PEL 399 Midterm Review
Over an athlete's career NCAA Div I schools spend: Over _________ per football player • Less than $30,000 per female of any sport
$100,000
NCAA AD's spend ______________ more on scholarships for men than women
$185,000,000
the average salary for: the coach of a men's team is __________
$267,007
Over an athlete's career NCAA Div I schools spend: Less than __________ per female of any sport
$30,000
the coach of a women's team is ___________
$98,106
What was the incident with Sue Bird (Seattle Storm)?
,just set the all-time WNBA record for assists in the WNBA. In a recent interview, she told a story about being interviewed as a well-known rookie coming out of UCONN. The male host said to her, "I think you will likely have a 2:1 assist-to-turnover ratio this season...but if you don't, I get to spank you."
When did men's sports start receiving scholarships?
1870's
When were women allowed to compete in the Olympics?
1900
When was NCAA founded?
1905
What accomplishments did Althea Gibson have?
1956: first person of color to win a Grand Slam title (the French Open) 1957: won Wimbledon and U.S. Nationals; voted Female Athlete of the Year by AP 1958: won Wimbledon and U.S. Nationals; voted Female Athlete of the Year by AP 1960: first black player to compete on women's professional golf tour **first black women to appear on covers of Sports Illustrated and Time**
When did Title IX become law?
1972
When did the NCAA finally take women under their wing?
1982
What percent of ESPN SportsCenter does talking heads dedicate to women's sports?
2%
How many singles, doubles, mixed doubles does Serena Williams have?
22 singles, 14 doubles, 2 mixed doubles
In 2010 at NCAA Division I schools, women's teams received: ________ of money spent on head coach salaries ________ of the funds spent on recruiting ________ of the overall money spent on athletics
41%; 36%; 39%
In the last 10 years, Women's participation in NCAA sports has increased by
44,474
How did Babe Didrickson break accepted model of femininity?
5'7" and 115lbs, physically strong and socially straightforward; was still considered "manly"
In the last 10 years, Men's participation has increased by
53,317
Who was Pat Head Summit?
American college basketball head coach with most career win in NCAA basketball history (1,098)
What sports did Althea Gibson play?
American tennis player and professional golfer
Who is Martina Navratilova?
Czech and American tennis player and coach; reached Wimbledon 12 times; longest recorded winning streak in open era
Where do athletic departments get money from?
Donors, TV revenues, Sponsors (Nike, Adidas, Budweiser, Pepsi, etc.), Participation in bowl games - even other Pac-12 team participation benefits UO, The gate - and concessions, Student incidental fees (at Oregon: $5 million), Gear sales - athletic department gets a % of sales, State contributions - not in Oregon
T/F: Thanks to Title IX there are now more women in coaching than ever.
False; In 1972 when Title IX was passed, over 90% of people coaching women were women. The percentage of women coaching women has fallen to 43%.
T/F: Women's sports don't need to be treated equally to men's because they don't run at a profit.
False; Most men's sports also don't make money including basketball. Only 29 Div. I football programs in America cover the costs of their program. Most sports operating budgets, both men's and women's, come from state funds or fundraising and TV revenues.
T/F: Men's sports have been cut because of Title IX.
False; Some schools have used Title IX as an excuse to cut some men's sports, but the law does not call for sports to be cut. It is the poor or lazy decision-making of some athletic directors that led to the cutting of some men's sports and to blame it on women's teams.
T/F: The number of males participating in competitive sports has decreased because of Title IX.
False; There are more males participating in sports in high schools and universities than ever before
T/F: Title IX is a law that was written to address gender equality in sports.
False; Title IX doesn't mention sports... it's a law about Educational opportunity.
Women coaches don't sue Athletic Depts. because Title IX lawsuits are hard to win.
False; Title IX lawsuits are fairly easy to win, but coaches don't sue the AD because if they did they'd be ostracized - they couldn't get another job anywhere. Students don't have the resources (time/money) and would likely spend all their years of eligibility in court. For this reason it's been considered a "law without teeth" because so MANY people who have wanted to sue have not done so.
What example of sexualizing women athletes is given in class?
Golf magazine - sexualization of Lexi Thompson; topless with towel covering her boobs
Why was Title IX implemented?
It was designed to improve educational opportunities for females - not to decrease opportunities for males
Who was Althea Gibson often compared to?
Jackie Robinson
T/F: Salaries of women who coach have improved because of Title IX.
Mostly false. Title IX doesn't address coaches...just players/students. The salaries of people who coach women have improved because of Title VII - The Equal Pay Act of 1963.
What accolade did Pat Head Summit receive?
Naismith Basketball Coach of the Century in 2000
Who holds the power over women, women's sports, and attention that women get?
Network execs, athletic directors, sports information guys, still mostly men - who just prefer men's sports, who don't take women's sports seriously - or they don't watch enough women's sports,
Who was Babe Didrickson Zaharias?
Olympic track and field athlete in 1932 but also played basketball, golf, baseball, softball, diving, roller-skater and bowler. 2 gold medals (hurdles and javelin); 1 silver medal (high jump)
In what Olympics did the US send more women than men?
Rio in 2016
Who were important players in passage of Title IX?
Senator Patsy Mink, Representative Edith Green, Senator Birch Bayr, Bernice Sandler
How did athletics morph from part of the educational mission to a big business?
Start to give athletes scholarships - expect more of them in terms of fitness and performance.
How has sports and educational alignment changed throughout the years?
Students went to school for an education and if they had other interests, could try out; development of scholarships and recruiting, sports have become central or most well-known aspect of many schools
What is one way in which women are harmed by gendered socialization in sports?
Successful female athletes are often called "manly" or "dykes" or other negative terms to shame them; homophobia is a way in which women's sports are controlled
What team did Pat Head Summit coach? For how long? How many championships?
Tennessee Lady Vols; 38 years; 8 championship
What did Babe Didrickson help found?
The LPGA, winning 41 events and 7 other gold championships
T/F: Title IX has grown women's participation in collegiate athletics faster than any other strategy could have managed.
True; Unfortunately, we live in a culture where we only do the right thing when a law tells us we must - and even then many people try to get away with skirting the law.
Who is Sue Enquist?
UCLA softball player; led UCLA to first College World Series; all-American softball player; as a coach won 11 national championships and .835 career winning percentage (highest recorded of any college softball coach)
Who is Lynetted Woodard?
basketball player at the University of Kansas; scored most points in college women's basketball history (3.649); played in Italian women's league after graduation; won Gold medal in 1984; 1985 first female to play for Harlem Globetrotters; 1997 signed to play in newly formed WNBA; inducted into 10 different halls of fame
Who was Wilma Rudolph?
considered fastest woman in the world in the 1960s and competed in 2 olympics games, 1956 and 1960
Who is Serena Williams?
currently #1 ranked player in women's singles tennis; WTA ranked her #1 in singles on six separate occasions; regarded as created female tennis player of all time
How does gender socialization impact women and men?
descriptors of males throughout lifetime can be helpful towards success in sports where women's are not; gendered descriptors become expectations
Who is Kathryn Switzer?
first 'official' female to run the Boston Marathon by applying without her full first name; once spotted, head official tried to run her off race
Who is Bobbi Gibb?
first woman to run in Boston Marathon in 1966; applied and was refused but ran it anyway
Who is typically the highest paid employee in most states?
football or men's basketball coach
What title regarding wins does Williams have?
hold most major singles, doubles, and mixed doubles titles combined amongst active players, male or female
What does Title IX involve?
if an institution gets money from the US government, you have to have or be making progress towards gender equity in your school
What is the chain of events that brought athletics from education to big business?
introduction of scholarships; expectation of wins; winning coaches; money needed for all of above plus travel, meals, lodging, uniforms etc; added specialist coaching; grow other support systems like business operators, marketers, facility operators; build large facilities; gain donors; start to add nutritionist, doctors, pyschologists to athletic programs; building for admin/support staff; etc. etc.
What challenging examples did Althea Gibson have to face during her career?
sometimes had to enter country clubs through back door; couldn't use locker room or have dinner at club; after winning tournament, left through back door; struggled financially because commercial endorsements went to white players
Why is an increase in women's sports coverage important?
teaches girls to see what is possible; socialization includes representation that leads to possibilities which leads to impowerment
Why are women's sports typically dismissed by networks?
the belief that women's sports won't sell or is not entertaining; women are not the ones in power in media or business and aren't the ones making decisions about what gets put on air
What was Pat Head Summit's olympic career?
won two Olympic medals: gold as head coach in 1984 women's basketball and silver as player in 1976
If the coach of the football or basketball team is the highest paid employee in the state, does that come with any pressure to perform?
yes
What happened when men and women's athletic department merged?
a surprising amount of women lost their jobs when athletic departments were combined; men started to coach women's teams because there were some resources (salaries) being pointed that direction
What is wrong about the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue?
it had nothing to do with sport and everything to do with 'male gaze'; insulting to women who work hard in their sport; fashion model is on cover versus professional athlete
What is the gender of the highest paid public employee in most, if not every, state?
male
How do we market men's sports?
market teams, player, leagues to inform public, cover sports on tv, print, online, post game analytics and talk shows
How are women and men portrayed differently in magazines?
men are shown as powerful where women are often partly naked and sexualized
Does Title IX mention sports or girl?
no
Do men's sports suffer because of Title IX?
no, leadership decisions; allocation of funds
Why are sports teams still aligned with schools if it is so commercialized?
originally school sport teams were considered aligned with educational mission
What was some big things Wilma Rudolph did?
overcame premature birth, scarlet fever, infantile paralysis; wore a leg brace and orthopedic shoe; asked for her homecoming parade (after Olympics) to be fully integrated municipal events; put on a stamp after her death
What are the three parts of Title IX?
participation, scholarships, other program components
What other ways are we socially constructed?
race, politics, religions, sexuality, military, boardrooms
