Pearson History Chapters 18-23

The effort of the National Municipal League to make city management a nonpartisan process was part of the __________ movement.

"good government"

Theodore Roosevelt liked to preach the virtues of __________.

"the strenuous life"

By the end of the nineteenth century, the AFL represented what percentage of American workers?

10%

Under the Homestead Act of 1862, how many acres of land were offered free to settlers who lived on the land for at least five years and improved it?

160 acres

During the depression that followed the financial panic of 1893, unemployment rates reached __________.

25%

How did the United States recruit the army needed to tip the military balance on the Western Front in favor of the Allies?

A military draft was instituted.

What was one result of the Great Migration that occurred between 1914 and 1920?

African Americans discovered that rigid residential segregation, which became the foundation for urban ghettos, was common in northern cities.

Which statement best describes the African American experience in World War I?

African Americans served with distinction in the French army but suffered gross injustice at home and within the U.S. military.

Why did Mexicans migrate into the United States in the early twentieth century and the 1920s?

Agricultural expansion in the American Southwest brought new employment opportunities.

The purchase of what territory in 1867 added an area twice the size of Texas to the United States?

Alaska

Which statement best describes the legacy of the Harding presidential administration?

Although Harding had several capable members in his cabinet, his administration is mostly remembered for a series of political scandals involving other members of the cabinet.

Which of the following was true of professional baseball in the 1920s?

Banned from Major League Baseball, African Americans created their own leagues such as the National Negro League.

What did Woodrow Wilson mean when he observed that "it would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs"?

Before he was elected president, Wilson's political experience focused on achieving domestic progressive reform.

Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the Versailles Treaty?

Bitter resentment in Germany over the punitive treaty sowed the seeds for the Nazi rise to power in the 1930s.

How did the New York City community of Harlem become an exclusively African American neighborhood in the twenties?

Black migration from the South and the Caribbean encouraged realtors and landlords to market Harlem as an exclusively black neighborhood.

Why did the idea of universal free schooling take hold during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?

Business and civic leaders realized that the welfare of society depended on an educated population.

Discriminatory practices fell hardest on what group of workers?

Chinese

The 1893 World's Fair, held in Chicago, commemorated __________.

Columbus's landing in the New World

To organize public opinion in support of the war, President Woodrow Wilson created the __________.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Which statement accurately describes why the federal government was forced to consider the demands of unions more carefully during wartime than in the past?

Declining immigration and the draft had made labor scarce and more important.

How did John Dewey's approach to education reflect the ideals associated with the progressive era?

Dewey advocated developing "creative intelligence" in students, which could then be used to improve society.

Which of these groups had the most experience with urban life when they arrived in America?

East European Jews

How did the end of World War I affect labor relations in the United States?

Employers withdrew recognition of labor unions as government controls on industry came to an end.

Which statement best describes the reasons that drove Europeans to immigrate to the United States in the early twentieth century?

European immigrants were both pushed by circumstances at home and pulled by opportunities in the United States.

Which group was most likely to advocate a ban on alcohol during the progressive era in the United States?

Evangelical Protestants

Why did young, single women often become prostitutes in cattle towns and mining settlements?

Faced with high living costs and few work options, many young, unmarried women entered prostitution.

How did General Motors (GM) innovate in the automobile industry so that it could compete strongly with the Ford Motor Company?

GM organized into separate divisions, each of which appealed to a different market segment.

Ragtime was created by African American and Creole bands, but it was first promoted by ________.

German immigrants

Which group of European immigrants outnumbered all others in forming Great Plains communities?

Germans

How did the women's club movement advance many of the goals set by progressives in the early twentieth century?

It allowed middle-class women to participate in civic activities that addressed issues such as child labor and the problems of working-class women.

Which statement best summarizes the historical significance of the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act?

It established the first federally funded health care program.

How did the response of the Children's Bureau to wartime concerns of working mothers change the role of the federal government in public health?

It led to federal appropriations for clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care.

What was the effect of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act?

Many federal departments took on a professional character.

The most prominent leader of the birth control movement was __________.

Margaret Sanger

What rationale did William Graham Sumner use to argue against welfare programs?

Most poor people were inferior and deserved their fates

In April 1918, President Woodrow Wilson appointed AFL leader Samuel Gompers to the __________

National War Labor Board

Why did technological innovation ultimately fail to reduce housework for middle-class women?

New décor and complex meals required more time and energy.

By the early 1920s, how did the rise of the New South reinforce, rather than diminish, that region's status as the nation's internal colony?

Northern investors held much of the region's wealth but returned only a small share through employment and social services.

What was the basis of the New Orleans school board's argument for the elimination of schools for black children beyond the fifth grade?

Only minimal education was needed for menial jobs.

How did the nation's regional and cultural geography shape the American music and radio industries during the 1920s?

Record companies discovered lucrative regional and ethnic music markets, such as country music and jazz, that gained popularity with both national and foreign listeners due to radio transmissions.

Why did the United States neither sign the Versailles Treaty nor join the League of Nations?

Republicans under Henry Cabot Lodge made a series of amendments to the treaty, which Wilson and the Democrats rejected.

The Wisconsin Republican who forged a coalition of angry farmers, small businessmen, and workers with his attacks on railroads and large corporations was __________.

Robert M. La Follette

How did Margaret Sanger's ideas about female reproductive rights differ from those of an older generation of feminists who advocated for "voluntary motherhood"?

Sanger promoted contraception rather than abstinence to advance sexual freedom for women.

What did Hull House founder Jane Addams mean when she spoke of the "subjective necessity" of settlement houses?

Settlement houses gave educated women an opportunity to connect with the real world.

What role did Helen Hunt Jackson play in lobbying for Indian rights?

She was an early advocate for reform of federal Indian policies and practices, particularly the reservation system.

How did the U.S. Supreme Court respond to several cases in which plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

The Court upheld the government's authority to restrict free speech in times of crisis.

Why was the Edmunds-Tucker Act more devastating to the Mormons than the Edmunds Act?

The Edmunds Act only addressed polygamy; the Edmunds-Tucker Act confiscated church assets.

Which statement best describes the gospel of work?

The gospel of work affirmed the dignity of production and the importance of individual initiative.

Why did Americans in rural areas and small towns worry about the impact of Hollywood movies?

The movies emphasized sexual themes, celebrated youth, and were seen as a threat to traditional morality.

Which statement summarizes how immigrants, in letters to people in their home countries, described their experiences in American society?

The riches of America can be acquired only through hard work, and the undertaking is not for the weak.

How did the war experience change the attitude of young African American men in Harlem in the early 1920s?

They brought home a militant spirit and maturity that gave them the confidence to express their beliefs and sentiments.

How did southern farmers fare economically during the 1920s?

They came to depend more on cotton and continued to lag further behind the rest of the nation in agricultural diversity and the standard of living.

Why has one historian described violence as "an intrinsic part of western society" during the years following the Civil War?

Violence was part of the fabric of life, from range wars to an increase in crime, including illegal lynching.

In the late nineteenth century, why was it more common for western than for eastern states and territories to grant women the right to vote?

Western states did not have the sharp division between Catholics and Protestants that hindered the suffrage movement in the East.

What was one major difference between Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign during the presidential election of 1912?

Wilson did not believe the federal government needed to take on as large a regulatory role as Roosevelt did.

How did the end of World War I impact American women in the workforce?

Women lost their defense-related jobs to returning soldiers, but more women entered white-collar occupations typically held by females.

Which farm would have been most likely to thrive during the 1920s?

a large citrus orchard in southern California

Under the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, Indians could petition the government to become citizens of the United States if they __________.

accepted 160-acre land allotments and agreed that remaining tribal lands could be sold by the government

Who paid for the production of radio programs in 1920s America?

advertisers

Southern agricultural tradition included the practice of using the labor of __________.

all family members

The proportion of women college students __________ between 1870 and 1910.

almost doubled

The "soft" currency policy that involved silver coinage and was advocated by farmers called for __________.

an increased money supply and looser credit

Economic opportunity brought on by war prosperity triggered a massive migration of __________.

black Southerners to northern cities

Financial panic in which of the following countries helped trigger a depression in the United States in 1893?

britain

Which statement accurately describes how single-sex clubs brought middle-class women into the public sphere?

by celebrating cooperation, uplift, and service

How did President Wilson win over many Americans who had been reluctant to support U.S. entry into World War I?

by defining the war as a moral crusade

In what ways did the Morrill Federal Land Grant Act of 1862 advance education?

by funding state colleges to teach agriculture and mechanics

How did the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act attempt to curb the practices of the spoils system?

by instituting qualifying examinations

How did the Hopis and Zunis of the Southwest adapt to increasing European encroachment?

by intensifying trade with neighboring Mexican communities

How did machine politicians gain the votes of their constituencies in American cities at the turn of the century?

by offering a variety of services

Most Jewish immigrants were different from other groups of people who immigrated to the United States during the early twentieth century because they __________.

came to the United States with the intention of living here permanently

Although the bohemians of New York's Greenwich Village shared many attributes with the progressives of the early twentieth century, they largely differed from this latter group because bohemians __________.

challenged traditional roles of marriage and sexuality

Which occupation was added to the ranks of the middle class during the second half of the nineteenth century?

clerks

During the final third of the nineteenth century, the overall standard of living __________.

climbed, although erratically

Which sectors of American industry suffered during the 1920s?

coal mines and textiles

Despite the working class's slim resources, workers constituted a new and important market for consumer goods because of their __________.

combined buying power

Under Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, "progressive diplomacy" meant ________.

commercial expansion backed by a growing military presence in the Western Hemisphere

Controversy over who had control of water rights in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in California resulted in a conflict between __________ during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.

conservationists and preservationists

The Morrill Act of 1862 contributed to western agricultural development by __________.

creating land-grant colleges focused on agricultural programs

Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon tried to promote general economic growth by __________.

cutting taxes on income and corporate profits

In the West, what was the primary punishment for cattle rustling?

death by hanging or illegal lynching

Plessy v. Ferguson was important because it __________.

declared segregation constitutional

"Jim Crow" refers to __________.

discriminatory and segregationist laws

From 1871 to 1881, the size of the federal bureaucracy __________.

doubled

During World War I, the purpose of the 75,000 "Four Minute Men" was to __________.

give brief patriotic speeches before stage and movie shows

The 1874 discovery of which precious resource in the Black Hills led to the Great Sioux War of 1876‒1877?

gold

Why did many New England mill owners move their operations to the South?

great potential for economic profit

William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic Party convention was __________.

in favor of free silver

Which of these was a common complaint of Piedmont millworkers about community life?

lack of privacy

Which industry helped transform the city of Houston from a railroad town into a busy metropolis?

oil refining

The garment system reflected a mix of old and new practices, in which highly mechanized factories __________.

operated at the same time as outwork sewing in homes

Which of these positions was associated with the Democratic Party in the 1870s and 1880s?

protection of states' rights

What virtually destroyed the Knights of Labor?

the Haymarket affair in Chicago

In April 1914, Woodrow Wilson considered invading Mexico because __________.

the democratically supported president Francisco Madero had been ousted and murdered by General Victoriano Huerta, one of his military officers

What precipitated the bitter conflict in the Coeur d'Alene district?

wage cuts in the silver and lead mines

What characterized the "New Negro" of the 1920s?

an optimistic faith that encouraged African Americans to develop and celebrate their distinctive culture

Why did the National Woman's Party under the leadership of Alice Paul oppose protective legislation for women during the 1920s?

The NWP claimed that such laws reinforced sex stereotypes.

How did the decision reached by the jury in the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925 affect the teaching of evolution in American public schools?

The struggle over teaching evolution continued as an uneasy stalemate.

Which of these emerged out of the depression of the 1890s as the strongest and most stable workers' organization?

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Which statement about the conflict between American troops and Filipino rebels that took place at the end of the Spanish-American War is true?

American commanders seriously underestimated the Filipino people's determination to resist U.S. domination.

Why did the new middle class embrace "culture" such as museums and public libraries?

for self-improvement

Which of the following did President Woodrow Wilson see as crucial to long-term American economic growth?

free trade

Who were the vaqueros?

Mexican cowboys

Why did American cities continue to attract millions of new residents during the 1920s?

They promised business opportunities, good jobs, and personal freedom.

The right to hold a popular vote on proposed legislation is called __________.

a referendum

What percentage of North Carolina mill operatives were sixteen years of age or younger?

25%

By the end of the nineteenth century, what percentage of manufacturing took place in cities versus the countryside?

90%

Why did the United States initially advocate neutrality toward Germany when the Great War broke out in August 1914?

A significant number of German and Irish Americans demonstrated strong support for the Central Powers.

Which statement best summarizes President Woodrow Wilson's decision to declare war on Germany during World War I?

Although committed to U.S. neutrality, Wilson also believed that America had a special mission as the world's most enlightened nation.

Which statement most accurately describes the demographic makeup of the cattle-drive workers in the mid-nineteenth-century United States?

Although primarily male and white, the population was diverse, including large numbers of African Americans, Mexicans, and Indians.

What best describes the role of party machines in urban politics at the turn of the century?

Although these political systems thrived on corruption, they also secured access to services for many immigrant and working-class populations.

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy was rooted in the assumption that __________.

America was culturally superior to its Latin American neighbors

German-born artist Albert Bierstadt was most famous for his paintings of _________.

America's natural beauty

Which of these prompted the formation of the Anti-Imperialist League?

American military action in the Philippines

Progressive reformers looked to the public school primarily as an agent of __________.

Americanization

What was Congregationalist minister Washington Gladden's message in his book Applied Christianity?

Business leaders needed to return to Christ's teachings that called for the care of the poor and less fortunate.

How did American writers respond to American cultural values in the 1920s?

By and large, they felt alienated from American society and both ridiculed and criticized it.

What change, common in both the North and the South, led to the formation of the farmers' alliances?

falling crop prices

How did consumer-based industries change the everyday lives of Americans?

Canning, chemicals, synthetics, and plastics allowed for new mass-marketed products that were available to millions of Americans.

Which Indian tribe successfully challenged the Indian Removal Act in the Supreme Court, only to have Andrew Jackson ignore the Court's ruling?

Cherokee

How was life for workers in western mining communities different from that in other types of company towns?

Conflicts between laborers and mine owners were more violent.

Which statement best summarizes the "frontier thesis"?

Continuous expansion set new standards for democracy, strengthened individual character, and fostered a collective identity.

Which statement accurately describes why the American business community in 1911 was nervous about the future of its investments in Mexico?

Mexico's new leader, Francisco Madero, had promised economic reform for landless peasants.

How did President Woodrow Wilson change race relations in the federal government during his tenure?

He introduced legal segregation in federal employment.

How did Germany respond to the presence of neutral nations' ships, including those belonging to the United States, when it declared in 1915 that the waters around the British Isles were a war zone?

Germany threatened to sink neutral ships through unrestricted submarine warfare.

Which statement is consistent with the social gospel message?

Government ought to be more responsible toward impoverished citizens.

How did U.S. companies impede economic growth in Latin American nations during the 1920s?

Growing American investments made it difficult for these nations to grow their own food or diversify their economies.

What 1887 federal legislation authorized the establishment of state experimental stations designed to conduct agricultural research?

Hatch Act

How did the president of U.S. Steel, Elbert Gary, manage to turn public opinion against steel strikers and their demands for union recognition, an eight-hour day, and wage increases?

He branded them as revolutionaries.

How did U.S. secretary of state James G. Blaine, who served under the Garfield and Harrison administrations, promote American expansionist interests abroad?

He established U.S. foreign policy with Latin American nations that eventually led to American domination of that region's local economies.

How did Dallas dentist Hiram W. Evans transform the Ku Klux Klan when he became the organization's imperial wizard?

He hired professional fund-raisers and paid commissions to those who sponsored new members.

How did Woodrow Wilson respond to British and French pressure to intervene in the revolutionary developments in Russia?

He initially resisted, but then agreed to send about 15,000 American troops into Siberia to control strategically important railway lines there.

How did General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during World War I, create a distinct military community among the soldiers under his leadership?

He insisted that the AEF maintain its own identity, distinct from other Allied army units.

Which statement best explains how President Woodrow Wilson aided the cause of labor during his first term in office?

He supported the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which exempted unions from antitrust prosecution.

Why did Booker T. Washington enjoy the financial backing and respect of white philanthropists and progressives?

He urged African Americans to focus on self-improvement and self-reliance rather than on civil rights.

Which of these groups sided with each other during the violent "range wars" of the 1880s and 1890s?

farmers and sheepherders

After the arrival of Europeans, what factor gave western tribes a margin of survival far greater than that of their eastern counterparts?

geographic isolation

Compared to individually owned stores, chain stores offered __________.

greater selection and lower prices

How did Florence Kelley shape the lives of working women in Illinois?

Her report on dismal conditions in sweatshops became the basis for the state law mandating an eight-hour workday for women.

What idea based on the eugenics movement reinforced anti-immigration bias in the United States?

Heredity determined almost all a person's capacities, and genetic inferiority predisposed certain races or ethnic groups to crime and poverty.

What is the central contention of Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth?

Honest success is praiseworthy.

What made Herbert Hoover one of the best-known government administrators during World War I?

Hoover headed the Food Administration and successfully persuaded Americans to voluntarily ration food supplies.

How did the 1924 National Origins Act limit immigration into the United States?

It limited immigration to white Europeans, with quotas for each country of origin.

How did the Seventeenth Amendment, which shifted the direct election of U.S. senators from state legislatures to voters, address progressive reform goals?

It made government more responsive to voters.

How did John Deere's "singing plow" impact the agricultural productivity of the West?

It made sod busting much easier.

Which statement best synthesizes the historical significance of the rise of modern advertising in the 1920s?

It promoted a therapeutic ethic, suggesting that consumption could contribute to physical and emotional well-being.

Although the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 was intended to preserve family farms through irrigation, what was a greater, unexpected impact of this legislation?

It promoted the growth of large-scale agribusiness and western cities

How did the short eight-month participation of American soldiers in battle impact the outcome of World War I?

It shifted the balance of power to the Allies and prevented a prolonged stalemate.

Which of these was a weakness of the European alliance system?

It threatened to entangle many nations if war erupted on the European continent.

The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 __________.

greatly increased the population within the Indian territory, leading to intense competition for survival

How did the Woman's Christian Temperance Union try to protect women and children from the abuse of fathers and husbands?

It worked toward ending the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol.

Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission ineffective?

Its rate-setting policies were usually voided by the Supreme Court.

In the spring of 1893, the United States entered a depression that __________.

had begun in Europe

Why did the new Ku Klux Klan target members of the Roman Catholic Church?

Klan members claimed that Catholics' allegiance to the Pope made them unfit for citizenship.

How were patterns of immigration to the United States in the early twentieth century different from those in the nineteenth century?

Larger numbers of immigrants came to the United States in the early twentieth century, especially from southern and eastern Europe as well as from other areas of the Western Hemisphere.

The most important of the Fourteen Points, in Wilson's opinion, was the __________.

League of Nations

Which statement best describes the nature and structure of men's agricultural work on the Great Plains during the late nineteenth century?

Men's work was primarily seasonal, with heavy work during planting and harvest.

Which of these situations best exemplifies hemispheric migration to the United States during the early twentieth century?

Mexican immigrants provided a critical source of labor for farms, mines, and railroads in the American West.

During the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, Indian tribes in which region remained fairly isolated from white settlers and thus suffered fewer losses of independence and cultural integrity?

Northwest

What event did President McKinley use to justify his decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Spain?

the explosion on the USS Maine

Which western Indian tribe developed the Ghost Dance movement in 1889 as a form of religious resistance to white dominance?

Sioux

While the nation's education system was becoming more inclusive during this period, in what ways was it also becoming more differentiated?

Students were tracked by race and gender with the expectation they would fill certain roles.

Why did the Red Scare hinder the women's movement in the United States at the beginning of the 1920s?

Suffragists and feminists decided to cut ties with radical socialist and labor groups after the government called for "100 percent Americanism" during this crisis.

In what way was President Taft's foreign policy strategy of business investment in the Western Hemisphere unsuccessful?

Taft still had to send in the navy and Marines to intervene in the political affairs of several Latin American nations.

Which statement best describes why the presidential election of 1896 was considered the most important since Reconstruction?

The 1896 election ended the Populist challenge to the nation's governing system and realigned voting blocs.

Which of these was an important difference between the Grange and the Farmers' Alliance?

The Farmers' Alliance did not hesitate to put up candidates for political office.

How were the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies, different from the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

The IWW called for a united struggle between skilled and unskilled workers against the employing class.

How did World War I transform economic relations between the United States and foreign economic markets?

The United States emerged from World War I as the strongest economic power in the world when it had previously been the world's leading debtor nation.

The 1896 election ended the Populist challenge to the nation's governing system and realigned voting blocs.

The United States wanted the economic and strategic advantages that came with control of Cuba.

How did the War Industries Board (WIB) contribute to the expanding regulatory powers held by the federal government during World War I?

The WIB balanced price controls against war profits when dealing with the manufacturing of war materials.

How did revolutionary changes in Russia change domestic politics in the postwar years?

The accusation of Bolshevism became a powerful weapon against labor activists and all types of political dissent.

Why was the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia on June 28, 1914?

The assassin was a Serbian nationalist who fought for the Serbian annexation of Bosnia.

The Sioux and Comanche tribes responded to European encroachment by __________.

waging war on their neighbors and creating large Plains empires

How did the U.S. Supreme Court cases of Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Thind support the anti-immigration movement of the 1920s?

The decisions reached by the Court in these cases created the new racial category of "Asian" and codified the principle of racial exclusion in immigration and naturalization laws.

Why was the Coinage Act of 1873 also known as the "Crime of '73"?

The elimination of silver coinage from circulation made it more difficult for farmers to pay off their debts.

Which statement best describes the relationship between American business and the Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s?

The federal government and American business developed a new and closer relationship in which American businessmen had to deal with minimal government regulation.

Under the Treaty of Fort Laramie, what did Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud accomplish for his people?

The federal government granted the Sioux the right to occupy the Black Hills.

What effect did the progressive reformers' approach to the social ills of prostitution have on the sex trade?

Their anti-vice crusades closed red-light districts and brothels but pushed prostitution into the street.

How did Wild West shows of William "Buffalo Bill" Cody contribute to making the Wild West a staple of American popular culture?

These popular shows introduced millions of people to idealized images of the West, such as a female sharpshooter, stagecoach robberies, and Indians.

Which assessment best describes the historical significance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of June 1917 and May 1918?

They became a convenient vehicle for striking out at socialists, pacifists, and radical labor activists.

How did major corporations such as Du Pont and General Electric transform themselves economically after the end of World War I?

They began to diversify what they produced to gain more of the consumer market.

How did the Hepburn, Pure Food and Drug, and Meat Inspection Acts advance the national progressive agenda?

They expanded the scope of government intervention to protect consumers.

How did the National Association of Manufacturers, founded in 1903, try to eradicate unions altogether?

They launched campaigns for an "open shop," in which unions were not allowed.

How did new weapons such as the machine gun affect warfare in World War I?

They led to trench warfare that resulted in unprecedented casualties for all involved.

Which statement best describes the U.S. senators who were referred to as "the irreconcilables"?

They opposed the Treaty of Versailles in any form, whether it was amended or not.

How did newspaper tabloids, which first gained popularity in the 1920s, transform American culture?

They reached an audience that had never read newspapers before.

Which statement best explains why many local businessmen supported the Anti-Saloon League?

They saw a link between alcohol and worker productivity.

How did African Americans establish a small middle class of entrepreneurs and professionals in southern cities at the turn of the century?

They sold services and products to the black community.

How did psychological and social theories of the 1920s interpret the importance of sexuality in the human experience?

They stressed that sex was a positive and healthy impulse that should play a central role in the human experience.

What was the primary reason conservative Americans feared the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution that took place in Russia?

This was the first successful revolution against a capitalist state, something that many feared was possible in the United States

Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the influenza pandemic of 1918?

Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the influenza pandemic of 1918?

At the time of the Civil War, the typical American business was __________.

a small family-owned enterprise

Upon what did Lewis Henry Morgan base his argument in Ancient Society?

a theory of social evolution

The control of a market by a few large producers, which became the norm in the United States during the 1920s, is called __________.

an oligopoly

How did white popular culture in turn-of-the-century America tend to portray African Americans?

as innately inferior to other races

When Grangers referred to a band of "thieves in the night," they were referring to __________.

businesses, especially railroads and banks, that charged high fees for their services

Which of these set the AFL apart from the Knights of Labor and other similar organizations?

focus on concrete employment goals, including union status to bargain for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours

What was the greatest barrier that prevented the United States from implementing true neutrality when World War I broke out in 1914?

economic ties with the Allies

What development helped eliminate the problem of waste from horsecars?

electric trolleys

Most strikes during the late nineteenth century __________.

ended in failure

The battle to ban alcohol that took place between opponents of alcohol, known as "pietists," and opponents of prohibition, known as "ritualists," revealed that __________.

ethnic and cultural divides shaped the debate over alcohol

Progressivism was inspired by __________.

evangelical Protestantism and the natural and social sciences

The protest by Coxey's Army voiced the public's __________.

expectation of federal responsibility to its citizens during an economic crisis

As the amount of open space decreased, which of these typically claimed the best sites in the urban landscape?

factories

The American Federation of Labor concentrated on organizing __________.

highly skilled wage earners

Plains Indians adopted which of the following from Europeans?

horse riding and guns

What was the most important source of urban growth in the late nineteenth century?

immigrants

The predominant audience of the early movie industry centered in New York City prior to World War I was __________.

immigrants and working-class Americans

Which factor was crucial to agricultural expansion and development in the Great Plains?

improved transportation and farming technology

What was the primary goal of the national trade associations that Herbert Hoover supported during his presidential administration?

improving business efficiency by reducing competition

Between 1890 and World War I, American progressives could be found __________.

in all classes and regions and among all races

What was the focus of the Tuskegee Institute at its founding?

industrial and vocational education for African Americans along with moral uplift

After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, communities along the Rio Grande constructed relationships between whites and Hispanics that emphasized economic and social __________.

interdependence

Social Darwinists applied Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" principle to __________.

justify social and economic stratification

Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891) endorsed __________.

labor unions

By the end of the nineteenth century, many Americans' perception of the West was primarily shaped by __________.

legend rather than reality

What made it easier for more Americans to purchase automobiles during the 1920s?

lower production costs and easy credit

Which of these played a particularly prominent role in the social gospel movement?

middle-class women

Which industry, more than any other, brought the West into the global economy of capital, commodities, and labor?

mining

Which western industry's union efforts led to legislation mandating an eight-hour workday in Idaho, Arizona, and New Mexico by the early twentieth century?

mining

As new markets opened between 1870 and 1900, U.S. exports __________.

more than tripled

In the late nineteenth century, the federal government began setting aside huge tracts of wilderness in the West, and in 1872 Congress created the first __________.

national park

President McKinley settled the currency issue by __________.

overseeing the passage of the Gold Standard Act

Booker T. Washington encouraged African Americans to strive for __________.

practical instruction

Photographs taken and published by Jacob Riis in his book How the Other Half Lives advanced progressive goals most closely associated with __________.

promoting urban reform

When progressive reformers spoke of the "white slave traffic," they were referring to __________.

prostitution

What did "grandfather clauses" do?

provided loopholes that permitted poor whites to vote, while denying that right to blacks

The most basic and fundamental impulse of populism was to __________.

put government in the hands of the people

Which group profited most from the land speculation boom across the Great Plains?

railroad companies

What made mail-order houses initially possible?

railroad lines

McKinley supported the Dingley Tariff of 1897, which __________.

raised import duties to an all-time high

In the 1880s and 1890s, which group unleashed violence as a means of maintaining their control over grazing lands across the West?

ranchers

During the Uprising of the 20,000 in November 1909, women garment workers in New York demanded __________.

recognition of their union

Between 1865 and 1900, the annual production of goods in the United States __________.

rose from $2 billion to $13 billion

Albert Spalding played an important role in _________.

segregating professional baseball

Most of the 20 million immigrants who arrived in American cities in the late nineteenth century were from __________.

southern and eastern Europe

Mass transportation such as electric trolleys __________.

sped the development of suburbs

Progressives tended to see society's problems as __________.

structural in nature

Hoover called his concept of a government that would encourage voluntary cooperation among corporations, workers, farmers, and small-business men __________.

the "associative state"

Who controlled the political life of most large northeastern American cities at the turn of the century?

the Democratic Party

Horizontal combination is the means of gaining control of __________.

the market for a single product

The term "Gilded Age," coined by Mark Twain, refers to what aspect of the period following the Civil War?

the ostentatious display of wealth

What factor most encouraged cowboys to engage in reckless spending at the end of a drive?

the pay system, which gave each cowboy his lump-sum wage at each drive's conclusion

Which of these best explains the surge in immigration into the United States from Mexico that began in the late 1870s?

the policies of Mexican president Porfirio Diaz

What type of social structure predominated in the settlements of Great Plains immigrants?

tightly knit, interdependent groups of fellow travelers, sometimes closed to outsiders

What was the prime objective of the Women's National Indian Association?

to eradicate tribal customs and assimilate Indian families so they could develop in the "American" manner

What was the purpose of the Caminetti Act?

to give states the power to regulate mining

What was the major reason the United States constructed the Panama Canal?

to give the United States strategic and commercial advantages in the Western Hemisphere by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

What was the initial purpose of the Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange?

to improve its members socially, morally, and intellectually

Why was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 passed?

to outlaw combinations, which restrained trade and commerce, and to encourage competition among businesses

What was the purpose of the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

to prevent European armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere

Why did voters in the Northeast generally favor a high tariff?

to protect the region's manufacturing industry

What was the crossroads faced by Populists in the 1896 election?

to support the Democratic candidate or run an independent campaign

By what method did businesses gain control of production at every step of the way, from production of raw materials to sale of finished goods, during the last half of the nineteenth century?

vertical integration

During the 1920s in the United States, large corporations began to employ a new strategy toward labor, known as __________.

welfare capitalism

What caused the Wilmington massacre?

white anger over African Americans holding minor political offices

Which of these led to the massacre of Ghost Dancers at Wounded Knee?

white fears of the Ghost Dancers and their intentions

Which group or groups primarily benefited from western labor union activity at the end of the nineteenth century?

white workers

How did American industry boost its overall efficiency during the 1920s?

with automatic machinery and unskilled and semiskilled workers

The Piedmont region surpassed New England and came to lead the world in __________.

yarn and cloth production