows out -push ball -snap -backs of hands facing one another -thumbs down

Neurologically, what does training in endurance do?

-generates formation of new blood vessels in the motor cortex -does not change number of synapses or organization of motor maps

What are some tips for a new PE teacher who is trying to establish a positive and orderly learning environment?

-greet students at the gym entrance as soon as they arrive -get to know students' names as soon as possible -have class rules posted clearly at all teaching stations

How substance abuse affects student ability to complete physical activity:

-higher probabilities of impaired physical performance during PE (ex: coordination) -low energy which creates less motivation and tiring more quickly or giving up -impaired depth perception if used just before activity (marijuana), which impairs performance -impaired judgement, coordination, and energy, increasing accident and injury risk and poor performance -steroids may help students excel in the short term in activities requiring strength and speed, but continued use have side effects such as high blood pressure, aggressive/violent behavior, acne, liver disorders, and cancer.

What are the differences between maturation and experience on motor development?

-historically, scientists believed that maturation was responsible for motor skill development -recent research has shown that the motor development process is not simply passive, but also active (experience) -maturation and experience and their interaction all influence motor development

Give AND define some examples of non-locomotor skills:

-lifting a weight & squeezing a ball -balancing, swaying, turning, twisting, swinging -bending: movement around a joint between two body parts -dodging: sharply avoiding a person or object by leaning away or ducking -stretching: extending/hyperextending the joints to straighten or lengthen the body parts -twisting: rotating the body/body parts around an axis having a stationary base -turning: moving the body through space in a circle, releasing the base of support -swinging: circular/pendular movements below an axis of the body/body parts -swaying: like swinging, but above an axis -pushing: applying force against a person/object to move one's body away or move the person/object away -pulling: exerting force to move people/objects closer to oneself

Why do PE teachers and coaches have greater liability compared to classroom teachers?

-movement in PE is the primary activity -many students are moving at the same time -projectiles can injure students -implements that propel projectiles at high speeds increases injury risk (baseball bats, etc.) -PE facilities are bigger than classrooms, so PE teachers must supervise greater physical areas -PE includes swimming which presents the danger of drowning and slipping/falling -never allow students to be alone in these facilities -personal vehicles owned by teachers used to transport students presents liability

How are perceptual and motor behaviors related? How are they both interrelated with other developmental domains and processes?

-perception and motor actions are interdependent processes and are characterized as parts of an action system -evidence that cognitive, perceptual, motor, emotional, and social domains of development are interrelated comes from observing very early strong motivation in infants to pay attention, obtain information, explore, and engage their physical and social environments which is demonstrated by visual tracking, head-turning, and reaching -behavior = movement

How can PE teachers help students develop understanding of force?

-place targets at varying distances and have students throw beanbags, balls, etc. at targets and prompt students to notice how much force they must use to reach nearer vs. farther targets, and discuss use of too much or too little force. -have spotters positioned behind each student, and have students forcefully throw or propel wind-resistant objects like swim fins away from them to observe how this forces their bodies backward

How does serving work in tennis?

-players alternate between serving and receiving every game

Information about rotation in volleyball:

-players move clockwise and through the serving position following a side out -players must retain their initial rotational order throughout the entire game, but once the ball is contacted on serve they are allowed to move anywhere

Rule violations in volleyball that result in a point for the opponent:

-serving player steps on or across the service line while making contact with the ball -failure to serve the ball over the net successfully -ball-handling errors (contacting the ball illegally-double touching, lifting, carrying, throwing, etc.) -touching the net at all while the ball is in play -when blocking a ball coming from the opponent's court, contacting the ball when reaching over the net if both your opponent has not used 3 contacts AND they have a player there to make a play on the ball -contacting the ball when reaching over the net if the ball hasn't yet broken the vertical plane of the net -crossing the court centerline (however, part of the hand or foot may cross) -serving out of rotation -back-row player blocking -back-row player attacking a ball inside the front zone when the ball is completely above the net

Neurologically, what does training in motor skills do?

-stimulates generation of new synapses -enhances synaptic potential -restructures movement representations in the motor cortex

Findings about the impacts of physical fitness on academic achievement across the curriculum:

-strong positive connections between student cardiovascular fitness achievement, BMI, and achievement on the TAKS at all ages -children with a high physical fitness level had both quicker reaction times and higher percentages of accurate response than those with low fitness -cognitive function improves following intense exercise -people perform better on cognitive measures (like the Stroop test) following exercise -a study comparing teacher-led fitness activities to active gaming found students took nearly twice the steps and burned more calories per minute in the former than the latter

Discuss whether training can be specific, general, either, or both, to promote motor learning for sports:

-the nature of learning is more specific; the mind functions in a very detailed manner by adapting to the particular information it experiences -improving any individual mental process seldom improves any other individual one -specificity in physical training is necessary for attaining successful outcomes in motor learning -for students to acquire motor skills, the most important factor in practice is practicing the actual target skill itself, rather than related skills/other skills -for functional sport motor skills to become permanent behavior changes, the stimuli presented must duplicate the energy systems and movements used in a designated sport activity -actually performing a sport itself is the best training for learning the motor skills involved in that sport

Why is the freestyle stroke the fastest and most efficient of all swimming strokes?

-there's always one arm pulling underwater -the arm recovery above water minimizes drag -the continuous flutter kick provides propulsion

Benefits of backstroke:

-uses different muscles than freestyle -can help you catch your breath and rest a bit in open water competitions -helps patients with back problems relax and strengthen their back muscles

When is offsides called in soccer?

-when an attacking player is in front of the last defender when the pass is played through to them -free kick to the defending team will be called if offsides is called -to be onside players must be placed behind the last defender when the ball is played to them

Research findings of family contributions to student physical activity:

-when parents and siblings are physically active, teenagers are more likely to follow suit -access to play spaces, transportation to and from recreational and sports programs -access to sports equipment -parental support of participation -parents can enforce limits on the time kids play games and watch TV -parents can plan family activities and incorporate kids' help in chores -parents can advocate for quality physical activity programs in their schools and communities

Sideout (volleyball)

-winning the serve back -change of service when a serving team has failed to score a point -occurs when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error

What are 2 main purposes for adventure and outdoor pursuits?

1. Beneficial use (practical value/social and physical rewards reaped through goal-directed activity) 2. Pleasurable appreciation (experiences that enhance perceptual or spiritual development through engagement in nature)

What is soccer's highest governing body? What competition does it organize and how often does this occur?

1. FIFA: Federation Internationale de Football Association 2. World Cup: every 4 years

How does neuroplasticity afford great promise?

1. For improving abilities in people with neurological damage/deficits 2. For improving abilities in those wanting to enhance their cognitive processing skills

What are the steps involved in using a rubric?

1. Review the rubric with students to inform them of what they're expected to learn 2. Have students use the rubric to guide their learning experiences and work 3. Use the rubric to assess whether students have met the learning objectives

What are the different types of gymnastics mats and what are they used for?

1. Wedge: AKA incline or cheese mats, shaped like right triangles used to teach beginning/intermediate skills such as rolls, walkovers, and handsprings 2. Block: firm trapezoid/rectangular shaped mats, can be attached to other blocks, used as step-stools for gymnasts working on the bars/beam and as practice vaulting surfaces 3. Folding panel: thin and firm about 12' long, can be folded, stacked, and attached to other mats, used for practicing tumbling moves, or for a gymnast to reach the bars/rings, commonly used in PE 4. Cylinder: octagonal tumblers are used for teaching tumbling skills and beginning/finishing of back and front skills like walkovers and handsprings 5. Crash: thick and soft, used when an athlete is learning a new, high-impact skill 6. Landing mats: AKA sting mats, thin and soft, used on the floor exercise to lesson the impact of tumbling run landings and for dismounts on the beam/floor (used only in training)

Most common setup for soccer players.

4-4-2 (4 defenders, 4 midfielders, 2 forwards)

What is fitness education?

A part of a total PE program, directed toward helping students gain information and higher-level comprehension of both the processes of physical activity habits and health lifestyle, and the products of good health, wellness, and health-related physical fitness.

The molecule that is the source of energy for muscular contraction and how it is accessed, depleted, and replenished:

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): a molecule with an adenosine nucleotide attached to three phosphate groups, providing energy for muscular contractions, converted via cellular respiration from food energy. -Energy store released for muscles to access when the bond is broken between its second and third phosphate groups. -Replacing the third phosphate group (rephosphorylization) restores ADP into ATP again. -The process of cellular respiration that converts food energy to ATP depends largely on how much oxygen is available. -Exercise intensity and duration affect the amounts of oxygen the muscle cells demand and the oxygen supply available to them.

As a person matures, what generally decreases because of the aging process?

Aerobic capacity: pulmonary diffusion (the amount of gas transferred from the alveoli to the capillary blood per unit time) generally decreases with age, which directly affects the overall capacity of the body's aerobic system.

U.S. Air Force exercise physiologist Kenneth Cooper, M.D. and physical therapist Col. Pauline Potts developed and named what type of exercise?

Aerobics

Which domain (cognitive, affective, or psychomotor) will planning activities that build confidence and competence in skills improve?

Affective

What is the 80/20 rule?

Although 100% of students will learn or understand by doing a skill, 80% grasp the concept through teacher instruction/demonstration, while the other 20% will understand through doing. -teach the concept until 80% of students understand: the other 20% will figure it out through doing it

What is the President's Challenge?

Assesses and gives students feedback about their levels of fitness. Tests students using exercises such as: -Right-angled pushups -Pull-ups -Curl-ups -Endurance running and walking -V-sit and reach -Shuttle runs

Avoiding ____________ has the most direct effect of minimizing the risk of heart disease and why?

Avoiding smoking: smoke from cigarettes damages arteries and lung passages. This causes extra strain on the heart.

Kinesthesia:

Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.

After a person matures, what generally increases because of the aging process and why?

Body fat -with age, ever-greater percentages of body cells become more less metabolically active, generally causing more body fat to accumulate over time.

Learning about sport rules, traditions, history, and etiquette falls under which domain of learning?

Cognitive -acquisition of knowledge and development of intellectual skills

What is a primary advantage of interdisciplinary teaching?

Collaboration among teachers of different subjects

How to determine the LRE for students with disabilities:

Consider: -results of a comprehensive motor and physical assessment made by an APE qualified teacher -the student's psychomotor, cognitive, and affective characteristics that would influence their capability for safe and successful participation -the student's capacity for benefiting from an APE program (ability to comprehend cause-and-effect relationships, capacity for voluntary movement, ability to interact with others)

How is the aerobic energy system used to provide energy to the muscles during exercise?

Continuous/long-term (beyond 2-5 minutes), lower-intensity aerobic exercise accesses the aerobic energy system. -Ex: distance running -depends upon how efficiently oxygen can be sent to and processed by the muscles -recruits cellular respiration to get ATP from food energy -oxygen is available to the muscles, so no lactic acid is produced

Dealing with perception, what is a basic requirement in motor development?

Coordinating perceptual exploration with early manual skills development is a basic requirement in motor development

What is the Instructional Framework for Fitness Education in Physical Education (IFFEPE)?

Document created to guide educators in designing and providing fitness education by informing them as to what students should know, understand, and be able to do at each grade level from Pre-K through college. It was developed based on the assumption that all students can attain healthy levels of physical fitness through engaging regularly in MVPA.

What should you do when you discover that your students are unable to perform a given skill with correct form, or that they aren't grasping a concept fully?

Examine the instructional process to find out which sequences or cues will help the students succeed. Reflective teacher practices help raise instructional effectiveness.

What manipulative skills does football involve? (4)

Holding, passing (throwing), intercepting, and receiving (catching) the ball.

What is Individual Interest?

Individual Interest: psychological preference or predisposition of an individual to repeatedly engage with certain categories of events, ideas, or objects over time -specific to the content involved -develops gradually -stable -evolves in relation to the person's values and knowledge -is very important for student preference of activities and motivation

According to most sport sociologists, a sport is primarily described as this kind of activity:

Institutionalized -an activity becomes a sport after undergoing a process through which behaviors and organization become standardized over time -as a sport, the activity takes on fundamental characteristics such as rules, regulations, and formalized skills

This type of reliability in the physical sciences is whether equipment is calibrated to yield the same measurements every time and in the social sciences is whether an instrument is statistically stable over time.

Instrument reliability

Describe some ways that schools can incorporate physical activity into the school day (in addition to PE):

Integrate physical movement into subject areas across the curriculum: -guides for this can be found online (ex: Brain Breaks, Energizers, Take 10) -reading & writing about physical activity -reward students with physical activity (dancing, extra PE, etc.) -school parties can include games, dances, etc.

This type of validity is how strong a causal relationship between variables can be established, as opposed to only correlation.

Internal validity

How is arithmetic needed in track & field?

Knowing: -distances in hundreds of yards or miles -times in seconds/minutes/hours for completing races -feet and inches of heights to clear/jump for high jump/pole vault/long jump -distances to throw for shot, discus, etc. -measurements and also records to break

This part of the muscular system connect bones at joints, and exercise is thought to strengthen them:

Ligaments

What equipment is needed to play badminton?

Lightweight rackets and a shuttlecock (AKA a bird or birdie)

What does fine motor movement involve?

Limited movements of parts of the body in the performance of precise movements. Manipulative movements of sewing, writing, and typing are typical fine motor movements.

A learned, goal-oriented, voluntary movement task or action of one or more of the body parts.

Motor skill (reflexive movements and genetically based movements are not considered to be motor skills)

NASPE's general goal for appropriate elementary school PE programs, recommended amount of PE weekly, and general appropriate instructional PE practices:

NASPE's goal of elementary school PE programs that are developmentally and instructionally appropriate is to develop individuals with the confidence, knowledge, and skills to be physically active throughout life. -NASPE recommends that all elementary school-aged children receive a minimum of 150 minutes of quality PE weekly -instructionally appropriate PE practices address the development, changes in movement abilities, and individual differences of children -consider children's past experiences with motor skills, sports, and cognitive & social development -national, state, and local PE standards should also be reflected in quality PE programs and lessons -teachers must evaluate student progress regularly, and adjust accordingly

How many bocce balls per player are there?

One player per team: 4 balls/player Two players per team: 2 balls/player Four players per team: 1 ball/player

What is positive affect?

One's propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life's challenges in a positive way.

Experimental research study regarding how physical activity across the curriculum can influence elementary school students' body weight and academic achievement:

Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC, 2009) -intervention to curtail weight gain, overweight, and obesity and promote activity in children -3 year longitudinal study of 2nd and 3rd graders -90 minutes weekly of physically active academic lessons with moderate to vigorous intensity, given by classroom teachers -FINDINGS: receiving 75 minutes or more of PAAC caused significantly less increase in children's BMI; significant improvements in amounts of daily activity and scores on tests of academic achievement -the PAAC approach can promote children's daily physical activity and academic achievement while preventing excessive weight gain

What makes team-building and cooperative activities in PE most effective?

Placing a debriefing session at the end, which allows students to think and reflect on the activity. Reflection puts a meaning behind what has just occurred in the class.

What is a good example of the least restrictive environment for students with disabilities in PE?

Placing students with disabilities in pullout classes if they cannot participate in the general program safely and successfully.

How does baseball require non-locomotor skills? (5)

Players: -twist their bodies to filed the ball, catch the ball, and when batting -lean backward/forward to field balls -lean/bend down to catch low/rolling ground balls -reach out to tag runners out before they reach a base -pitching involves leaning back, twisting, raising one leg, etc. -catchers move their bodies while squatting to catch pitches without changing their base of support

What is the principle of adaptation in exercise science?

Principle of adaptation: the body adapts to exercise, so that with regular practice, certain activities become easier. -to continue improving, one must vary one's workouts with different training and/or routines -the body adjusts to demands made of it -the body adapts to the processes of executing specific tasks

Having high school students evaluate their own behavior in writing or verbally at the end of the week is reinforcing positive _____________ in the gym:

Reinforcing positive behavior in the gym

What is the most important feature of teacher-student communication?

Respect-if students feel that a teacher respects them, they're most likely to show respect in return.

What 3 locomotor skills does tennis involve?

Running, walking, and jumping over the net at the end of a match.

What does good posture look like when sitting and standing?

Sitting: -feet flat on the floor -even weight on both hips -back mostly straight -shoulders back but relaxed -ears lined up over your collarbones Standing: -legs have slight knee bend so you're not hyperextending or locking your knee joints

Which teaching method allows students to reflect on what they've learned and what they need to improve on?

Small group -part of cooperative learning -students have time to reflect on their learning, how well they worked together, and what they need to improve on

These tasks place emphasis on gaining or maintaining balance in either static or dynamic movement situations (sitting, standing, balancing on one foot, walking on a narrow beam):

Stability tasks

What is "pas de chat" in ballet?

Step of the cat

Cocaine is classified as a:

Stimulant

Discuss the impact of national demographics on instructional practices:

Student populations are becoming more and more diverse, which means teachers must adapt their styles to meet students' unique needs. No single instructional style has been proven to improve learning for all students, so teachers must incorporate a variety of styles.

What are manipulative or object control skills?

The category of motor skills that involve using objects.

IDEA

The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: mandates a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) to students who are eligible for special education services in the least restrictive environment (LRE) possible.

Why should a signed consent form be obtained from the parent of a student who's going on a sport or adventure field trip?

The form shows the teacher that the parent knows what activity is planned for the student and does not object. -The teacher is still primarily responsible for the student's safety during the trip (consent forms are primarily informational documents)

Principle of overload:

The most basic law of physical activity, which states that the only way to produce fitness and health benefits through physical activity is to require your body to do more than it normally does.

What is the goal of aerobics?

To enhance all fitness elements (cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and muscular strength).

What is the purpose of reflecting on and evaluating PE programs?

To ensure that program goals are being met. This should be done regularly to adjust instruction as necessary.

If a world geography test is given in physical education class, what aspect of assessment is the test missing?

Validity: this indicates that a test measures what it is intended to measure

The line along which the pulling force of a muscle acts at a joint can be considered a vector and resolved into what pairs of components?

Vertical and horizontal

How can you facilitate student ownership in classroom management?

When confronting behavior problems, ask students to describe their behavior, what made it disruptive, and how they can solve the problem.

What is criterion validity and what two types of validity does it include?

Whether an instrument reflects a specific group of abilities. It includes: 1. Concurrent validity: compares an instrument to an established measure 2. Predictive validity: tests it over time

Official olympic gymnastics types and equipment:

Women's: -artistic gymnastics (balance beam, uneven bars, floor exercise, vault) -trampoline -rhythmic gymnastics (ball, hoop, rope, club, and ribbon) Men's: -artistic gymnastics (parallel bars, high bar, still rings, floor exercise, vault, and pommel horse) -trampoline

What is a pick and roll in basketball?

an offensive play in which a player sets a screen (pick) for a teammate handling the ball and then moves toward the basket (rolls) to receive a pass.

Website with resources for using technology in PE:

pesoftware.com -offers newsletter: "Using Technology in K-12 PE" -tips about how to integrate technology in PE -podcasts -research -curriculum -links to other websites -online courses -PD -software -online store

What is motor development?

the increased ability to use and control muscular movement

What is perception?

the process of absorbing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events (the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.)

What is SHAPE's mission?

to enhance knowledge, improve practice, and disseminate current information (Society of Health and Physical Educators)

Around what year was badminton first played?

~1873

Children have the developmental potential to be at the mature stage of most fundamental movement skills (basic elements of a movement) by what age?

~Age 6

What is the "collaboration wheel" in regards to serving the needs of a student who receives regular and special education services?

•Student is at the center of this circle •Surrounding the student: members of a collaborative team including- -parents: provide student's developmental history, medical history, personality, daily living skills, habits, behaviors, interests, and preferences; contribute personalized strategies they've found effective and insights about what has not worked -regular Ed teachers: provide student with curriculum, instruction, and assessment, including accommodations, modifications, and adaptations -school admin: supervise teachers, help develop curriculum, etc., manage facilities/budgets -nurses/doctors: provide health services -psychologists: conduct psychological evaluations, IQ testing, and mental status exams; provide therapy, counseling, and behavior management programs, training, and implementation -paraprofessional and food service workers = direct services -PTs, OTs, & transportation workers = indirect services

Describe a third-grade activity that combines ELA skills with PE skills:

"Adverbs on the Move" -combines looking up word meanings in a dictionary and finding synonyms/antonyms in a thesaurus with practicing locomotor movements -teachers give students 3x5" index cards with an adverb they have recently learned at the top -each student looks up a synonym and antonym for their adverb and writes them below it on their card -students move, carrying their cards according to the adverb they've received (quickly, heavily, etc.) -students stop on teacher's signal, passing their card to the student next to them -on the teacher's "go," they repeat the movement according to their new adverb -the teacher then changes the movement and repeats the exercise

Describe how some knowledge of biochemistry and cellular biology can contribute to an understanding of weight training:

*Understanding how muscles are built up through weight training includes some understanding of how: -mitochondria (cellular organelles) in muscle fiber cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which supplies energy to muscles -the carbohydrate glycogen in muscle cells stores energy -muscle contraction releases adenosine diphosphate (ADP), expending energy, depleting ATP, and prompting the sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) to replenish the muscle cells' ATP supply

How is badminton scored?

-"Rally scoring system": either side can score at any time -Matches=best of three games -Games are played to 21 points, provided that the winner has at least a 2 point advantage

Define in tennis: -Advantage -Advantage In -Advantage Out

-Advantage: the player who wins the first point after a deuce is reached is said to have "advantage" -Advantage In: if the server is the player who has advantage, the server may announce the score as "advantage in" (Ad-in) -Advantage Out: if the receiver is the player who has the advantage, the server may announce the score as "advantage out" (Ad-out)

What are some individual differences that affect PE performance?

-Age: affects strength, aerobic capacity, reaction time, flexibility, and experience -Experience: increases with age and crucial to sports -Somatotype (body shape): informs appropriate sport choice

Give some course learning objectives of a high school PE course that teaches volleyball.

-Analyze and evaluate the rules associated with all course activities -Analyze and evaluate equipment, risks, and safety procedures -Interpret and apply the rules associated with specific activities included in the course -Collaborate with peers in setting rules for discussions and decisions regarding presenting alternative viewpoints, reaching informal consensus, voting on essential issues, setting clear goals and deadlines, and assigning individual roles

How can PE teachers apply the concept of spatial awareness to class activities? How can they assess student body awareness? How can teachers help students enhance body awareness?

-Apply spatial awareness by instructing students to move toward or away from, behind and in front of, over and under, next to, inside, and outside various objects (provide hoops, balls, boxes, etc. as objects in various shapes and sizes). -Assess body awareness by observing them play Simon Says; having them make different shapes with their bodies; having them touch different body parts (nose, toes, ears, etc.) -Enhance body awareness by having children touch one body part to another, twist their necks, nod heads, wiggle noses, open mouths, close eyes, shrug shoulders, bend elbows, etc.

What is an effective way to give students directions?

-Before telling students WHAT to do, tell them WHEN to do it to keep attention. (Ex: "When I say 'go,' each team pick up a soccer ball") -Keep instructional cues concise (Ex: 3 players, 3 passes, 3 feet, 3 seconds, etc.) -Use "80/20 rule" -Don't talk too much when teaching (use pair-and-share strategies & questioning so students can talk to each other)

How can teachers use feedback when teaching motor skills?

-Begin by analyzing the skill they want to teach -Consider whether the skill will need verbal assistance -Assess whether or not the environment can provide information to the students about whether they're performing the skill correctly (if it can then they may allow environmental feedback to be sufficient) -Initially give performance-related cues to students to instruct them in executing the new skill -Allow students to learn from their own mistakes when possible -Help students make critical self-evaluations of their own performance -When students are learning more complex skills they must be given feedback

What does neuroscience inform us about motor skill development and how should that affect how we teach?

-Beginners are more limited in their ability to process information -Without enough novelty, motor learning will not take place -Too much novelty will overwhelm student processing capacities -Control learning environments to accommodate beginners' lower processing abilities -As students gain skills, introduce more new stimuli, allowing student motor behaviors to progress in complexity

Benefits of and community resources for student participation outside school:

-Benefits: improves/maintains physical fitness, develops social skills, enables students to extend PE -Resources: boys and girls clubs, parks and Rec departments, YMCAs, youth sport camps

Sports ____________________ studies human motion during exercise and in sports. Physics and the laws of mechanics are applied to athletic performance. ____________________ can be applied to individuals, analyzing their movements and coaching them for more effective movement during exercise and sports movement.

-Biomechanics

How can martial arts be classified? (5)

-By regional origins (Eastern or Western) -Historical/traditional or contemporary -Intention or application (sport, choreography, self-defense, military, meditative, fitness, etc.) -Techniques used (armed or unarmed) -External or internal (in Chinese tradition)

Parts and functions of the cardiovascular/circulatory, digestive, and endocrine systems:

-Cardiovascular/Circulatory: (heart and blood vessels) transports nutrients containing oxygen and other necessities throughout the bloodstream, transports gaseous wastes for elimination, and supports immune functions. -Digestive: (salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus) breaks down and processes food we eat into proteins, sugars, amino acids, etc. for the body's metabolic processes, growth, replenishment, and repair; extracts nutrients to build tissues and supply energy; stores fats, amino acids, etc. for future use; eliminates waste products. -Endocrine: (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; pancreas) secretes hormones regulating various body functions.

What is the significance of posture to both classical and contemporary theories of motor development?

-Classical: the gradually increasing erectness of babies' postures as they progressed in overcoming the effects of gravity was demonstration of the growth of control over actions in their cerebral cortices -Contemporary: posture is important as action's biomechanics basis; locomotor skills, manual skills, and raising/turning the head all depend on having a stable postural base

What is content validity?

-Content: how well a measure represents all aspects of the construct measured

What are some perceptual-motor abilities affecting individual skill performance?

-Control precision (hockey-puck handling) -Rate control (racecar driving) -Aiming -Response orientation and choice reaction time (football quarterbacking) -Reaction time (sprinting) -Manual dexterity (basketball dribbling) -Finter dexterity (typing) -Arm-hand steadiness (performing surgery) -Wrist and finger speed (speed-stacking)

How can PE teachers use music for communicating instructions and classroom management?

-Dance and choreography units -Rates/rhythms for dribbling and passing basketballs and body movement rates in exercise -Motivation for exercise -Precision in whole class movement -Tempo accelerates movement for increasing speed and aerobic conditioning, and slows movement for control/cool-down -Define practice exercise parameters (complete as many exercises as they can while music is playing) -Stimulates movement and makes activities more fun -Play favorite current songs to alleviate boredom

How can video recordings help PE teachers communicate instruction?

-Demonstrations show students which movements to perform in what sequence, and also show correct form and technique -The teacher can make video recordings of herself demonstrating a skill or movement to prevent exhaustion and capture an ideal demonstration -A student can also be a part of a video demonstration if they show exemplary technique (with parent & student permission)

What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive feedback?

-Descriptive: teacher tells the student what they observed them doing incorrectly -Prescriptive: teacher tells the student what the student needs to do to correct the error that the teacher observed; specific correction instructions ("flex your wrist harder when you let the ball go")

What is the current status of PE and activity for American teens and what does this mean for PE teachers?

-Despite ongoing concern and priority for enhancing Americans' physical activity for its physical and mental health benefits, daily PE for high school students has decreased, and fewer students elect to take available PE courses. -So, effective PE teachers and programs have critical roles for giving children positive experiences with physical activity early in life.

What are some think-about for offense after learning to pick and roll? (3)

-Did you roll to the basket after ever pick? Why or why not? -Did you take shots only when open? Why or why not? -Which passes worked best with a pick and roll? Why?

How can PE teachers help students understand and control the spatial concepts of direction and level?

-Direction: have them move to the left, right, forward, backward, up, down, and diagonally in space (prompt them to be ware of their own kinesthetic feedback that tells them which directions they're moving); have them take turns walking in pairs (one behind the other with hands on front child's shoulders), front child "steers", changing directions -Level: have students notice the high, middle, or low levels of their bodies during movements; when teaching how to land safely from falls by rolling sideways, have them practice falling from different levels

Which 3 organizations/people (and where) holds an annual celebration for NDD?

-Dizzy Feet Foundation and The LA Music Center in LA's Grand Park -Rep. Holmes at the Kennedy Center in DC -Lincoln Center's Our of Doors program in NYC

Discuss the relationship between culture and motor skill development

-Early motor skill development follows similar sequences and timing across different cultures -Cultural differences influence the rates at which motor skills develop -Ex: babies sit, stand, and walk later in cultures where mothers carry them more, and earlier in cultures where parents train them early in these skills

What are some needs that outdoor recreation can meet?

-Endurance and stamina -Excitement/adventure seeking -Teambuilding/social connections -Risk-taking -Survival skills

What is some nonverbal communication you need to pay attention to?

-Eye movements, body posture, nodding, smiling, laughing, frowning, touching, facial expression, volume/tone/pitch of voice, clothes, home decor -Downturned/glazed eyes/fidgeting = boredom -Half-raised eyebrows = puzzlement -Fully-raised eyebrows = disbelief -Group posture indicates Team mood and attitude toward Coach

What is the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills?

-Fine: small movements that use small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, etc. -Gross: bigger movements that use large muscles of arms, legs, torso, feet, etc.

Describe a few walking and running locomotor activities for children 5-12 years of age:

-Follow the leader: change leader and locomotor skill frequently -Fast Cars: students stand in a circle; each is given a car name; when the teacher calls out a car name, students race around the circle and park in their original positions

What are some activities for students age 5-12 to do to practice throwing for accuracy and distance?

-Force Back: pairs throw a ball back and forth, throwing from wherever the ball landed -Scatterball: 2 teams (throwers and fielders); throwers throw balls as far away as they can one at a time then runs around the bases until told to stop; fielders catch/retrieve the balls thrown and collect them in a bucket; switch; team that scores the most runs wins

Identify and define some biomechanics concepts and principles as they are applied in PE:

-Force-motion: when we produce/change movement, unbalanced forces act upon our bodies/objects we manipulate. -Force-time: substantial changes in motion are produced over time, not immediately. -Inertia: defines the property all objects have of resisting changes in states of motion. -Range of motion: the overall extent of motion a person uses in a movement, described through angular or linear movement of the body parts. -Balance: an individual's capacity for controlling their body position in relation to a base of support. -Coordination continuum: the goal of a movement determines the most effective timing of segmental movements or muscle actions (ex: people extend their hips, knees, and ankles concurrently to lift a heavy object but use more sequential movements in the kinematic chain, from legs to trunk to arms, in overarm throwing). -Segmental interaction: forces operating in a system of rigid, lined bodies are transferable through joints and links. -Optimal projection: there is a best range of angles of projection for given goals in most human throwing and propelling of projectiles.

Give some examples of formal and informal testing in PE:

-Formal: rubrics, game statistics, wins/losses, fitness scores, skill assessments, performance records, student logs, student projects, written tests/worksheets, etc. -Informal: checklists (quick evaluations with minimal writing), rating scales, student surveys, questionnaires, interviews, student journals, etc.

What is the difference between general and specific feedback and which one is better?

-General (descriptive): can be socially reinforcing, but is usually too vague to inform student improvement (ex: "way to go!", "good job", "you can do it"); it praises the student but doesn't specify what they did that was good/what they can do to improve -Specific (prescriptive): tells students specifically what they are doing/should do (ex: "kick with the instep, not the toe," "follow through"); describes the movement processes to perform; better than general feedback

Tennis scoring:

-General scoring: Love(0)-15(1)-30(2)-40(3)-game(4; 2 point lead required) -Games: consist of 4 points each, and are won when a player reaches 4 points with at least a 2 point advantage -Sets: consist of 6 games and are won by the player who reaches 6 games first with at least a 2 point lead -Matches: usually played as best of 3 or 5 sets -Deuce: occurs if a score of 40-40 is reached-a player must now win 2 points in a row to win the game -All: used to describe even scores, except for 40-40 (deuce)

How can teachers help students make critical self-evaluations of their own performance?

-Give students checklists that include photos of the skills with the words used as cues next to the pictures -Assign students to pairs/teams and have them check each other's performance of skill components -Record video of the students-as they watch the playback, teach them how to verbalize the critical parts of the skill, then assign them to a group and have them watch the video, analyzing whether each member performed the skill correctly or not by calling "yes" or "no"

What are some responsibilities of teaching PE?

-Give students instruction & feedback -Monitor individual student/team performance -Give students motivation, support, & encouragement -Assure student safety -Manage space, time, & equipment -Demonstrate skills -Teach fair play, etiquette, and rules in sports

How does feedback contribute to effective instruction?

-Giving skill-related and specific feedback can help students learn skills more quickly and efficiently

Define the last 3 letters in the acronym TARGET (a model for promoting student motivation in PE):

-Grouping: use "toe to toe" and other techniques to form groups quickly, avoiding peer comparisons, and helping social interactions by encouraging students to partner with different classmates often. -Evaluation: engage students in self-evaluations targeting self-improvement, and involve students in the evaluation processes, ensuring each student's evaluation is private, meaningful, and specific. -Timing: maximize learning and practice time, don't introduce competitive play too soon, help students make time outside class to practice and be active, individualize teaching so all students have time and motivation for practice.

Basic gymnastics skills:

-Handstand: building block for other skills, used in most tumbling skills (walkovers and handsprings) important on bars and handsprings on vault -Casting: most basic bar element (handstand on the bar) -Splits: left, right, and middle-shows up everywhere in gymnastics (split leaps, jumps, switch leaps, middle of back walkovers, etc.) -Handspring on vault: basic skill that all upper level vaults are based off of (run fast, jump hard off the spring board, fly through the air, and hit a perfect handstand on top of the vault table, block using your shoulders off the top of the vault and land on your feet) -Back handspring: the basic skill used in back tumbling on floor and beam; crucial for providing power to what comes after it -Round-off: gives power just like the back handspring to the tumbling pass -Turn on 1 foot: required in every floor and beam routine in gymnastics -Split leap: required in every floor and beam routine; perfect split position in the air as high as you can off the ground; even split (both legs same distance from the ground) -Tap swing on bars: building block of bar routines at all levels; a swing on bars, but at the back of the swing you "regrip" (meaning you come off the bar briefly and re-grab)

Describe some manipulative movement activities involving throwing for children aged less than 5 years:

-Hang hoops with rope to practice throwing things through them -Have kids throw rolled socks into laundry baskets -Set up courses with "golf holes" and have kids practice throwing bean bags into holes -Kids crumple paper into "snowballs" and throw them onto an opponent's side of the gym for 30 seconds -Kids toss coins onto plates on the floor -Kids throw a ball trying to knock a stuffed animal off a stool

Positions in volleyball:

-Hitter (spiker/attacker): responsible for hitting the ball -Libero: player specialized in defensive skills (must wear a contrasting jersey color from her teammates and cannot serve, spike the ball over the net, or rotate into the front-line positions, but plays a vital role for the team in serve reception and backcourt defense) -Middle blocker: plays in the middle of the net when in the front row and moves lateral to her blocking assignments -Off blocker (off-side blocker): outside blocker not included in the double block -Opposite (right-side): player who plays opposite the setter in the rotation -Outside hitter (right-side/opposite or left-side/power): usually plays at the ends of the net when in the front row -Setter: the second passer whose job it is to position a pass to the hitter

What are some things that lifetime wellness programs offer students?

-Ideas for using leisure time wisely -Helps them acquire useful physical skills while developing positive self-images and self-confidence -Exposes them to a broad range of physical activities in which they can participate in their whole lives

Parts and functions of the immune, integumentary, and lymphatic systems:

-Immune: (white blood cells/leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, and other body systems including parts of the lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems) works to protect and defend the body against disease organisms and other foreign elements. -Integumentary: (hair, nails, skin) skin protects the tissues from injury and fluid loss, provides sensation, and creates vitamin D; nails protect fingertips and toes; hair protects the skin. -Lymphatic: (lymph nodes and vessels) produces white blood cells for the immune system; transports lymph between the tissues and the bloodstream; and retrieves fluids that leak from the capillaries (small blood vessels).

How to play bocce:

-In open bocce, a member of team A throws out the smallest ball (pallino/jack), which acts as a marker -the same team gets a chance to throw one of their balls as close to the pallino as possible using an underarm throw or rolling their ball -then team B goes -play alternates until the larger balls are gone -whoever lands closest to the pallino wins the set (game/frame), making them the in team -the in team then scores one point for every ball that's closer to the pallino than the other team's best ball -after the score is counted, all the balls are collected, and the out team throws the pallino to start another round -play continues until one team scores a set amount of points (usually ~12)

At what age should ball bouncing, leaping, and dodging be introduced and mastered?

-Intro: 1st grade -Mastered: 3rd grade

At what age should forehand striking and two-handed side-arm striking be introduced and mastered?

-Intro: 2nd grade -Mastered: 5th grade

At what age should running, vertical jumping, and catching be introduced and mastered?

-Introduced: kindergarten -mastered: 2nd grade

At what age should kicking be introduced and mastered?

-Introduced: kindergarten -mastered: 3rd grade

What are some single-weapon training martial arts styles?

-Japanese kendo (sword) -Kenjutsu and Bojutsu (staff) -Kyudo (archery) -Modern Western martial arts: fencing, singlestick, canne de combat, and archery

Which forms of martial arts use throwing types of grappling?

-Judo -Sambo -Hapkido

Which forms of martial arts use pinning techniques for grappling?

-Judo -Sambo -Wrestling

Which forms of martial arts use kicking strikes?

-Kickboxing -Taekwondo -Savate -Capoeira

Describe some activities for children 5-12 years of age to develop rotation skills:

-Kids spin around on their stomachs, bottoms, backs, and standing. Ask what happens when they extend their legs and tuck their bodies.

What are some learning cues for landing on the feet?

-Landing with feet apart and knees bent -Land in a toes-ball of foot-heel sequence -Wriggle toes -Pull in stomach -Tuck bottom under -Stretch arms in front -Hold head up -Look straight ahead -Hold the landing 3 seconds

What is the purpose of these activities and what age are they for? -Hang hoops with rope to practice throwing things through them -Have kids throw rolled socks into laundry baskets -Set up courses with "golf holes" and have kids practice throwing bean bags into holes -Kids crumple paper into "snowballs" and throw them onto an opponent's side of the gym for 30 seconds -Kids toss coins onto plates on the floor -Kids throw a ball trying to knock a stuffed animal off a stool

-Manipulative movement activities involving throwing -For children under 5 years of age

What are some cues for defense in basketball? (4)

-Match-up: defend a player similar in size, fitness, and skill level -Shadow: stay close to the offensive player you defend no matter where on the court they go -Box-out-let: on a shot, face the basket, keeping the opponent behind you; rebound and pass -Communicate: talk so your teammates always know what is happening

Defensive systems in volleyball:

-Middle back (6 back): uses the middle back player to cover deep spikes -Middle up (6 up): uses the middle back player to cover tips or short shots along the attack line -Perimeter: backcourt defense where 4 players arrange themselves near the boundaries of the court

Benefits of good posture (neutral spine):

-Minimizes joint wear and prevents arthritis -Reduces stress on the ligaments in the spine -Prevents spinal nerve stress/associated pains -Prevents muscle fatigue -Prevents strains or overuse problems -Prevents backache and muscular pain -Fewer headaches (tension headaches come from increased muscle tension in the back of the neck) -Increased energy levels (muscles are used as intended so you aren't as fatigued) -Less tension in shoulders and neck -Increased lung capacity -Improved circulation and digestion (compressing vital organs causes poor circulation, etc.) -Improved core and upper back muscles -Contributes to good appearance (you look taller and slimmer)

What are some goal-directed outdoor activities?

-Mountain climbing -Hill walking -Caving (spelunking) -Canyoning -Backpacking -Hiking -Canoeing -Kayaking -Rafting -Horseback riding -Snow sports -Water sports

Parts and functions of the muscular, nervous, and reproductive systems:

-Muscular: (all of the muscles in the body) enables the body to move with support and cooperation from the skeletal system; maintains body posture; generates heat; consumes energy; heart muscle pumps blood to and from the lungs and the rest of the body to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. -Nervous: (brain, nerves, and spinal cord) interprets sensory information, enables thought and emotion, sends messages to the rest of the body, and coordinates muscle functions. -Reproductive: (ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands in females; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesticles, prostate, and penis in males) produces hormones enabling reproduction via the conception, gestation, and delivery of babies.

List some activities/games for students under 5 to practice locomotor activities of walking and running:

-Musical hoops: kids dance to music and practice different locomotions, then jump into the nearest hoop when music stops -Whistle stop: kids walk around and freeze in place on the whistle, changing locomotion each time -Movement A-to-B: kids take small or giant steps, run, turn while walking, etc. between two points -Traffic Lights: kids imitate cars, running fast near green cardboard circles, walking near yellow, and stopping/jogging in place near red

Discuss some research results about the effects of experience on motor patterns:

-Neurophysiological studies have found the brain has plasticity (both its structures and functions can be modified by various influences, such as behavioral training and other new learning).

Differences between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests:

-Norm-referenced: compares the student's scores to a previously established norm. -Criterion-referenced: do not compare student's scores to a norm, but instead against predetermined criteria of what learning they should demonstrate. Don't determine student rank, but to what degree the student meets lesson, unit, class, course, or subject requirements.

What are some standards/course content of lifetime wellness classes? (7)

-Nutrition -Disease prevention and control -Substance use and abuse -Mental health -Safety and first aid -Sexuality and family life -Personal fitness

Give an example of an objective you create that isn't met by students and how you could adjust it to help them meet it.

-Objective: students' heart rates reach a targeted range during a soccer game -most don't achieve the range -to help students meet the objective, change the speed of play, the rules, etc. to encourage active participation by all students

How can a PE teacher help students develop understanding and control of movement concepts of pathway, energy, time, speed, and force?

-Pathway: have them walk and run in different patterns and move along circular, vertical, or horizontal pathways -Energy: have them perform short-term, high-intensity activities like sprinting, and explain that these use fast-twitch/type II/"white" muscle fibers; and longer-duration, lower-intensity activities like distance running, and explain these use slow-twitch/type I/"red" muscle fibers. (The latter require more aerobic/oxygen-using energy and the former don't use oxygen and can't be repeated once muscles fatigue until rested and replenished) -Time and Speed: have them run at different speeds and practice increasing/decreasing the rates of their movements to gain control over speed -Force and how it interacts with time and speed: have them run and modify their stance time and peak force/impact time to change running speeds

How do arousal and attention affect performance?

-Peak athletic performance is enabled by optimal individual arousal levels. -Attention ranges from narrow to wide, and internal to external. Attentional flexibility is capacity for shifting voluntarily and quickly among different attentional styles according to task demands.

Present both sides of the accountability debate regarding PE:

-People who object to national PE testing do so on the basis that to enjoy physical activity as adults, youth must be able to enjoy it as students. -People who agree with national PE testing find that it not only helps students to judge their progress according to national standards for competence in PE skills and physical fitness, but also that PE should be given the same importance and be judged by the same standards and assessments that "core" subjects are.

How does perception contribute to motor development in children?

-Perception is multi sensory: information from all of the senses contributes to a child's motor behaviors in response to the input received -Ex: when infants see a face and hear a voice, they turn their heads; as motor competence develops, babies use perceptual information to choose which motor actions to perform-they get most of this perceptual info through motor movements of their eyes, arms, hands, and legs (according to how slippery, rigid, or sloped a surface is, they'll adjust their crawling/walking) -Changes in size, weight, muscular strength, and body fat from infancy to toddlerhood present perceptual-motor challenges as they practice various actions

Physical Education vs. Physical Activity:

-Physical Education: instructional programs provided in safe, supportive environments that teach sequential, developmentally appropriate knowledge, skills, and the confidence necessary for students to establish and maintain active lifestyles. PE teachers instruct students in skills, give students feedback to improve their skills, and evaluate their knowledge, motor skills, and social skills. PE should be provided daily in schools whenever possible. -Physical Activity: any kind of body movement, which can include sports, fitness, and recreational activities, as well as daily life activities, such as walking to and from school and other places. Students should engage in PA several times during each day. PA is supportive of learning. Schools can provide other opportunities to incorporate PA throughout every school day.

What are some cues for offense in a pick and roll? (3)

-Pick: set a pick on an opponent defending a teammate -Roll: roll off the screen to the basket, look at the ball-handler, prepare to pass -Shoot and follow: if open, shoot and follow the shot to the basket. If not open, reset

How does positive and negative feedback help students with motor skills?

-Positive feedback supports the transfer of motor skills to permanent, long-term memory, helping students remember all aspects of their performance -Negative feedback is corrective and motivational

What are some benchmarks for student self-monitoring by grade group?

-Pre-K/K: setting weekly goals to be active during recess -1-2: using activity calendars or planning activities with family outside of school -3-5: using technology to set personal fitness goals and self-monitor activity (using logs, journals, stopwatches, pedometers, etc.) -6-8: using online tracking, heart-rate monitors, pedometers, etc. to self-monitor activity and create activity plans incorporating self-management skills, environment, social interaction, and personal preferences -9-12: using technology to self-monitor and develop personalized activity plans to help with deficits

How effective PE supports the psychomotor, cognitive, and affective domains developmentally:

-Psychomotor: enhances student movement skills for participating in activities; gives skills for applying cultural and intellectual pursuits to use leisure time, and skills for preserving the natural environment -Cognitive: supports higher-order thinking processes through motor activity, enhances academic performance, provides understanding of the human body and knowledge of health and illness and of exercise, enhances understanding of the roles of sports and activity in culture, and supports knowledgeable consumerism with goods and services -Affective: supports a healthy response to physical activity, adds to student appreciation of beauty, contributes to student self-esteem, helps students direct their lives for setting worthwhile goals, reinforces humanistic values, informs cooperative play and social interactions, teaches fair play, good sportsmanship, and courtesy.

How are the psychomotor, affective, and cognitive domains in PE related? (And also what are they?)

-Psychomotor: performance component whereby students acquire physical skills through environmental exploration (the essence of PE is developing competence in motor skill abilities). -Cognitive: knowledge component whereby students think and relate their experiences to learning (students are enabled to become more efficient at moving and at learning through moving through understanding the principles and concepts of movement). -Affective: personal, emotional, and social component whereby students interact with other people, developing a sense of self and others (students develop acceptable personal and social behaviors in PE contexts, behaving responsibly as individuals and group members to afford productive learning environments). *When students understand why their bodies function as they do through the cognitive domain, they begin to acquire skill competencies through the psychomotor domain, and learn to associate physical activity with positive feelings through the affective domain.

How can PE teachers promote student responsibility and social skills, and create productive learning environments?

-Purposefully design activities that help students develop social skills for cooperation, collaboration, competition, and sportsmanship rather than leaving these only for "teachable moments" -Use strategies such as: peer teaching, group work, letting students choose equipment, & involving students in making rules -Include culturally diverse activities -Challenge students of all levels

What are some examples of manipulative/object control skills?

-Pushing/pulling -Lifting -Swinging -Dribbling -Striking -Throwing/catching -Kicking -Volleying

List some examples of effective rules used for classroom management:

-RESPECT (Yourself by working hard; Others by encouraging; Equipment by using it for intended purposes). -Follow directions; Actively listen; Respect others; Keep your hands and feet to yourself -Be a good listener; Always follow directions; Treat others with respect; Use equipment correctly; Always try your best -Safety; Use good manners; Respect; Have fun -Stop, look, and listen when the whistle blows; Demonstrate good sportsmanship; Be responsible for gym equipment -Know when to talk; participate for the whole activity -Always try your best; Help others instead of laughing -Freeze up; Move under control; Get equipment politely, carefully, and one at a time; ask "What am I looking for?" -Be nice to each other and try your hardest -Hands off -Be prepared for PE class -Pay attention -"ABCD": Act safely; Be prepared and positive; Cooperate; Do your best -Motto: "Have Fun-Work Hard-Learn" -"PEACE": Protect equipment; Enter/Exit quietly; Attention; Cooperation; Esteem -EYES watching, EARS listening, MOUTH quiet, HANDS to yourself, BRAIN thinking, RESPECT others, USE equipment correctly, and SAFETY-Stop, Look, and Listen *Make sure and review rules often, even having students explain them and test over them *Idea: write rules on a stairway drawing. Basement= "below-the-line" behavior; Step 1=self-control; Step 2=participation; Step 3=self-directed learning; Step 4=kind and caring (discuss levels for first 2 weeks, have students self-assess behavior quarterly and send these to parents) -Motto: "Win without boasting, lose without blaming" *Idea: students high-five before leaving

Parts and functions of the respiratory, skeletal, and urinary systems:

-Respiratory: (lungs, bronchi, diaphragm, trachea, larynx, and pharynx) enables us to breathe; performs gas exchanges by taking in, warming, and moistening environmental air, delivering oxygen, and expelling carbon dioxide. -Skeletal: (bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments) protects the organs, structurally supports the body, collaborates with the muscles in body movement, stores calcium in the bones, and produces red blood cells in bone marrow. -Urinary: (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra) regulates balances of fluids, electrolytes, and pH; removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and regulates blood volume and blood pressure.

Identify an organization, a publication, and an online newsletter related to using technology in PE:

-SHAPE (Society of Health and Physical Educators): nonprofit and largest prof organization devoted to PE, sports, school health, dance, physical activity, and healthy active lifestyles. Its mission is to offer coordinated, comprehensive programs, resources, and support to improve teacher skills to further professional practice and research. -SHAPE America's largest periodical is the JOPERD (Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance): articles cover a broad range of topics -PELINKS4U: a weekly online newsletter that focuses on the use of technology in PE

What are some reasons people practice martial arts? (5)

-Self-defense -Competitions -Entertainment -Physical fitness -Physical, mental, and spiritual development

What manipulative skills does volleyball involve?

-Serving the ball using the fist -Spiking the ball from above with the palms of the hands -Hitting the ball from below with the fists

What is the mature overhand throwing pattern sequence concerning the arm?

-Shoulder and upper arm lead -Forearm, wrist, and ball follow

Discuss some research about student motivation.

-Situational interest can help motivate students to become engaged in the process of learning -Teachers can change/arrange task presentation, structuring of learning experiences, and instructional strategies to enhance situational interest -Student interest has a great influence on student learning behavior, along with intentions for future participation -Teachers still lack clarity in understanding the roles they can play in helping stimulate and develop student interest

How do different body systems interact to produce movement in physical activity?

-Skeletal system gives our bodies their structural framework. Bones interact with muscles to allow our body parts to move when the muscles contract. The skull protects the brain, which regulates all body functions including movement. -The vertebrae protect the spinal cord in general and during movement. -The joints where bones meet contain sensory receptors that send info about the body's position to the brain. -The brain controls the contractions of the muscles to regulate the positions of the bones. -The brain interacts with the cardiovascular system to regulate the heart rate and blood pressure, increasing these during physical activity. -Baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system send the brain blood pressure info. -Receptors in the muscles send the brain body position and movement info. -The brain interacts with the respiratory system, controlling breathing rates and monitoring respiratory volume and blood gas levels. -The respiratory system provides oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from blood during breathing, whose rate increases during exercise. -The integumentary system's skin receptors send temperature and other sensation info to the brain. -The autonomic nervous system controls sweat gland secretions and peripheral blood flow during exercise.

List some activities in which energy production is primarily derived from the aerobic energy system:

-Soccer -Distance running or even the one mile run

What are some situations in which students would need less or no feedback?

-Some tasks inherently provide environmental feedback (seeing a basketball go through the hoop) -Watching a demonstration can enable students see easily how to do it correctly -Feedback amount is directly associated with student learning level (simple skills or student experience can mean no feedback is needed)

What is congruent feedback?

-Specific feedback that matches the cues that the PE teacher has given students in advance of their practicing a skill. -Ex: if the teacher used "follow through" as a cue, instead of saying "good job," which is too general, the teacher says "good job following through" -match the feedback's wording to the cue (making feedback congruent with the cue)

What are some rotation activities for young children? (Ways for young children to develop rotational skills)

-Spinning in both directions, eyes closed -Standing, bending, looking between legs -Touching hands and head to the floor -Waving to friends -Throwing beanbags into hoops through legs -Spinning inside a chalk circle -Rolling on the floor with arms above the head -Lying stomach down on slowly rotating office chairs -Sausage rolls: roll children up in blankets and then unroll -Wheelbarrows (vestibular stimulation) -Lying stomach-down on exercise balls -Spinning on scooter boards using arms -Twirling to music while holding scarves

Benefits of educational collaboration for students and teachers:

-Students benefit from the shared ownership of responsibility for student learning and vision of all educational team members -Teachers share increased awareness and knowledge of each student's needs, and of current intervention methods and teaching strategies; have greater opportunities for mutual contact to monitor and modify student programs, and for ongoing open communication lines -All educators aim for common goals, and all students are instructed in the same core competencies irrespective of their individual teachers providing consistency and coordination across classrooms and grades

How can positive relationships influence activity and motivation for activity?

-Students perceiving peer acceptance experienced higher physical self-worth, which increases positive affect. -Positive affect promotes activity, which results in quality experiences. -Peer relationships and health behavior influence each other. -Individuals identifying only as athletes risk more adjustment problems when undergoing injuries or leaving the sport. -Peer relationships influence identity formation.

What are some teaching methods that promote psychomotor learning?

-Task/reciprocal method: use stations to integrate student learning of specific tasks into the learning setup -Command/direct method: teacher-centered task instruction is used-give students clear explanations of the learning goals, explain skills to be learned, and demonstrate these skills for students; monitor students as they practice -Contingency/contract method: teachers offer specified rewards to students contingent upon their completing the indicated tasks (increases probability of students repeating tasks by rewarding behaviors)

Define the first 3 letters in the acronym TARGET (a model for promoting student motivation in PE):

-Task: give several activities with varying difficulty levels, and adjust skills and activities to be developmentally appropriate (catch the beanbag with your preferred hand first, now your non dominant hand, and now both). -Authority: allow students to have some of the responsibility for their choices of activities (choose your favorite upper-body exercise and perform it while the music plays). -Recognition: recognize the process rather than the product, focusing on self-improvement rather than outcomes, and help students focus on self-improvement by establishing an environment that eliminates peer performance comparisons and by delivering positive feedback.

Who benefits most from interdisciplinary collaboration?

-Teachers: new ideas assist to reach students in new ways -Students: being exposed to content in a context is meaningful

What are some things PE teachers should reflect on?

-Teaching methods -How they organize learning environments -Student response to their teaching -Results of their instruction -Their own perspectives and biases -Environmental, physical, cognitive, emotional, and social variables that influence the performance of their students, along with their motivations and needs -Compare the kinds of instruction their students require with the teachers' expertise and knowledge, and determine if there are gaps between the two

What is health literacy? (4)

-To have critical thinking and problem-solving skills -To be a self-directed learner -To communicate effectively -To be a productive and responsible citizen

How can PE teachers meet diverse student needs ?

-Use visual demonstrations and graphics of movements -Include spoken and sound cues and directions (for students with visual impairments or auditory learning styles) -Give kinesthetic directions and descriptions (for students with haptic learning styles) -Give instructions to read and have students write breakdowns/analyses of skills (for students who have strong reading-writing orientations) -Use task analyses, whole-to-part instructions (teach whole method then practice it in parts), and cue words -Use metaphors and analogies (compare golf putting to an elephant's trunk swinging)

List the fundamental locomotor movements:

-Walking (9-17 months, mature by 4-7 years) -Running: differs from walking b/c of the brief flight phase during each step (~2 years old) -Jumping -Hopping (takeoff and landing on same foot) -Sliding and Galloping (combine the step and the leap, with the same foot always leading in the direction of movement-slide = sideward; gallop = forward/backward) -Leaping (transfer weight from one foot to the other, and the loss of contact with the surface is sustained, so it's higher and longer than a run) -Skipping (2 movement patterns together-step and hop with alternating leading foot)

Give a few examples of task cards that PE teachers can use to communicate instructions to students.

-Yoga for Kids -Brain Breaks (creative movement, exercises, and active games to enhance student learning, refocus student attention after transitions, help break the ice, build classroom motivation/eye-hand coordination/creativity/cooperation, provide indoor activities in bad weather, and help teachers with students who finish assignments early)

Discuss some maturational considerations for PE teachers in assigning physical activities to middle and high school students.

-You can allow both genders to participate together without body contact that require agility and lower-body strength (running, frisbee, capture the flag) -Base your team assignments for activities that require more upper-body strength on individual skill level -Evenly match sports teams based on maturation and skills

Softball rules

-a minimum of 7 players must be present to play a game -a player cannot sit out more than one inning at a time -all players must bat -catchers are required to wear protective equipment when catching (helmet, mask, throat protector, chest protector, and shin guards) -all batters must wear batting helmets and running shoes (no cleats) -both of the batter's feet must be inside the batter's box (on either side of home plate)

Important considerations for administrators of the FITNESSGRAM to students:

-admin must know current regulations and assure personnel comply -admin ensures all staff members are trained correctly in test admin -specialized training is necessary for test admin -educators establish a safe and dignified environment

Guidelines for assessing students with disabilities:

-administer assessments without racial/cultural discrimination -assess students in all areas where disabilities are suspected -combine results from norm or criterion-referenced tests with observational assessments -don't only measure disability! Measure ability and describe student strengths and needs. -give students with verbal learning disabilities visual demonstrations and cues

Freestyle/front crawl swimming technique

-arms move continuously and alternately (while one arm pulls underwater from an extended forward position toward the hip, the other arm recovers above water from the hip to the forward extended position) -legs do quick, compact alternate up and down movements with the feet pointed (flutter kick) -to breathe, the swimmer turns his head sideways during the arm recovery, until the mouth is above the water surface; the swimmer inhales quickly, then turns his head down again

How PE teachers can teach students to apply biomechanics principles to activities to make their movements safer and more effective:

-as a result of applying biomechanics principles, students learn to produce and control force in ways that make their movements safer and more effective -instruct students in applying the concept of FORCE relative to how objects move in space (objectives: calculating and showing how the movements of projectiles are affected by the application of force; explaining and demonstrating how absorbing force increases their control over objects in sports activities like collecting a soccer ball, bunting a softball, or catching a football; explaining and demonstrating how efficient movement reduces the likelihood of injuries during various sport activities like kicking the soccer ball using the instep rather than the toes) -for BALANCE, instruct students in analyzing the concept of balance during complex movement patterns (objective could be for students to explore how their COG affects their balance and performance during various movement activities)

How can PE teachers help students in a nonphysical conflict work through the situation?

-assist the students in using "I" messages so they can work through the situation themselves -this reinforces the need to become personally and socially responsible when working through conflicts and can free the teacher's time

Identify several practices that PE teachers should put into place to limit student injury chance and avoid legal situations:

-basic safety rules in sports (ex: softball-call for fly balls, etc.) -check slip-resistant surfaces for wear -inspect facilities monthly and report any maintenance issues to the school -use applicable safety equipment for each activity -prevent non-participating students from getting in harm's way -follow doctor instructions for any relevant students -review safety rules with students before every new activity -never punish students with strenuous exercise -confer with school nurses regarding any student medical conditions -avoid student physical contact -give proper advance instruction -state safety instructions imply -give proper instruction for equipment setup, use, and takedown (&use equipment for its intended use) -space students to mitigate problems -give injured students appropriate help -get trained/certified in first aid -include first aid procedures in class objectives and display them school-wide -know of pre-existing student conditions -write detailed reports of any incidents including prevention measures -get written parental consent for transportation outside of school -supervise students between classes -teach only basic vaulting/tumbling skills in PE and include spotters -never use trampolines -continually and actively supervise throughout activities -ascertain whether students are safely and properly executing activities -encourage peer supervision in addition to teacher supervision

What is tagging up in softball?

-basically it's when a runner runs off their base while the ball is in the air, sees that the ball is caught by a fielder, then runs back to the base they were on and runs to the next base (-when a fielder catches a fly ball, a runner cannot leave the base until after the ball hits the fielder's glove -if they leave the base too early, they have to go back and touch the base before they can run to the next base -if the ball gets to the base before they return to tag up, they're out)

What is the relationship of calories ingested to calories expended?

-because energy produces heat, we describe "burning" calories -foods have calories (potential energy) -when we digest food, build and repair body cells, engage in PA, and use our brains, we expend energy (or "burn" calories) -when people ingest more calories than they expend, surplus calories not used get stored as body fat (overeating results in extra fatty tissue and weight gain) -when one expends more calories than one eats, initially the body burns fat for fuel, resulting in weight loss. When no extra fat exists, the body metabolizes muscle for protein and energy, causing muscle wasting. Additional energy expense without sufficient food causes weight loss, emaciation, and ultimately starvation

Give some safety considerations related to physical activity in extreme environments about which PE teachers can instruct high school students in:

-begin by designing lessons and instructing students about extreme environments and physical hazards associated with them -ex: swimming in the ocean vs. swimming in the pool-waves/undertows/riptides -ex: in the mountains, high altitudes supply less oxygen, making negative impacts on one's breathing ability during exertion; at higher altitudes the sun can be very hot during the day and temperatures can plummet to freezing at night -ex: in deserts, high daytime temperatures and lack of water are hazards -students can meet learning standards by selecting and researching conditions and risks of specific environments and write research reports about how these would affect physical activity and how to prepare

What are some examples of non-locomotor skills?

-bending -twisting -curling -swaying

Identify various individual, group, and club physical activities that students can do before/after school:

-bicycling (biking.com) -bowling -competitive cheer -orienteering -canoeing -dance -gymnastics -in-line skating

List the fundamental stability movements:

-body rolling (though it is locomotor, it requires a lot of balance control) -dodging -one-foot balance -beam walking -inverted supports (headstands/handstands)

Give some important characteristics of authentic assessments:

-can be individualized -indicate more about what a student knows and can do in conditions and situations more akin to real life -focus more on how a student applies ability and knowledge -can reveal more about a student's unique qualities than standardized tests can

Give some important characteristics of standardized assessments:

-can provide a comparison of the learning a student demonstrates to a national/state average by providing norms (average scores of samples of students that represent an average of the national/state student population) -can show in what position a student ranks among other students in the country/state -IQ tests can show student ability compared to average, high-end, and low-end scores; along with relative student strengths and weaknesses in various areas

General tennis rules:

-cannot hit the ball twice -must return the ball before it bounces twice -if the ball hits or touches the players, that counts as a penalty -if the racket leaves the hand, it's a penalty -if a ball bounces on the boundary lines it's good -a serve must bounce first before the receiving player can return it

Health risks associated with physical inactivity:

-cardiovascular disease -hypertension (high blood pressure) -depression and anxiety -higher risks for certain cancers -early death -obesity -type 2 diabetes -strokes -mental/emotional disorders -poorer quality of life

Neurologically, what does acquiring skilled movements do?

-causes neural circuits in the motor cortex to be reorganized to support producing and refining skilled movement sequences

Neurologically, what does strength training do?

-changes activation of spinal motor neurons -generates new synapses in the spinal cord, but doesn't change motor map organization

How substance abuse can affect students' general behavior:

-changes from their typical behavior to the opposite -lower the user's inhibitions temporarily (esp. alcohol, cocaine, and Prozac) -students who want to be extroverted can abuse such drugs which can lead to addiction -withdrawal is a common symptom of many addictions-teens lose interest in their usual activities, avoid interacting with friends, and isolate themselves

What influences student activity in regards to teacher availability, etc.?

-class sizes and student-teacher ratios (also improve student safety) -more teachers teaching only PE -material and curricular resources (standards-based PE curricula augment students' physical activity) -safe, appropriate, well-maintained, appealing facilities and environments -having enough equipment in good condition

In learning control over a new postural system, what is the first step, what does it enable, and what are some characteristics of movements initiated by this first step?

-co-contraction of large muscle groups -enables focusing attention on the movement's goal-directed aspects by freeing more resources -movements initiated by co-contraction are energy-inefficient and jerky

How can PE teachers help students develop better spatial awareness and coordination? How can skills be taught in steps?

-concentrate on activities that require vision, hearing, and/or touch; are sequential in nature; and that children enjoy -discuss specific steps for performing fundamental skills (running, hitting/catching a ball, dribbling a basketball, making a basket, and setting a volleyball can all be broken down into incremental steps and taught one at a time) -first introduce a skill to students; have them practice using a variety of equipment and in a variety of settings; modify games to incorporate these skills; then after enough practice, give students the opportunity to use the skills in real games

How do PE teachers identify instructional goals and objectives, develop programs to teach identified skills, and implement instruction appropriately to student developmental and ability levels?

-designing: sequence units according to the progressive nature of student motor skill acquisition, identify suitable contexts in which to teach skills, respond to emerging developmental changes -implementing: demonstrate concepts, pace progressions, apply teaching strategies, observe/analyze/assess student progress, give timely & positive feedback

Benefits of APE to students with special needs:

-developing functional, developmentally appropriate motor skills in young children that allows them to participate with non-disabled peers -promoting an active lifestyle -improving self-image and self-esteem -gaining skills that increase mobility, physical independence, self-help, self-sufficiency, and independent living -reducing health-related complications

What does SHAPE America do?

-develops the national standards and guidelines for PE -offers extensive PD opportunities -offers resources (such as National Standards & Grade-Level Outcomes for K-12 PE and peer-reviewed journals) -to help teachers become leaders in their classrooms, institutions, and communities -defines the essential components of PE

Volleyball court dimensions and net height

-dimensions: 9 meters x 18 meters -net height men: 2.43m (7', 11-5/8") -net height women: 2.24m (7', 4-1/8")

Current opportunities for athletes and others with disabilities to participate in sports:

-disability-specific and sport-specific world championships -Parapan American Games featuring multiple sports -Olympic Games -Commonwealth Games -mainstream competitions where athletes with disabilities compete against non-disabled athletes -Special Olympics: year-round opportunities for training and competition for people with intellectual disabilities -Paralympic Games: intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, amputations, visual impairments, etc. -Deaflympics

What is considered a foul in softball?

-down the first and third base line is a foul area -once the ball crosses this line before it bounces the ball is deemed "dead" and play restarts with a new pitch

How technology can enhance sports skills through video analysis:

-download apps to teach students sports skills, analyze their use of skills, and enable students to analyze their own sports skills performance -Ex: Coach's Eye, iCoachview, etc. -you can use these apps then use Dropbox to give students feedback on a laptop -record videos of games and show these to students later providing constructive feedback, etc. -gives immediate feedback -students can record each other -students can self-identify strategies, tactics, and areas of improvement -students love this, which creates positive learning environments and increased motivation

Substitutions in soccer:

-each team can name up to 7 subs -subs can be made at any time of the match with each team being able to make a max of 3 subs per side

Using technology for communication:

-email/text parents for student progress reports, performance, behavior notes, reminders, etc. -text/email students to remind them of practice or assignment deadlines -athletes can text teachers for instructions, advice, etc. -use weekly/monthly emails to inform parents of progress, news, accomplishments, etc. -teachers can join professional organizations and network with other PE teachers online -students can also network online and share sports interests, info, stats, etc.

Give several strategies for effective classroom behavior management.

-get to know each student and develop rapport (learn a unique fact and greet each student by name daily) -establish all class routines and procedures and be consistent -develop a set of written expectations (no more than 5, focus on the positive), post copies around room, and enforce consistently -prepare gym equipment in advance -post agenda for students to see and hold them accountable for checking agenda and initiating activities -use "high activity roll call taking strategies" -make use of transitions by assigning time limits -use cooperative learning methods and peer assessment instead of direct instruction -assign management and leadership roles -hold students accountable for their own behavior through positive reinforcement for desired behaviors and consequences for undesired ones -define formal rewards and consequences in advance and enforce them consistently -when disciplining, talk to students as if their parents are standing directly behind them -play current music -give clear expectations -model everything I expect -set up a system to call on students in an equitable manner (ensure each student has a chance to respond) -enlist parents as allies by calling them early in the school year and staying in communication (talk about positive behaviors, use specific and objective language focusing on behavior) -have a strong instructional plan: prepare for each lesson (the more students are engaged, the less they will misbehave) -privately and quietly discipline students -consider individual differences and needs when creating groups (divide class into high, middle, and low achievers and place one from each level into each group) -pair ELLs and SpEd students with supportive buddies -begin and end on time; teach from bell to bell

Things students in grades 7-8 should be able to understand and demonstrate:

-give partners and groups constructive feedback -solve more complex problems with larger groups in simple movement challenges -describe body movements using more advanced terminology -show an understanding of body part relationships in performing more complex skills -identify major skills involved in more complex gymnastics, dance, sports, etc. -recognize similarities in the use of space in tactics, dance, gymnastics, etc. -perform more complex movement sequences like low/high ropes exercises -keep time to music while performing steps and patterns in a variety of dance styles -adjust movements with partners or groups to a beat -combine speed, force, directions, levels, and pathways in a dance routine, a sport tactic (dribbling against a defender), or etc. -demonstrate mature form in various basic skills; adjust skills to more complex situations (throwing and hitting to different locations) -assess personal performance on Fitnessgram, etc. -monitor heart and respiratory rate, perceived exertion, recovery rate during and following activity -understand basic FITT principles -play by rules, show appropriate sports conduct, officiate small-group games, appropriately assume leader-follower roles, cooperate with others, show appreciation for appropriate feedback, interact with others from diverse backgrounds

Give an example of a self-assessment that can be given to K-2 students:

-give students a log form to complete for self-assessing regular physical fitness activities: -left-hand column lists fitness categories with easy-to-understand self-statements: Cardiovascular endurance, "I have a strong heart"; Muscular strength, "I have strong muscles"; Muscular endurance, "I can do movements over and over again"; Flexibility, "I can stretch" -right-hand column is blank: students make drawings or cut out and paste pictures showing which activities they do for each category

What are some things to consider when having students assess their peers?

-give students clear instructions first -students can use rubrics, rating scales, or checklists to obtain the criteria to judge -teach the observational process to students to be able to make effective assessments

How physical activity can prevent injury and inactivity can contribute to it:

-half of all hip fractures could be prevented by engaging regularly in activity -activity that bears weight strengthens bones and prevents them from becoming porous, brittle, and more prone to breaking -activity improves coordination, balance, and flexibility (which can lower a person's likelihood of falling) -people who are physically inactive in general sustain more accidents and injuries than those who are physically active -children who are physically inactive risk higher stress, anxiety, and lower self-esteem and are likelier to smoke and take drugs -sedentary workers are absent from work more than active ones

What are some cues to look for in basketball dribbling technique?

-head up -use finger pads -dribble below waist -switch hands

Different ways to put the soccer ball back into play based on how it goes out:

-if it goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it's given as a throw in -if it goes out off an attacking player on the base line then it's a goal kick -if it comes off a defending player it's a corner kick

How do you get an out in softball?

-if the ball is caught by a fielder without the ball bouncing (even if it's in foul territory) -if the batter misses the ball 3 times (strikes) -if a runner is tagged by a fielder holding the ball while running between bases/while off a base -if the fielding team tags the base before the runner reaches it -if a runner is hit by a batted ball while off a base -if a runner runs past a base runner that's ahead of them

Progress through the hierarchy of neural systems that control the body's motor movements:

-in the highest level of the motor control hierarchy, command neurons formulate the intention to move the body and its parts (parts including motivation, emotions, and memory) -this message is sent to the hierarchy's middle level in the cerebral cortex's sensorimotor cortex, subcortical nuclei's basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem -the highly interconnected structures in this level determine postures and movements needed to perform an action -midlevel neurons additionally receive input from receptors in the eyes, vestibular system, skin, joints, and muscles regarding current surroundings and body posture -the middle level uses this complex of data to produce a motor program, which defines the information necessary for performing the activity -it sends this program info along descending pathways, originating in the sensorimotor cortex and brainstem, to the lowest hierarchy level, the motor neurons and interneurons -these determine joint angles and degrees of muscle tension -continuous monitoring and updating of movements allow for unexpected events -initial motor programs generate rapid, crude execution of movements -repeating a movement allows the middle level to supply more accurate info, requiring fewer corrections and enabling learning

How substance abuse affects student overall health:

-injuries from auto accidents caused by DUI -death from overdosing -permanent health damage if not death from overdosing (loss of teeth, skin/liver/lungs/heart/kidney damage) -destruction of the blood supply to the joints from long-term abuse of alcohol or certain drugs -higher risk from dying from other accidents in addition to auto accidents (illnesses, homicides, suicides) -HIV/AIDS transmission through sharing needles for drug injections -impaired impulse control and judgment, leading to engaging in risky behaviors exposing them to unprotected sex, leading to contracting HIV/AIDS -transmission of HIV/AIDS to infants from drug-abusing teenage mothers during pregnancy/birth

How a PE teacher can collaborate with school colleagues and admin for student success:

-integrating PE with other fields (ex: ELA-plan a literature and sport unit wherein students read a book, watch a movie adaptation, analyze the characters' psychology, study the sport/skills in the movie, etc.) -this gives students more interconnected, integrated, enriching, and motivating learning experiences -PE teachers can collaborate with their school principal to give students 15 minutes each morning to walk/run to improve student focus

What things should you consider when you engage in reflection?

-interdisciplinary opportunities -educational resources -interests and needs of students -my own strengths and weaknesses -my own teaching-related passions and interests -how I can contribute to and enhance my curricula

How substance abuse affects student interpersonal relationships:

-interpersonal relationships may be initially contributing factors to student substance abuse (peer pressure, partying, easing social interactions, shared interest, etc.) -when one student in a relationship abuses substances and the other does not, one may withdraw from the relationship -increasing conflict within personal relationships

What are some tips for using feedback?

-keep it simple but not simplistic (give students the most useful/important information, preventing overload) -student experience levels determine feedback amounts -program feedback should be simpler than parameter feedback and come earlier on in learning -summarizing and averaging feedback also help prevent information overload -solicited feedback is more beneficial than unsolicited feedback -give feedback about sources of pertinent internal feedback (direct them to focus on body parts, positions, etc.)

Several issues that are challenges to education in general:

-lack of adequate resources -lack of support from parents -overly large class sizes -teacher burnout -student discipline problems -violence and drug abuse by students

Why should teachers be cautious not to overuse feedback?

-less teacher feedback forces learners to attend more to internal feedback and problem solve more independently -overly frequent feedback can create student dependency on external feedback, preventing players from learning about relationships between their actions and outcomes

What does allowing students input on class rules and expectations do for them?

-lets them know they are capable of making decisions and teaches them to take responsibility and have ownership -makes them more likely to follow rules and meet expectations when they've had input in developing them

What is the difference between non-locomotor and locomotor skills?

-locomotor skills involve moving from one location to another using the legs and feet -non-locomotor skills involve little or no shifting of the base of support, and do not cause changes in position

How substance abuse affects student classroom performance:

-poor academic performance (US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admin-SAMHSA) -lapses in memory -impaired short-term memory and impairment in saving info to long-term memory -addiction causes students to value obtaining/using substances over school performance (leading to neglecting hw, skipping class, & falling behind) -school suspension/expulsion can be the outcome of this -some drugs trigger violent behavior, leading to disciplinary action (ex: Ritalin is prescribed for ADHD, and some teens abuse it for its euphoric side effects and can experience psychotic episodes and violent behavior) -other drugs that can cause violence and rebellion include alcohol, PCP, cocaine, etc.

Technology that enhances PD for PE teachers:

-professional organizations -advanced education and certification -local chapters in their communities -study specific subjects -networking -automated test scoring -videos of their own instruction

How state departments of education address family and cultural values in providing family life education:

-provide for parents who object to this content based on their cultural, religious, or moral beliefs by incorporating a policy that their children may be excused from those parts of the courses if parents furnish the schools with a signed statement that this content conflicts with their personal beliefs -schools will provide excused students with alternative instructional content that are in alignment with their state's PE core curriculum content standards

Skills students in grades 9-12 should be able to demonstrate successfully in PE:

-recognize personal strengths and weaknesses and develop strategies -give partners and groups critical, specific feedback to improve skills -describe body movements using advanced terminology -identify similar skills in different activities (volleyball spikes & tennis/badminton smashes) -apply space concepts applicably in varied activities (dance/gymnastics floor routines and tactics in sports games) -recognize similar uses of space among different advanced activities -apply balance skills in various activities like yoga, skiing, Tae Bo, and volleyball -demonstrate competency choosing and performing skills in several new activities (territorial team sports, wall and net sports, target sports, etc.) -choose, perform, and apply knowledge and skills proficiently in 2 different kinds of sports or activities -regularly participate in physical activities to attain and maintain physical activity goals -assess, refine, maintain comprehensive personal fitness plans -adjust activities according to knowledge of physiological effects -analyze characteristics of sports and activities -persevere to achieve higher performance levels -anticipate and correct potentially dangerous outcomes -evaluate competition by quality, not results -show self-discipline and self-direction -respect feedback and revise actions -develop leading and following skills -include diverse others and help others

Health benefits to participating in yoga:

-reduces stress -improves fitness -alleviates symptoms of chronic conditions

How can you communicate respectfully with irate parents?

-remain calm and respectful -don't allow out-of-control behavior -don't allow parents to "unload" when their kids are around -listen and acknowledge parent concerns -empower parents by inviting contributions -collaborate and problem solve -emphasize the welfare and progress of their child as equally important to you as it is to the parent (you are on the same side)

Rules for PE teachers when communicating with parents:

-send copies of class rules home to parents (or email) -include a cover letter with class rules, explaining their importance and asking parents to review the rules and ensure their children understand them -this way parents are informed of the rules in advance and can't deny knowledge

How can you communicate respectfully with colleagues?

-share expertise with less experienced teachers -learn from more experienced colleagues (invite advice to defuse superior attitudes)

What should a sport checklist include on it?

-student and teacher name -assessment period -typical skills to assess via checking yes or no with a column at the right for comments include: practice participation; positive attitude; skills in sport-specific techniques (with lines for teacher to list these); healthy competitive and aggressive levels; equipment use skills

How can regular PE activities be adapted for students with disabilities?

-students without disabilities can participate in APE -teachers can provide individualized instruction within group settings -students with disabilities can practice and demonstrate functional fitness through alternative means-ex: a non-ambulatory student can demonstrate upper body strength for throwing a basketball at an eight-foot high basket

What are some common areas of negligence in PE? (5)

-supervision -instruction -classroom environments -first aid emergencies -transportation

What are some examples of gross motor skills?

-swinging a baseball bat, tennis racket, jump rope, golf club, etc.

Backstroke swimming technique:

-swum in a horizontal position on the back -the body rolls from side to side toward the arm currently pulling underwater -the head stays in a neutral position, face turned up -the arms alternate pulling in the water and recovering above water -the pulling arm sweeps underwater from an extended forward position to outside the shoulder then toward the hip -the arm recovery occurs with a straight arm above water; the hand traces half a circle in the air, moving from the hip to pointing upward at the ceiling to being extended forward again -the legs do a flutter kick, where they alternate kicking up and down in quick, compact movements with the feet pointed -because the face is turned upward, breathing is not restricted, however most backstroke swimmers synchronize their breathing with their arm movements

Butterfly swimming technique:

-swum in a prone position -wave-like undulation, where the chest and hips take turns in moving up and down in the water -the undulation is initiated by the head, and the chest, hips, and legs successively follow along -arm stroke is symmetrical: the hands trace an hourglass pattern underwater, moving from an extended forward position to below the chest and then toward the hips -the hands leave the water at the hips, and the arms circle forward sideways above the water until they are extended forward again -legs do a dolphin kick: kept together and move up and down in a symmetrical fashion with feet pointed -breathing occurs during the arm recovery of a breathing stroke cycle: the head and chest are lifted above the water to permit breathing -most swimmers alternate between breathing stroke cycles with non-breathing stroke cycles, as breathing stroke cycles require more energy to lift the upper body above the water surface

What are some characteristics of assertive communication?

-taking responsibility for one's feelings by using "I" statements -focus on the problem -recognize that there is someone else in the conversation and acknowledge their concerns without taking responsibility for their actions -think and talk positively about yourself and avoid qualifying statements (a statement containing extra detail or explanation which weakens the statement) and tag questions (a question converted from a statement like "it's nice out, isn't it?"), which can weaken your position

Contrast teaching that sacrifices quality for quantity with teaching that emphasizes technique and maintains motivation:

-teaching that requires specific numbers of trials within a time limit causes students to sacrifice quality of movement for completing required quantities -giving students certain durations for practice without specifying trial numbers allows them to focus on correct form -practice duration should be long enough to develop skill, but short enough to sustain concentrated attention, preserve enthusiasm and motivation -let students experiment while learning -give students positive feedback when describing what they did right technically (instead of stressing produce-like emphasizing correct basketball shooting technique over making the basket)

Guidelines for determining a student's eligibility for APE:

-testing

The roles of the cardiopulmonary system in exercise:

-the heart's right side receives blood from the veins -when the heart muscle contracts, it pumps blood from its high ventricle, through the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs -this blood acquires fresh oxygen in the lungs from atmospheric air the individual has inhaled, and releases carbon dioxide into pulmonary capillaries -exhaling expels this CO2 -the freshly oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins, to the heart's left atrium, to the left ventricle -when the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood through the aorta, the largest artery, to the entire body -the left and right ventricles contract at the same time, so the cardiopulmonary system functions in a perpetual cycle -oxygen consumption directly affects cardiorespiratory fitness: heart and lung function determine O2 transportation to body tissues -the volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute is pulmonary ventilation, which typically increases when exercising -the differential between oxygen inhaled and exhaled is the measure of oxygen consumption -its maximum, VO2max, equals maximal aerobic capacity, frequently regarded as indicating cardiorespiratory fitness -it defines the cardiovascular system's greatest ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles, and how quickly the body can produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to supply energy to muscles

How can students develop perceived physical competence? What can teachers do to improve their perceived physical competence?

-they must have chances to learn and practice (reduce off-task behavior by changing the activities assigned) -stress personal improvement: have students determine their fitness/skill baselines and set personal goals to improve -group students rapidly: quickly group students to prevent comparisons -ask students their permission in advance to demonstrate skills -give students positive, specific instructional feedback

How can a teacher help high school students attend to the feedback they get from their own proprioception and from other students; and analyze this feedback and apply it to improve their performance of complex movements?

-use individual and dual activities -Ex: assign students to pairs-Partner A executes a golf swing and Partner B gives feedback; A analyzes both B's feedback and their own proprioceptive feedback; partners together figure out what A must do to improve their performance; A writes down analysis; switch -Ex: offer students a choice of movement skills and have them research their skill's technique and develop learning cues for practicing it; students then decide which kind of practice is best for the skill, and then write/implement their own plans for practice

Some ways that students can record their own progress using self-assessment in PE:

-writing in a journal -keeping notes in a notebook -recording information on index cards

What are some benefits of self-reflection in teaching?

-you realize your own perspectives and biases relative to your students -you realize factors that affect student learning -you gain insights into student motivations and needs and apply this to help kids learn -self-reflection helps teachers comprehend information like demographics, class dynamics, and student abilities/needs -by assessing each aspect of each class, you can better prepare lessons that are culturally sensitive, relevant/ meaningful to students, and connected to outcomes for students

General pickle ball information

-you use a durable whiffle ball -doubles or singles -ball is served diagonally starting with the right-hand service-square (underhand with the paddle below the waist; keep both feet behind the back line while serving; hit the ball into the air without being bounced) -points can only be scored by the side that serves -Double/Two Bounce Rule: the team receiving the serve must let the ball bounce and the serving team must let the return of the serve bounce before beginning a volley -there is a 7 foot no volley zone on each side of the net to prevent spiking -the server continues to serve, alternating service courts, until they fault, then the serve moves to the other team (Side Out), but if you're playing doubles then you get 2 faults so both players get to serve before the serve goes to the other team -players switch sides of the court only after scoring in doubles -the first side scoring 11 points and leading by at least 2 points wins

3 principles that inform high-quality, appropriate assessments:

1. Assessments should be informed by local, state, and national guidelines/standards so their results can be used for establishing appropriate instructional objectives 2. Teachers should choose and apply assessment measures that are suitable for ascertaining what kind of progress their students are making toward fulfilling the instructional objectives they've designated 3. Teachers should develop evaluation plans that reflect whether and to what extent instructional objectives have been accomplished -grades shouldn't be the only results of evaluation plans: assessing whether learning goals/objectives have been met is equally as important

6 basic skills in volleyball:

1. Block: defensive play by one ore more front-row players meant to intercept a spiked ball 2. Defense: using the skills of digging (forearm pass from a low ready position) and sprawling (attempted dig for a ball farther away from the defender-looks like a dive) to receive the opponent's attack 3. Hit: to jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot 4. Pass (bump): receiving a swerve or the first contact of the ball with the intent to control the ball to another player 5. Serve: used to put the ball into play; only skill controlled exclusively by one player 6. Set: ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it into the opponents court; can be different heights and locations

PE competencies for grades 1-2:

1. Body awareness: demonstrate body movements (flexion, extension, rotation) and shapes; walk, run, skip, slide; stop at boundaries with control; quickly, safely change direction without falling; throw underhand, roll, and dribble a ball; identify locomotor skills. 2. Space concepts: demonstrate directions, pathways, levels, and ranges during activities; perform locomotor skills while changing these; apply them in simple activities or game. 3. Movement quality: understand and apply energy and force, time, flow, balance concepts to psychomotor skills (starting and stopping without falling); bending knees to lower COG; showing understanding of hard and soft, tense and relaxed force variations; controlling personal force (in tagging & striking); demonstrating fast and slow movement; moving to simple beats and rhythms; following simple, teacher-led rhythmic movements; combining jumping and turning, bouncing and catching; showing smooth transitions between dance or rhythmic movements. 4. Health-related fitness elements: begin identifying physiological exercise effects like faster breathing and heart rate; define the 4 HRFC in their own words; movement-related problem-solving skills; awareness of personal responsibility for individual wellness, self-confidence, and success; safe behavior for self and others; appropriate social interactions

Three stages of motor learning:

1. Cognitive: learners understand the goal and nature of the activity, and make first attempts, including major errors. 2. Associative: learners practice to master skill timing; errors are more consistent and less numerous. 3. Autonomous: learner movements seem effortless and are well coordinated; errors are minimal; performance automaticity enables learners to redirect attention to other skill aspects

What two types of validity does construct validity include and what are they?

1. Convergent validity: shows constructs expected to be related are related 2. Divergent validity: shows constructs expected to be unrelated are unrelated *A study or instrument with both has high construct validity.

What are the steps that should come before walking for babies?

1. Crawling: in a prone position and using a homolateral pattern (limbs on the same side move), the infant may reach for an object in front of her, raising her head and chest off the floor; on coming back down, the outstretched arms pull her back toward the feet, which results in a slight sliding movement forward. Legs aren't usually used. Appears around 6 months or as early as 4 months. 2. Creeping: the legs and arms are used in opposition to one another; deliberate movements of one limb at a time

What are 3 phases of learning in landing?

1. Discovery-explore, show no stable support base, land flat-footed, show little "give" in the knees 2. Development-able to land from various distances or heights, realize the importance of shock absorption, show stable support base, land more consistently in toes-ball of foot-heel order, bend knees after heels touch ground, and rotate forward upon landing 3. Consolidation-children show control and confidence landing in unpredictable or changing circumstance, show a wide support base, make controlled landings safely, and absorb shock through "give" in the hips, knees, and ankles

5 primary functions of nonverbal communication:

1. Express feelings 2. Communicate interpersonal relationships 3. Support verbal interactions 4. Reflect personalities 5. Perform greetings, farewells, etc. •nonverbal comm can either reinforce or contradict verbal comm •nonverbal comm is important in sports when it may be hard to hear teammates

Four swimming strokes used in competition:

1. Freestyle (AKA Front Crawl) 2. Breaststroke 3. Backstroke 4. Butterfly stroke

Six purpose of assessment:

1. Gauge student understanding 2. Evaluate and improve instruction 3. Communicate with students, parents, and admin and identify curriculum gaps 4. Evaluate and modify programs 5. Validate and support programs through providing objective data 6. Motivate students to learn through documenting their growth and improvement

Three strategies for increasing internal motivation in students:

1. Give students freedom to choose. Ex: let them choose activities and involve them in decision-making processes whenever possible. 2. Modify activities and skills (and let students do so). Ex: change the rules, space, or equipment to facilitate student success, and give students flexibility to be creative in modifying activities to fit their individual needs and interests. 3. Give every student ideal challenges. Ex: match activities to students, and offer students choices among different task difficulty levels (let students select among differently shaped balls/scarves in juggling).

Define maturation and experience in terms of motor development.

1. Maturation: genetically determined growth and development 2. Experience: engaging in movement, physically exploring environments, independent learning.

What are 6 factors that influence the development of children's motor skills? (Also give definitions and examples of each factor)

1. Muscle tone during contraction and at rest varies among children. 2. Strength: relative force of muscular contractions against resistance. Children with weak muscles may have difficulty achieving motor development milestones. 3. Endurance enables children to sustain exertion over time, entailing multiple factors: muscle tone, strength, cardiovascular and pulmonary function, and motivation. Children with low endurance may be able to step up one stair but not climb a whole flight. 4. Balance while stationary and while moving results from vestibular equilibrium interacting with sensory information, including sight, proprioception, muscle tone, and strength. 5. Motor planning coordinates systems controlling perception, movement intensity, speed, and sequencing in the complex and frequently intuitive process of executing steps in physical activities. 6. Sensory integration is interpreting environmental sensory input correctly and responding with appropriate motor activity. Children's response thresholds vary along a continuum among ranges of under stimulation, average stimulation, and overstimulation.

What are the two ratings for each test for each fitness area for student performance on the FITNESSGRAM?

1. Needing improvement 2. In a Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ)-reasonable physical fitness levels that most students are capable of achieving; vary according to student gender and age

What are the four phases of the reflective cycle of teaching in order?

1. Plan 2. Teach 3. Assess 4. Reflect

4 ways of organizing positive interdependence within a cooperative learning group:

1. Positive goal interdependence: the only way to accomplish their learning goals is if all group members also achieve their learning goals-create a clear group goal and incorporate it in every lesson. 2. Positive reward-celebrate interdependence: give every group member the same reward for accomplishing group goals (ex: each student gets 5 extra credit points if all group members score 90% of higher on the test). 3. Positive resource interdependence: every group member only has part of the info, materials, or resources needed to complete a task, so members must combine resources to attain group goals. 4. Positive role interdependence: each member is assigned a role, specifying responsibilities needed for the group to complete a joint task (ex: roles include reader, recorder, encourager, understanding checker, knowledge elaborator)

What two assessments are part of the Presidential Youth Fitness Program?

1. President's Challenge 2. FITNESSGRAM

What 3 aspects are involved in the professional growth process cycle?

1. Reflecting: reflect on your instructional practices to see what you're missing; consider what students need to learn and identify gaps in this and what you've been doing 2. Deliberating: determine which approaches, elements, and strategies you need to add in your instruction to meet student needs 3. Acting

3 types of heart rate and how to calculate:

1. Resting: averages 60-80 bpm (rises as you get older) 2. Maximum (upper limit of what your cardiovascular system can handle during activity/average maximum number of times your heart should beat per minute during exercise): subtract your age from 220 3. Target (level at which your heart is being exercised and conditioned but not overworked): -Moderate exercise: 50-70% of your max HR -Vigorous exercise: 70-85% of your max HR

What are 2 divisions of the stability category of fundamental movement skills/patterns?

1. Rotation 2. Balance

Two main types of traditional approaches to student assessment and kinds of test items used in each:

1. Selected-response formats: questions give alternatives from which students select responses (multiple choice, true/false, matching, etc.) 2. Limited open-ended formats: questions require brief written constructed responses (open response, short answer, diagram labeling, and fill in the blank)

What are two factors that influence the accuracy of infant reaching?

1. Speed of the movement 2. Position or posture of the infant's body when reaching (supine, standing, sitting, walking)

What are two factors that predict levels of student activity? How can they be improved?

1. Structural factors: adequate facilities, equipment, and quantity and quality of PE teachers. -funding for procuring and maintaining facilities and equipment, and for hiring and retaining enough PE teachers for ideal teacher-student ratios 2. Process factors: instructional practices by PE teachers. -PE teacher professional development in techniques for decreasing class management time (These two factors need to be differentiated in order to improve each.)

What is a progressive activity for students to participate in that helps them learn how to fall sideways and land on their hands?

1. Students fall from kneeling sideways, rocking onto their arm, side, and shoulder 2. Roll sideways down a wedge to practice falling down a slope 3. While moving, they fall, roll sideways, then stand up and keep moving (progresses from walking to running)

California's Department of Education's high school PE model content standards (3) and its emphases in elementary and middle school:

1. Students show knowledge and competency regarding motor skills, movement patterns, and strategies necessary for performing various physical activities. 2. Students show knowledge of fitness concepts, principles, and strategies, and attain levels of physical fitness enabling performance and health. 3. Students show they know psychology and sociology concepts, principles, and strategies applicable to learning and executing physical activities. -Elementary: emphasizes movement through time and space; movement continuity and change; and object manipulation with speed and accuracy through time and space. -Middle: emphasizes decision making, meeting challenges, problem-solving teamwork, and cooperative goal achievement.

What are the 3 main functions of AAHPERD? (Professional organization)

1. To support professional growth of its members 2. To educate the public about the purpose and importance of the profession 3. To represent their members in the political environment that creates policies directly affecting the profession

Two ways PE instruction has progressed in the 21st century to reflect and incorporate technological advances:

1. US state departments of education now prepare educators and admins with knowledge for using technological learning processes, techniques, and tools 2. state education departments and local education agencies now incorporate technological knowledge and skills in academic standards, benchmarks, and assessments -the more educational accountability for outcomes increases, the more technology can help instruction and assessment

Five requirements of effective assessment measures:

1. Validity: measuring quantities it says it measures (skills, behavior, performance) 2. Reliability: yielding the same results from measuring the same students over multiple administration at different times 3. Objectivity: yielding very similar results regardless of who administers it 4. Feasibility: being straightforward, inexpensive, not taking too much instructional time, being easy to set up and administer, having instructions that are easy to follow and make reasonable demands on students and administrators, and able to be scored with objectivity 5. Usefulness: having results that can be applied for progress reporting, program planning, self-assessment, etc.

What are some teaching strategies for non-locomotor skills in grades 1-3?

1: introduce non-locomotor skills by discussing weight transfer, arm-leg opposition, etc; have students imitate elephants swaying and trees swaying in wind; assign small groups to develop warm-up routines using these skills, identify joints used, and name each movement. 2: intro and demonstrate motions, pair students to perform warm-up & cool-down activities using these movements, and have students identify joints and major muscle groups involved and identify exercises targeting each joint in a warm-up routine 3: build student comprehension of principles improving flexibility, discuss which joints can move, and list exercises targeting each joint in a fitness routine; design fitness routine for students to improve ROM in specified joints; pair students to perform these; students create and lead warm-up and fitness routines in class

Describe some skills combining throwing, catching, and rolling skills for specific sports that students should be able to perform in grades 2-6:

2: catch small tennis balls at peak, self-tossed above head; throw balls 7in. or larger against walls from ~8ft. away and catch them before they bounce; underhand-toss small balls with correct form and accuracy to targets or partners from 15 ft. 3: correct form in two-handed overhead/soccer throw; pass balls to slowly-moving partners using chest/bounce passes; catch balls while slowly traveling; overhand-throw small balls with proper form to partners from 20ft. 4: throw and catch footballs, frisbees, etc. with correct form; scoop up rolled balls with hands using mature form (knuckles on ground, pinkies together), moving laterally to get ahead of the ball; play keep-away and other throwing/catching games 5: throw catch sport-specific balls within skill combinations (catching, dribbling, passing to moving teammates); throw lead passes including chest bounce, overhand, and underhand to moving teammates with mature form/accuracy 6: accurately throw and catch sport-specific balls to and from partners in dynamic situations with mature form; advance balls down playing areas passing back and forth in small-sided games

Describe some strategies teachers can use to help students in 4th-6h grade learn and practice non-locomotor skills (in an example of a thematic unit):

4th: -Review non-locomotor skills and their importance in physical activities (ex: bending in tucked, pike, squat, forward, and backward positions) -stretch before activity; identify muscle groups to stretch in warm-up and cool down -static balancing (gymnastics) -dynamic balancing (turning in dance and games) -flopping from sitting, kneeling, and standing positions -Guide paired students in mat exercises, have them create routines targeting multiple muscle groups, and have all students perform these 5th: -review above -develop skills further through individual and group activities -students create warm-up and cool-down routines -have a PT or other professional come discuss stretching and injuries caused by improper stretching 6th: -review above -groups create warm-up routines and also record/display activities and muscle groups included on posters -assign homework of short reports with diagrams explaining relationship of stretching and injury prevention

What percentage of maximum heart rate should characterize students' exercise for health-related fitness in PE?

60-85% of maximum heart rate -this increases the benefit of exercise and decreases the chances of developing cardiac diseases if the exercise is done on a regular basis

How many innings are there in softball?

7 innings -within each inning, each team will bat and field -an inning is complete when the fielding team gets 3 players out from the batting team

How many players are there in softball on the field?

9 players

What is an example of a baby differentiating their reaching and grasping skills into instrumental actions to attain a goal?

A baby reaching and pulling a cloth to move a toy on the cloth closer.

What is a "ball" in softball?

A ball is a pitch that is delivered outside of the strike zone that is not struck at by the batter. If the batter receives 4 balls, she gets to walk to first base.

What should a volleyball team's first defensive hit be in order to enable effective defense-to-offense transition?

A pass

How is a run scored in softball?

A player hits the softball with a bat and runs around an infield with 4 bases. Once they manage to get around without being given an out a run is scored.

What is the smash in badminton?

A powerful shot which is hit steeply downwards, with the objective of getting a weak return or finishing the rally.

What is a "let" in tennis?

A re-do given to a player who serves although the ball hits the net cord before falling into the correct service box.

When should you rotate front and back positions in badminton (for teaching in PE)?

After every point

PE competencies for grades 5-6:

All of grades 3-4 plus: -identify specific muscle groups and movements -combine body movements and shapes -identify major skills in beginning gymnastics, dance, and sports -recognize similar skills in different activities -perform movement sequences -adjust force for tasks projecting objects, using various equipment -adjust body movements for speed changes -combine movement concepts and motor skills in series

Why did Kenneth Cooper's book on aerobics arrive at a historically opportune time?

Americans were becoming increasingly sedentary due to modern conveniences.

Example of an application that can assist PE teachers in instruction and assessment:

Apple's GradeBookPro -assessment, attendance, management, communication

cooperative learning

Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn.

App that helps you find other free apps

AppsGoneFree -has apps that were sold but are now free -reviewed by experts -delivers a daily list of about 5-10 apps that are free for one day or one week

What is the first step in developing an IEP for a student with disabilities and what is its focus?

Assessment (interpretation of measures attained via testing): focused on identifying the student's individual activity needs and making placement and program planning decisions.

This condition consists of an abnormality in either the bone or the ligament that allows too much movement where the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1 & C2; atlas & axis) are joined. When the spinal cord is involved, this condition additionally produces neurological symptoms. Students with Down syndrome, metabolic diseases, birth defects, traumatic injuries, upper respiratory infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and head & neck injury can all cause this.

Atlantoaxial instability

Describe some individual differences that can affect PE performance.

Biological, physiological, and environmental factors. Examples: -muscular tissue composition will influence strength, flexibility, and endurance -deficits in rod/cone development in the eyes would inhibit perceptual-motor ability, which could alter reaction times -children who participate more in PE/sports will develop motor skills more & those who participate more in formal schooling will develop their verbal and reasoning skills further

Give an example of how PE teachers can use bulletin boards in class.

Bulletin boards can be used to engage students and illustrate teaching units. Ex: Time-lapse bulletin board on the topic of balance-students bring in pictures, make drawings, find pictures/diagrams/artwork showing balance; this supplements the teaching unit of balance and engages students in contributing to class learning

How does student self-evaluation make students more independent learners?

By assigning students to give their own feedback, teachers enable students to learn the required task and perform it without depending on teacher feedback, which makes them more independent learners

How can PE teachers challenge their students physically and intellectually?

By helping students set goals for themselves that promote discovery by and about themselves. -working towards goals also develops higher-order cognitive skills -ex: assign students a class-goal to move an object from one place to another without dropping it including rules that cause critical thinking/collaboration; have students devise plays and strategies in team sports

How can PE teachers decide what PD to pursue?

By their goals based on: -research evidence -introspective analysis and discovery -interaction

How is attack and defense in badminton doubles determined?

By which side has lifted the shuttlecock so the other side has the opportunity to smash.

How is positioning in badminton doubles determined?

By who has the opportunity to smash.

What is the typical sequence of the three phases of motor learning for learners who are high school age or older?

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

What assessment technique will most likely help students set appropriate health-related goals?

Completing fitness tests enables students to identify their current fitness levels, from which they can then establish goals for improving fitness

Observing student ability maturation, how can PE teachers respond to emerging developmental changes? (Give an example)

Design catching lessons that begin with retrieving a rolling ball, progress to learning to control a bouncing ball, and culminate in fielding a flying ball.

What is the focus of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE)?

Developing national standards that reflect quality K-12 PE programs

A diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood:

Developmental disabilities

In swimming, which kicks is used in the butterfly stroke?

Dolphin

Describe skills students should be able to perform to combine movement skills for specific sports: -Combine dribbling and shooting in grades 4, 5, & 6

Dribbling & shooting -4th: demonstrate a bank shot (shot off the backboard and into the basket) with a basketball and dribble the ball around obstacles with good ball control while changing directions at a jogging speed. -5th: juggle small objects in a cascade pattern; dribble a bball with good control while changing speeds and directions around defensive opposing players who must walk and not use their hands; demonstrate a bball layup using the opposing foot on takeoff while moving continuously throughout. -6th: shoot a bball from anywhere on the court behind the 2nd hash mark demonstrating good form; demonstrate good skills for handling bballs.

This refers to an individual's knowledge of time, force, and balance and how these are related to physical movements and athletic activities:

Effort Awareness -movement concepts = vision, space, direction, pathway, energy, time, force, and speed -movement concepts are interrelated and interactive with the concepts of space, direction, and speed. When students understand these concepts, they will be ale to move so as to avoid collisions and will have self-confidence in their ability to move effectively. -in order to understand a sport and perform it successfully, a student must incorporate movement concepts (ex: when playing soccer, you must determine what the appropriate amount of distance of personal space is among players); these movement concepts are also all connected with one another (ex: you must coordinate speed and direction in order to change your pathway without losing speed)

Name and describe an app that PE teachers and students can use to monitor statistics for distance sports and other workouts:

Endomondo (under armor): -works with smartphones and gps watches -lets you view workout stats (distance, speed, history, training logs, graphs, etc.) -helps you set goals -get "Audio Coach" feedback -analyze performance -engage in social networking (challenges, etc.) -paid version includes heart rate zones, interval training, weather, personal best history, etc. -compatible with myfitnesspal, heart rate monitors, and Fitbit One

Heavy-resistance training such as strenuous weight training, should be avoided in early childhood because of the potential for developing:

Epiphyseal separations -for young children, such training could damage the growth plates or areas in the bone, typically through epiphyseal separation

Are basketball and juggling influenced more by maturation or experience?

Experience, instruction, social factors, and even genetic predispositions.

External variables that affect performance in physical activities:

External factors are things outside ourselves, over which we usually have little or no control but which still have impacts on our physical performance. -Weather -Equipment -Technology -Other players -Decisions made by referees and other officials

What are some types of validity?

External, internal, content, construct, face, and criterion

What happens in softball if after 7 innings the game is tied?

Extra innings are played until a winner is found

Which test do many state departments of education frequently designate for their school PE departments to assess student physical performance?

FITNESSGRAM

What is the sandwich approach for giving feedback to students?

First describe one thing the student did well, then identify one thing to correct, and end with another piece of positive feedback

Digital device that can be used to supplement and support PE and inform healthy habits in life:

Fitbit -sync with smartphones -monitor and record activities & progress -includes: Zip (activity tracker similar to a pedometer), One, Flex, Force (activity and sleep trackers), Tory Burch for accessories, the Aria (smart scale that indicates weight, body fat percentage, and BMI and syncs online)

The instructional and learning process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and values; experiencing regular participation in physical activity; and promoting healthy nutrition choices to attain life-enhancing health-related fitness.

Fitness Education (IFFEPE)

How long have martial arts been around and where did they originate?

For over 4,000 years: China, Ancient Greece

Which language is the terminology in ballet?

French-the word itself is French

How can you create an emotionally safe environment for students to learn fitness and promote student learning, participation, and performance?

Give a fitness test in the fall and use it as a guide to assist students in creating individual fitness plans for the school year, and rewarding students who show improvement.

What is the autonomous phase of motor learning?

Gives the performer opportunities to attend less to skill performance and more to other aspects of the task, such as ball placement or strategy.

Give an example of a peer assessment in PE:

Grades 6-8: -partners complete basketball assessment checklists -pairs take turns telling partners what they are looking for in each dribble, pass, or shot, making a check mark or X next to every correctly executed technique and leaving incorrectly done ones blank -skills can include: set shots, balancing the ball, eyes on target, knees bent, limb extension when shooting, follow-through, lay-up technique, chest/bounce passing technique against a wall, dribbling technique, etc. -one checklist can have two columns on either side of these skills (one for each partner)

What is the most effective way to help elementary school students develop efficient basketball skills?

Having them play with balls that are smaller and baskets that are lower than standard because children have smaller hands and often lack the strength to reach a regulation-height basket. This gives them a better chance to succeed.

Explain a tie-break game in tennis:

If a game score of 6-6 is reached and tie-break set rules are used, players must play a tie-break game in order to decide who wins the set. In a tie-break game, a player must reach 7 points with a 2 point advantage to win.

What would cause a batsman to be walked to first base in softball?

If the pitcher fails to get the ball within the strike zone 4 times without a stroke being made -strike zone in softball is larger than that of baseball

Practical example illustrating relative torque:

Imagine two skaters on ice: -one skater has longer arms and the other has shorter arms -each skater's body is equal to a rotational axis -if both skaters extend their arms horizontally and a third person pushes on each skater's arm, this will cause the skaters to rotate -each skater's arm length equals quality (--I--)d (distance between the axis-skater's body-and force) -equal force will make the longer-armed skater rotate faster because the longer arm creates greater torque

Benefits of sports participation for people with disabilities:

Improvement of: -quality of life and functional abilities -physical well-being and health -General affect and physical fitness -self-esteem, social awareness, self-confidence, contributing to empowerment -national identity and nation-building

What must a PE teacher know and do to improve skill development through giving specific feedback?

In order to give effective prescriptive feedback, PE teachers must know what the student did incorrectly and provide a problem solution to correct it

____________________ teaching combines skills, knowledge, and conceptual understanding in two or more subjects.

Interdisciplinary teaching

Movements requiring sequential and simultaneous use of both sides of the body with a high degree of rhythmicity. The timing of motor cycles of the limbs in relation to one another.

Interlimb coordination -often divided into bimanual coordination and coordination of hands/feet

This type of reliability is whether different items measuring the same construct within a test give the same results or scores.

Internal consistency reliability

What role does stretching play in cooling-down after exercise?

It helps reduce lactic acid buildup (which can contribute to muscle soreness)

What is the contemporary theory of motor development?

It involves dynamic systems approaches and perception-action relationships.

What does the Heimlich maneuver do?

It is for choking and it prevents unconsciousness and death.

What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act do?

It is the federal law that ensures appropriate education for students with disabilities

What does the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) do?

It offers research best practices in the professions that support creative, healthy, and active lifestyles. (This is its mission)

What does Title IX of Education Amendments of 1972 do?

It prohibits discrimination based on a person's sex in any educational program or activity that is a recipient of federal funds.

Where did ballet originate?

Italy, but it was largely developed and advanced in France.

Who is the cognitive developmental psychologist that first described how older babies differentiate their reaching and grasping skills into instrumental actions to attain their goals?

Jean Piaget

What are some manipulative skills that students in grades K-6 should demonstrate for striking sport balls/objects with implements?

K: balance objects on rackets while walking; hit balls off batting tees 1: strike beach balls/balloons forward using short implements while walking without letting them hit the floor 2: bounce, then strike balls at walls or targets; strike beach balls/balloons with implements over low nets to partners without their touching the floor; strike balls upward with only one bounce 3: hit balls from close-proximity from a soft-toss; bounce and strike small foam tennis balls with forehand across gym; use long-handled implements to strike objects on the floor to targets 4: hit self-tossed objects with one bounce; volley objects using implements over nets; receive teacher hockey passes and shoot to targets from ~10 feet 5: strike underhand teacher-pitched whiffle balls; repeatedly hit balls forehand/backhand against walls; bounce and hit small foam balls; dribble and shoot at goals using long-handled implements 6: strike underhand teacher-pitched softballs; serve balls without bouncing at target; etc.

Identify some objectives for manipulative skills involving kicking that students should learn K-6:

K: dribble a soccer ball slowly with both feet while walking; approach stationary balls and kick with high follow-through without stopping; kick stationary balls with any foot part with high leg backswing and follow-through 1: dribble medium/large balls with either foot, walking/jogging; kick balls with solid contact and high follow-through; approach stationary balls and kick without stopping with high follow-through 2: dribble balls using both feet, jogging; trap balls when stopping; show correct form kicking balls using insteps; kick slowly-rolled balls with solid contact and high follow-through 3: dribble soccer balls using feet insides/outsides, running at varying speeds; pass balls to partners using inside-foot kicks somewhat accurately and consistently; punt balls using correct form 15ft. or more 4: dribble around stationary opponents without object contact or ball loss; trap teammate-rolled balls; dribble and instep-kick moving balls at large goals 5: dribble around lightly resistant, moving opponents; punt soccer balls/footballs 30ft. or more with 2/3 step approaches; make lead passes while dribbling with inside-foot kicks to moving teammates 6: change speeds and directions to evade opponents while dribbling; trap balls from different speeds and heights; show competency with soccer dribbling and inside-foot passes in keep away games

Describe what students should be able to do to demonstrate their manipulative movement skills for dribbling and shooting basketballs at grades K-3:

K: twirl a hula hoop and roll it on the floor; drop a ball and catch it at the peak of its bounce; dribble a ball continuously with their dominant hand 1: juggle 2 scarves; pass beanbags hand to hand between their legs in a figure 8; dribble a ball with dominant hand while moving 2: dribble a ball around stationary objects; dribble a ball with both left and right hands while standing in place without losing control 3: circle a hula hoop around the waist without using hands; juggle 3 scarves/plastic bags in a cascading pattern; dribble a basketball in a figure-8 pathway, alternating dribbling hands, to the opposite sides of cones set 10in. apart

Describe some learning objectives combining locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative skills in volleying for grades K-6:

K: volley beach balls or balloons to themselves five times in a row; hit balls continuously with different body parts. 1: vary their striking force and volley 6-10 times upward, alternating left and right palms. 2: volley with partners using both hands; volley underhand while walking forward ~20 ft. 3: make and catch forearm passes to themselves; volley to partners using overhead passes. 4: serve underhand or overhand with correct form; consistently volley using forearm passes to themselves 5: serve underhand, overhand, pass overhead, and forearm pass; show correct overhead volleying form against a wall; and consistently serve volleyballs over nets 6ft. high or walls from 15 ft. away 6: return volleyballs with forearm passes at least 6 ft. high

This is the sense of the body parts' positions and movements.

Kinesthesis -muscles, tendons, and joints contain receptors enabling kinesthesis -we are able to know where all of our body parts are at any time, and in what manner and direction they're moving, through kinesthesis

How does knowledge of anatomy and physiology support learning in PE?

Knowing: -how the heart pumps blood to the lungs, how the lungs oxygenate the blood, and how the heart then sends this blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen to its tissues informs an understanding of how the heart, blood vessels, and lungs interact as the cardiopulmonary system during exercise to enable sufficient respiration (breathing) to take in enough oxygen and expel enough carbon dioxide (pulmonary ventilation) -the difference between inhalation and exhalation measures oxygen consumption informs understanding of respiration during exercise -the maximum oxygen one can consume (VO2max) equals maximum aerobic capacity, which usually defines cardiorespiratory fitness, informs understanding of how the functioning and condition of one's heart, blood vessels, and lungs (cardiorespiratory fitness) contribute to one's ability to engage in oxygen-using exercise (aerobic fitness), and to continue such exercise for longer durations (cardiorespiratory/aerobic endurance) -how skeletal muscles, joints, and bones connect and articulate, which muscles control which body movements, and understanding muscle mechanics inform understanding of how different body movements are accomplished, which muscles and bones need strengthening, degrees of soft tissue flexibility that need increasing/decreasing, etc.

Larger, stronger muscle groups in the center of the body initiate _____________, and smaller muscles in the extremities are used for _______________ and finer movements. The largest, heaviest body parts are _____________ and move ____________; smaller body parts are _____________ and move __________. *this is all in regards to summation of forces*

Larger, stronger muscle groups in the center of the body initiate POWER, and smaller muscles in the extremities are used for COORDINATION and finer movements. The largest, heaviest body parts are SLOWEST and move FIRST; smaller body parts are FASTER and move LAST.

What is interdisciplinary collaboration?

Lesson collaboration across subject areas

What is the most appropriate safety measure a teacher can use for a student who has asthma and who will be participating in a volleyball game?

Limit the duration of participation -this allows the student the benefits of participation without impacting the nature of the activity for the rest of the participants

How are stability and locomotion related when it comes to infants learning how to walk? (What does stability have to do with locomotion?)

Locomotion does not develop independently of stability; it relies heavily on it. The infant will not be able to move about freely until the rudimentary developmental tasks of stability are mastered.

What is a problem most characteristic of the primitive stage of forward rolling?

Losing the curl

How is the affective domain assessed in PE?

Measuring the level to which each student has developed acceptable personal and social behaviors in physical activity settings. -Ex: high school students complete written self-reflections about their own performance, etc.

What PE skills does APE include?

Motor fitness, physical fitness, fundamental motor patterns and skills, individual group games and sports, lifetime sports, aquatics skills, and dance skills

When are baseline assessments given?

Only at the beginning of the school year.

What's the easiest method called to play bocce?

Open bocce

The human body's center of gravity is a point that can be within or _____________ the body, depending on body posture.

Outside

The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses:

Perception

During an exercise class, a 16-year-old student whose heart rate is 140 beats per minute is considered to be:

Performing sub maximal exercise

What is supposedly the fastest growing sport in America and why?

Pickleball-it's easy to pick up, easy on the body, it's very social, and it's also very competitive.

Players on the fielding team in softball (and their numbers):

Pitcher (1) Catcher (2)-behind home plate Infielders: -first base (3) -second base (4) -third base (5) -short stop (6)-between 2nd and 3rd base and one of the most important positions Outfielders: -left fielder (7)-between 2nd and 3rd base -center fielder (8)-behind 2nd base -right fielder (9)-between 1st and 2nd base Extra fielder (10)-only allowed in slow-pitch softball

How does sports participation effect personality?

Players are not affected in a predictable way. -Research doesn't support the common notion that sports participation changes or develops participants' personalities in any particular way.

What is an example of a developmentally appropriate PE activity that integrates math concepts for lower elementary students?

Playing number line tag

Which training method is most effective in developing explosive leg strength in jumpers in field events?

Plyometric training. -Addresses explosive movements (rapid isotonic contractions). -Care should be taken when using plyometric training (use with young athletes may carry a risk of injury)

What is the most effective and appropriate assessment to use to evaluate the development of a student's fitness level throughout the school year?

Portfolio assessment -used to gauge a student's current skill level -periodic portfolio assessments will indicate through data whether a student's fitness is improving over time

Describe some responsible personal and social behaviors that can be expected of students in PE by grade level.

Pre-K/K: consideration of and cooperation with others (taking turns, sharing) 1-2: show good fitness partnership behaviors (cooperation, willingness to work with any partner, and encouragement giving) 3-5: show respect by avoiding "put-downs," encouraging peers, communicating respectfully with students who are different than them (esp. fitness-wise), and identify/experience diverse cultures' physical habits/activities 6-8: demonstrate sensitivity and respect for others' feelings with students who have different cultures, skills, abilities, & genders; and analyze how health behavior is both challenged and enriched by cultural diversity 9-12: participate with and invite others to physical activities regardless of differences, and analyze how sport participation influences appreciation for diversity

What are the stages in the development of prehension?

Prehension = grasping 1. 4 months old: no real voluntary effort at contacting an object 2. 5 months: capable of reaching and making contact with an object; able to grasp the object with entire hand, but not firmly 3. 7 months: palm and fingers are coordinated 4. 9 months: begins using forefinger in grasping; 10 months: reaching and grasping are coordinated into one continuous movement 5. 12 months: efficient use of thumb and forefinger 6. 14 months: prehension abilities are much like those of adults

What is the principle of individual differences in exercise science?

Principle of individual differences: not everybody will attain the same results from the same training programs and levels. -every individual has different body chemistry: some must work harder for the same results -some people are more predisposed to succeed in certain sports or workouts than others -this principle indicates the importance of personal training: individuals must tailor their exercise programs for meeting goals at their own paces

What is the principle of overload in exercise science?

Principle of overload: the body only responds beyond its normal level if new stimuli or additional pressures are introduced. -stopping within comfort zones maintains current skill levels, but brings no improvement -to increase what muscles can do, we must require them to function in unaccustomed ways

What is the principle of specificity in exercise science?

Principle of specificity: one must exercise the specific body part, muscle(s), or sport movements and techniques that one wants to improve. -to strengthen the upper body, one must do exercises targeting the upper body, and the same for the lower body; one will not help the other -someone who wants to play football must practice the skills specific to this sport; general body conditioning, while it might be a prerequisite, will not improve specific sport skills -while core and cardio workouts are necessary to conditioning for improving overall endurance and strength, and the principle of specificity dictates that attaining one's specific goals requires tailoring one's exercise regimen, neither one of these cancels out the other

What is the principle of use/disuse in exercise science?

Principle of use/disuse: one must use muscles to sustain muscular strength -with disuse, muscles lose definition (reversibility principle) -sometimes disuse can be valuable if you are healing from muscle overuse, but otherwise moderately year-round fitness levels are better than seasonal detraining or retraining

What is the progression principle in exercise science?

Progression principle: one must progress at a certain, individual rate to get results -people must push past their comfort zones to improve, but pressing oneself overly hard negates natural progression and can cause injury -progression indicates specific times of being unready for overload, or benefiting from it

Which method of practice would best promote motor learning and safety for potentially injurious sports such as pole vault and downhill skiing?

Progressive part -involves working on specific elements of a skill in isolation -allows those elements of a skill that present the greatest risk of injury to be mastered under controlled conditions before the skill is attempted "whole" and under real conditions

Which teaching approach is recommended for archery?

Progressive-part -it's a high-risk skill for which safety and systematic skill sequencing must be taught before students release arrows

Perception/awareness of the position and movement of the body:

Proprioception

Activities in which an object is moved away from the body by manipulation:

Propulsive movements: throwing, kicking, striking, and rolling a ball

What is parameter feedback?

Provides error information about the changeable surface features (amplitude, speed, force); more complex than program feedback -Ex: "add force, release the ball sooner" to enable greater throwing distance

What motor actions must babies develop in order to begin using hand-held instruments purposefully as tools?

Reaching and grasping

How could the use of technology support a wrestler learning a new takedown technique?

Recording the wrestler's performance and having them view it on a video screen. -this way they can check their technique against a properly executed technique and make corrections

What do you need to consider when designing and selecting learning activities?

Reflect on what you know in your field and the experiences you've had while teaching and use this knowledge to ascertain what your students need most to know and be able to do and base your designing and selecting your of activities on these priorities.

A continual process that teachers engage in every day for the purpose of improving all dimensions of their instruction:

Reflection

What NASPE addresses about accountability in PE:

Regarding the use of standardized testing to assess PE performance, NASPE has offered some guidelines that include an operational definition of a person who is physically educated and a set of benchmarks for PE competency at each school grade level. -however, the degrees of specificity and direction that are necessary regarding standards and assessments in PE still remain controversial

Define reliability in terms of assessment instruments:

Reliability means an instrument gets the same or similar results across repeated administrations

AAHPERD supports physical educators' professional growth and also:

Representing its members in the political arena

What increases muscle fiber size and strengthens and thickens connective tissues, resulting in larger muscles and greater muscular strength and endurance?

Resistance and weight training

What are some fundamental motor skills that are critical for children to learn in elementary school?

Running, jumping vertically, leaping, dodging, kicking, overhand throwing, catching, ball bouncing, punting, forehand striking, and two-handed side-arm striking.

Rally scoring (volleyball)

Scoring method where points can be won by the serving or receiving team.

What is situational interest?

Situational Interest: describes the momentary affective responses generated by environmental stimuli -effects may be short term -small influence on individual values/knowledge -stimulated by appealing environmental features

What are the two phases of both situational and individual interest?

Situational: 1. Interest is activated 2. Interest is sustained Individual: 1. Interest emerges 2. Interest is defined

How should a skill be taught when the risk of student injury is inherent in the skill set, game, or sport?

Skills and elements should be broken down into parts, taught, and mastered in increasing combinations of more complex skills so students can apply and practice them safely before engaging in whole activities, games, or sports

In which locomotor skill does each foot have two tasks to complete BEFORE the weight is transferred to the other foot?

Skipping -each foot both "walks" and "hops" before the other foot takes over

Physical educators in the US who were influenced by the progressive-education movement of John Dewey developed programs that emphasized:

Sports, games, and rhythm and dance.

Structured observations, advantages, and two methods of structured observations:

Structured: apply specific criteria, of which teacher and students are both informed, to evaluate observed performance -advantages: more objective than naturalistic (can use a rubric), useful for assessing student motor skills, movement skills, and social skills Methods of structured observations: 1. Station approach-teachers set up a circuit with several stations, assigning students to individual stations (some involve mini-games, some motor skill practice, some exercising, and one testing station where teachers assess student skills) 2. Embedded assessment-teachers instruct and assess at the same time, evaluating students' learning while they practice skills-through periodic progress monitoring/end of unit summative assessment

Who should receive APE?

Student difficulties with physical mobility, functional independence, or motor performance that impede participating and benefiting from PE.

How does group learning and individual application work?

Students in cooperative groups first learn skills, procedures, knowledge, and strategies together; then they apply this learning individually to show they've mastered it personally.

Why is observational learning a key principle of PE?

Students learn motor skills more easily by observing their correct performance demonstrated by teachers than they can by trying to follow verbal directions.

How were historical PE practices for students with disabilities ineffective?

Students were often excused from PE classes or assigned sedentary roles such as timekeeper, scorer, etc. This reinforced assumptions that people with disabilities must be physically passive and contributed to obesity and shorter lifespans for disabled persons.

Which students must be given APE services?

Students who cannot participate in or benefit from regular PE services because they have limitations in functional activities, motor activities, or physical mobility.

How are physics principles involved in biomechanics?

Subdivisions of biomechanics that are physics concepts: -Kinematics: the description of motion. This description includes such physics concepts as mass, center of gravity, displacement, inertia, linear and angular motion, linear and angular velocity, vectors, acceleration, etc. -Forces: rotation, couples, resultant force, ground reaction forces, resisting forces, inertial forces, gravitational forces, center of pressure, and force line. -Kinetics: the study of the forces causing motion. Newton's laws of motions are central here (1st law of inertia, 2nd law of momentum, 3rd law of reaction). Concepts include impulse, linear and angular momentum, work, power, energy, kinetic and potential energy, the work-energy principle, and energy level.

Explain the acronym TARGET as a model for promoting student motivation in PE:

Task Authority Recognition Grouping Evaluation Timing

How is instructional success defined?

Teachers' primary goal should be to enable every student to experience success in the environment of movement learning. Therefore, student achievement defines educational success. If students learned, met lesson objectives, and learned what was intended by the end of a lesson, then the lesson succeeded.

This part of the muscular system extends connective tissue around muscles, giving individual muscle fibers support and stability:

Tendons

Anatomically and physiologically, what is thought to determine flexibility?

Tendons and ligaments, combined with muscle and skin elasticity and joint structure.

What 3 sports is pickle ball a combination of and how?

Tennis, badminton, and pingpong -played on a badminton size court -played with a net about 2" shorter than a tennis net (34-36") -played with a paddle a little bigger than a ping pong paddle

This type of reliability shows test stability when administered repeatedly to the same subjects. -Examples include surveys and IQ tests because individuals rarely have sudden, pronounced changes in their opinions or IQs within a few months. -Educational tests are less applicable here because students learn more over time and will score higher on the second administration.

Test-retest reliability

What are four types of reliability in assessment?

Test-retest, interrater, internal consistency, and instrument reliability

This is the sensory system in the inner ear that provides equilibrium:

The Vestibular System -the 3 semicircular canals contain fluid -whenever our heads move, this fluid moves along with the head -the fluid's movement stimulates hair cells/cilia in the semicircular canals -these receptors send impulses to the brain via nerves -the brain interprets these impulses to understand movement, giving us feedback about it -our brains interpret the combined feedback from kinesthesis and equilibrium for orienting ourselves in space

During a softball game, a runner is hit by a batted ball while attempting to advance and before the ball passes an infielder. Which ruling is appropriate?

The ball is dead, the base runner is awarded an extra base, and the batter is out. -This same rule applies in baseball

Center of Gravity:

The point around which an object's weight is evenly distributed. -center of mass is considered a synonym for the center of gravity -COG is not fixed at any certain location in the anatomy -location of COG changes in accordance with the positions of the various body parts

What is psychomotor learning?

The relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement.

What is the Rally Point System in volleyball?

The team winning a rally scores a point. When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise.

How does peer assessment benefit students?

This attention to requirements develops their observational skills

Describe skills students should be able to perform to combine movement skills for specific sports: -Combine throwing & catching skills in grades K & 1

Throwing & catching -K: throw and catch beanbags to themselves and catch teacher-thrown foam balls from 5 feet. -1st: roll a tennis ball and scoop up a slowly rolled tennis ball in their hands; throw small, soft balls with hand-foot opposition; consistently catch big balls self-tossed above the head

What is the object of bocce ball?

To roll your bocce balls closer to the pallino (jack) ball than your opponent. (There are two teams in bocce)

The rotational version of force. It represents how much a given force can make something or someone rotate or turn.

Torque. -small torque is weak rotation -large torque is strong rotation -unit of measurement is foot-pound in US and Newton-meter (Nm) in SI

What is the cognitive phase of motor learning?

Understanding the skill

How can you attain maximal force?

Use as many body parts as possible. -sequential force must be well-timed -ex: summation events in kicking a football = body weight is transferred forward with the abs leading, the hip moves forward, the leg trailing, abs and quads move the thigh forward, quads and calf muscles straighten the lower leg, and calf muscles snap the foot.

What is verbal communication used for?

We rely on it for social, business, financial, physical, and psychological well-being through interpersonal interactions and relationships

Are historical European, kobudo, silat, eskrima, and kalaripayat in martial arts weapon-based or unarmed?

Weapon-based

For a physically normal student of age 16, what is their target heart rate zone for maximal exercise?

Well above 140 bpm

What is a double play in softball?

When 2 players get out on the same play.

What is a foot fault in tennis?

When a player steps into the court or crosses the center mark before they've made contact with the ball. Results in the loss of the serve.

When are faults committed in pickle ball?

When the ball: -touches any part of the non-volley zone on the serve (including the line) -is hit out of bounds -doesn't clear the net -is volleyed from the non-volley zone -is volleyed before a bounce has occurred on each side

What is meant by blood lactate accumulation?

When the extreme intensity of the physical activity overtakes the circulatory system's ability to remove blood lactate from the muscles.

When should a whole-learning approach to teaching a skill be used?

When the risk of a student being injured is low

When should teachers decrease feedback frequency?

When they observe students gaining proficiency. Quality is more important that quantity. Also, feedback doesn't need to be highly precise for effectiveness (ex: "a little faster or higher" vs. "0.5 seconds faster).

When should you use a front-to-back formation in badminton?

When you are in attack position-one partner covers lifts from the opponents to the back, and the other partner covers net shots from the opponents at the front.

What is home plate in softball?

Where the pitcher must stand to throw the ball (center of the field). -the pitcher must throw the ball underarm and must have at least one foot on the plate at the point of delivery

How do you play badminton?

You volley the shuttlecock back and forth within the boundaries of the court without letting it hit the ground.

Attack line (volleyball)

a line 3m/10ft away from and parallel to the net that separates front-row from back-row players (back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off from behind this line)

Principle of progression:

gradually increasing the amount of exercise over time to improve the level of fitness

Attack block (volleyball):

the defensive team's attempt to block a spiked ball

What is a typical state standard for students in PE regarding rules in various games? And what are some various grade benchmarks for this standard?

•Understand the rules for a variety of physical activities, including games and sports. •3rd grade: identify rules in games •5th: demonstrate understanding of rules & explain rules •8th: apply rules •HS: analyze and demonstrate rules in complex versions of at least two different categories of movement forms in individual activities, dual activities, sports, aquatics, etc.

How can you communicate with students for them to understand and take ownership of high expectations for themselves?

•help students have high expectations for themselves by talking to them about individuality, attitude, effort, result of learning, and respect -ex: talk to students about how to set a goal to finish each class more physically educated than when they started; tell them to think about what this goal means to each of them personally •help students understand their learning objectives by structuring the learning activities -ex: do nows •when students understand expectations, they are more comfortable, and the learning environment and productivity is enhanced

Discuss how adapted physical educators and special educators collaborate to serve students:

•meet and share expertise in designing and implementing interventions for students with developmental disabilities -ex: educators apply strategies they learn from OT to help preschool children with developmental delays to learn fine motor and manipulative skills

What is adapted physical education? (APE)

•physical education which has been adapted or modified, so that it is as appropriate for the person with a disability as it is for a person without a disability. -not a related service, but instead a direct educational service according to federal law

What are the pitching distances in softball for men, women, and girls? What is baseball's pitching distance?

-Men: 46/43 feet -Women: 39 feet -Girls: 35 feet -Baseball: 60.5 feet

1. What is the diameter of soccer balls? 2. How many ounces do soccer balls weigh?

1. 27-28 inches around 2. 8.5-15.6lbs

Four ways of classifying movement skills:

1. Muscular 2. Temporal 3. Environmental 4. Functional

What two volleyball techniques require vertical jumping skill?

1. Spiking 2. Blocking

These motor skills occur in a stable unchanging environment (putting in golf, word processing on a computer, etc.)

Closed motor skills

What does "balloon" mean in ballet?

Jumping elevation/height

This is the refinement or combination of fundamental movement patterns or movement skills to perform a sport-related activity.

Sport skill

What is National Dance Day and what are its goals?

A campaign to: -celebrate dance -encourage Americans to support good health and combat obesity by enjoying dancing -increase American dance education access -award scholarships to dance students

This domain of behavior involves the functional relationship between mind and body.

Cognitive domain

Who recognized NDD nationally with a congressional resolution to make NDD official? (And when?)

Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) with a 2010 congressional resolution.

What is an example of some of the only terms translated into English among English-speaking ballet teachers/dancers?

First through fifth positions (basic & foundational positions of feet and arms)

The aspect of learning in which movement plays a major part. A relatively permanent change in motor behavior resulting from practice or past experience.

Motor learning

This term describes the continuous change in motor behavior throughout the life cycle, brought about by interaction among the requirements of the movement task, the biology of the individual, and the conditions of the environment.

Motor development

This aspect of movement involves the time series in which movement occurs:

Temporal Aspects of Movement

What happens if you have two consecutive service faults (double faults) in tennis?

This gives the receiver the point.

What is a fault in tennis?

When a serve falls wide or long of the service box or not cleaning the net.