Penny Abdomen Review

All of the following are sources of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening except: a. benign ascites b. hepatitis c. congestive heart failure d. gallbladder polyp

d. gallbladder polyp

Which of the following lab values would be most helpful in evaluating a patient with recent trauma? a. white blood cell count b. a- fetoprotein c. blood urea nitrogen d. hematocrit

d. hematocrit

The lack of the normal fixation of the testis to the posterior scrotal wall is referred to as: a. klinefelter syndrome b. blue dot sign c. bell-clapper deformitiy d. cryptorchidism

c. bell-clapper deformity

A common cyst most often seen in the head of the epididymis that contains nonviable sperm is the : a. epididymal cyst b. tunica albuginea cyst c. spermatocele d. seminoma

c. spermatocele

An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in: a. rectum b. gallbladder c. spleen d. pancreas

c. spleen

The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the: a. celiac trunk b. subphrenic arteries c. suprarenal arteries d. superior mesenteric artery

c. suprarenal arteries

Which of the following statements about the IVC is not true? a. the diameter of the IVC is variable b. respiration can affect the size of the IVC c. The IVC is located to the left of the abdominal aorta d. The IVC is considered retroperitoneal in location

c. the IVC is located to the left of the abdominal aorta

A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than _____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement a. 8 mm b. 5 mm c. 12 mm d. 10 mm

d. 10 mm

The diameter of the portal vein should not exceed: a. 4 mm b. 8 mm c. 10 mm d. 13 mm

d. 13 mm

The gallbladder wall should measure no more than: a. 5 mm b. 6 mm c. 4 mm d. 3 mm

d. 3 mm

What are the diagnostic criteria for pyloric stenosis? a. 17 mm in thickness and 2 mm in length b. 17 mm in thickness and 3 mm in length c. 3 mm in thickness and 10 mm in length d. 3 mm in thickness and 17 mm in length

d. 3 mm in thickness and 17 mm in length

The biliary duct wall should never measure more than: a. 2 mm b. 9 mm c. 4 mm d. 5 mm

d. 5 mm

The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of: a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 4 years d. 5 years

d. 5 years

Dilated veins of a varicocele will measure: a. >8 mm b. >4 mm c. <2 mm d. >2 mm

d. > 2 mm

The "sandwich" sign denotes: a. pyloric stenosis b. intussusception c. retroperitoneal fibrosis d. abdominal lymphadenopathy

d. abdominal lymphadenopathy

Which cells carry out the exocrine function of the pancreas? a. whipple cells b. isles of langerhans c. delta cells d. acinar cells

d. acinar cells

Which of the following at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation of the object? a. fluid b. enhancement c. dust d. air

d. air

A pleural effusion that is associated with infection with sonographically appear: a. complex b. anechoic c. septated d. all of the above

d. all of the above

If an obstructive biliary calculus is located within the distal common duct, which of the following could ultimately dilate? a. common bile duct b. gallbladder c. common hepatic duct d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What is the most common sonographic appearance of a seminoma? a. hyperechoic b. anechoic c. heterogeneous with calcifications d. hypoechoic

d. hypoechoic

What vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes? a. external carotid vein b. external carotid artery c. internal jugular vein d. internal jugular artery

d. internal jugular artery

The sonographic finding of fluid-filled, distended loops of bowel is consistent with: a. meckel diverticulum b. diverticulus c. gastroesophageal reflux disease d. intestinal obstruction

d. intestinal obstruction

Other abnormalities that can present much like pyloric stenosis include all of the following except: a. midgut malrotation b. pylorospasm c. gastroesophageal reflux disease d. intussusception

d. intussusception

The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the: a. inferior vena cava b. abdominal aorta c. celiac trunk d. left renal vein

d. left renal vein

One of the most common locations for a pancreatic pseudocyst is within the: a. paracolic gutters b. groin c. spleen d. lesser sac

d. lesser sac

Which musclese are located anterior to the thyroid gland? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. thyrocervial trunk d. strap

d. strap

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging: a. deep structures that produce acoustic enhancement b. deep structures that produce acoustic shadowing c. structures that produce refractive shadowing d. superficial structures

d. superficial structures

Of the following, which vessel will show a different flow pattern after eating? a. celiac artery b. splenic artery c. renal artery d. superior mesenteric artery

d. superior mesenteric artery

Acute onset of testicular pain at rest is a common clinical finding with: a. testicular carcinoma b. hydrocele c. testicular trauma d. testicular torsion

d. testicular torsion

Which of the following is true concerning patients with a lipoma? a. they often complain of pain in the area of the mass b. they are obese c. they are only slightly tender in the area of the mass d. they feel no pain in the area of the mass

d. they feel no pain in the area of the mass

Sonographically, compared to normal kidneys, those affected by chronic renal failure will appear: a. normal in size with decreased echogenicity b. smaller in size and hypoechoic c.larger in size and more echogenic d. smaller in size and more echogenic

d. smaller in size and more echogenic

The exocrine function of the testicles is to produce: a. testosterone b. human chorionic gonadotropin c. alpha-fetoprotein d. sperm

d. sperm

The situation when bowel protrudes into a weakened area in the lower one fourth of the rectus muscle is referred to as a: a. inguinal hernia b. linea alba hernia c. umbilical hernia d. spigelian hernia

d. spigelian hernia

Which vascular structure may be confused for the main pancreatic duct? a. hepatic artery b. left gastric artery c. superior mesenteric artery d. splenic artery

d. splenic artery

The pancreatic tail is outlines posteriorly by what vascular structure? a. superior mesenteric artery b. inferior mesenteric vein c. portal confluence d. splenic vein

d. splenic vein

The adrenal glands receive a portion of their blood supply from all of the following except the: a. suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries b. suprarenal branches of aorta c. suprarenal branches of renal arteries d. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

d. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

All of the following will aid in the sonographic assessment of an Achilles tendon except: a. the patient lies prone, with his or her feet hanging off the end of the bed b. both the symptomatic and asymptomatic achilles tendons should be scanned for comparison c. the entire tendon should be evaluated in sagittal and transverse scan planes d. the patient is scanned in the erect position, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side

d. the patient is scanned in the erect position, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side

All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except: a. adrenal adenoma b. hypertension c. excessive thirst d. thinning arms and legs

d. thinning arms and legs

The blue dot sign is indivative of: a. testicular torsion b. epididymitis c. orchitis d. torsion of the testicular appendage

d. torsion of the testicular appendage

The outer wall layer of a vessel is the: a. tunica media b. tunica intima c. tunica rugae d. tunica adventitia

d. tunica adventitia

Hypertrophic plyoric stenosis is most often found in infants between: a. 1 and 10 days of age b. 2 and 8 weeks of age c. 10 and 24 weeks of age d. 2 and 4 years of age

b. 2 and 8 weeks of age

The diameter of the IVC should never exceed: a. 1.5 cm b. 2.5 cm c. 3.5 cm d. 8 mm

b. 2.5 cm

Normally, how many parathyroid gland are found within the adult neck? a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

b. 4

The area of pain and rebound tenderness with acute appendicitis is most likey at: a. meckel point b. McBurney point c. murphy point d. olive point

b. McBurney point

Which of the following is associated with development of cysts within the pancreas? a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease b. Von Hippel- Lindau disease c. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome d. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

b. Von Hippel - Lindau disease

Which hormone listed below is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body? a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

c. aldosterone

Of the list below, which is considered to be a malignant testicular neoplasm? a. neuroblastoma b. hepatoma c. yolk sac tumor d. hamartoma

c. yolk sac tumor

A gastrinoma of the pancreas can produce: a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease b. von hippel-lindau disease c. zollinger-ellison syndrome d. hyperinsulinemia

c. zollinger-ellison syndrome

Chronic use of hemodialysis can result in: a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease b. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease c. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease d. acquired renal cystic disease

d. acquired renal cystic disease

Hyperfunctioning adrenal adenomas are associated with all of the following except: a. cushing syndrome b. conn syndrome c. hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland d. acute drop in hematocrit

d. acute drop in hematocrit

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute renal failure? a. hypertension b. diabetes mellitus c. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease d. acute tubular necrosis

d. acute tubular necrosis

The most common form of malignancy of the pancreas is: a. cystadenocarcinoma b. islet cell tumors c. cystadenoma d. adenocarcinoma

d. adenocarcinoma

An aneurysm associated with infection is termed: a. recanalized b. saccular c. fusiform d. mycotic

d. mycotic

Clinical findings of an abdominal aortic aneurysm include all of the following except: a. lower extremity pain b. back pain c. abdominal bruit d. neck pain

d. neck pain

The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the: a. hepatoblastoma b. hypernephroma c. pheochromocytoma d. neuroblastoma

d. neuroblastoma

Which of the following is not considered retroperitoneal? a. abdominal lymph nodes b. kidneys c. adrenal glands d. ovaries

d. ovaries

All of the following can be associated with splenomegaly except: a. trauma b. hemolytic abnormalities c. mononucleosis d. pancreatitis

d. pancreatitis

Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer? a. follicular b. anaplastic c. lymphoma d. papillary

d. papillary

All of the following are forms of cholangitis except: a. acute bacterial b. AIDS c. oriental d. parabolic

d. parabolic

Fluid located around the heart is termed: a. ascites b. pleural effusion c. lung consolidation d. pericardial effusion

d. pericardial effusion

The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrolable hypertension, tachycardia, and tremors is the: a. neuroblastoma b. adrenal hematoma c. oncocytoma d. pheochromocytoma

d. pheochromocytoma

Which of the following complications would be most likely to occur following a thoracentesis? a. pneumobilia b. hydrothorax c. pericardial effusion d. pneumothorax

d. pneumothorax

What is the most common cancer found in men? a. testicular cancer b. lung cancer c. liver cancer d. prostate cancer

d. prostate cancer

All of the following are potential causes of lung consolidation except: a. pneumonia b. hemorrhage c. carcinoma d. pulmonary sequestration

d. pulmonary sequestration

The superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as: a. thyroglossal duct b. branchial cleft c. yodeler's lobe d. pyramidal lobe

d. pyramidal lobe

Which of the following locations is the most common location for a urolithiasis to become lodged? a. ureteropelvic junction b. midureter c. urethra d. ureterovesicular junction

d. ureterovesicular junction

What scrotal abnormality is caused by incompetent valves within the pampiniform plexus? a. testicular carcinoma b. testicular microlithiasis c. testicular torsion d. varicocele

d. varicocele

Clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis include all of the following except: a. urinary tract infections b. urinary calculi c. hyperparathyroidism d. weight loss

d. weight loss

Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as: a. mirror image artifact b. indirect artifact c. reflective shadowing d. refractive shadowing

d. refractive shadowing

Enlargement of the IVC, with subsequent enlargement of the hepatic veins, is seen in cases of: a. Budd-Chiari syndrome b. Marfan syndrome c. left sided heart failure d. right sided heart failure

d. right sided heart failure

Spermatogenesis occurs within the: a. tunica albuginea b. rete testis c. mediastinum testis d. seminiferous tubules

d. seminiferous tubules

Which hormones below play a part in the development of male characteristics? a. androgens b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. hematocrit

a. androgens

An autoimmuse disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract describes: a. crohn disease b. intussusception c. pyloric stenosis d. meckel diverticulitis

a. crohn disease

The portion of the bowel that encompasses the head of the pancreas is the: a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum d. cecum

a. duodenum

The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is a/an: a. hyperechoic mass b. hypoechoic mass c. anechoic mass d. complex mass

a. hyperechoic mass

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with the diagnosis of testicular torsion except: a. hyperemic flow within the testis b. hypoechoic testis c. reactive hydrocele d. decreased intratesticular flow ( as compared with the asymptometic testis)

a. hyperemic flow within the testis

Which of the following is the most common sonographic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis? a. hypoechoic mass surrounding the aorta b. multiple small lymph nodes anterior to the abdominal aorta c. anechoic mass in the lower abdomen d. echogenic mass posterior to the kidneys

a. hypoechoic mass surrounding the aorta

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the: a. inferior vena cava b. abdominal aorta c. celiac trunk d. left renal vein

a. inferior vena cava

The situation when bowel protrudes into the groin is referred to as a: a. inguinal hernia b. linea alba hernia c. umbilical hernia d. spigeliean hernia

a. inguinal hernia

Which of the following is the hormone released by the pancreas that encourages the body's use of glucagon? a. insulin b. somatostatin c. glygogen d. sodium bicarbonate

a. insulin

Which of the following is considered the most proximal portion of the biliary tree? a. intrahepatic radicles b. cystic duct c. common hepatic duct d. common bile duct

a. intrahepatic radicles

The spleen is a/an: a. intraperitoneal organ b. retroperitoneal organ

a. intraperitoneal organ

The ligamentum teres can be used to separate the: a. medial and lateral segments of the left lobe b. medial and posterior segments of the right lobe c. anterior and medial segments of the left lobe d. anterior and posterior segments of the right lobe

a. medial and lateral segments of the left lobe

Which statement is not true of cholelithiasis? a. men have an increased likelihood of developing cholelithiasis b. patients who have been or are pregnany have an increased occurrence of cholelithiasis c. a rapid weight loss may increase the likelihood of developing cholelithiasis d. patients who have hemolytic disorders have an increased occurrence of cholelithiasis

a. men have an increased likelihood of developing cholelithiasis

Which of the following statements about the abdominal aorta is not true? a. most aneurysms located within the abdominal aorta are false aneurysms b. the abdominal aorta is located just left of the midline c. the most common location of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is infrarenal d. the abdominal aorta is considered to be retroperitoneal in location

a. most aneurysms located within the abdominal aorta are false aneurysms

All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography except: a. most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic b. a linear-array transducer should be used c. most foreign bodies are better visualized using a standoff pad d. comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects

a. most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic

Hartmann pouch involves which part of the gallbladder: a. neck b. fundus c. body d. phrygian cap

a. neck

The junctional fold is found at which level of the gallbladder: a. neck b. fundus c. body d. phrygian cap

a. neck

What is the functional unit of the kidney? a. nephron b. medulla c. cortex d. Bowman's capsule

a. nephron

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage except: a. no intratesticular flow b. small hyperechoic mass adjacent to the testis c. reactive hydrocele d. scrotal wall thickening

a. no intratesticular flow

All of the following are true of normal intestinal findings with sonography except: a. normal bowel does not compress b. normal bowel should have observable peristalsis c. intestinal wall should measure less than 5 mm d. normal bowel has little to no color Doppler signals

a. normal bowel does not compress

Clinical findings of a patient with Crohn disease include all of the following except: a. palpable abdominal mass b. rectal bleeding c. abdominal pain d. weight loss

a. palpable abdominal mass

A gastrinoma would most likely be discovered in the: a. pancreas b. adrenal gland c. stomach d. spleen

a. pancreas

Courvoisier's gallbladder is associated with which of the following: a. pancreatic head mass b. stone in the cystic duct c. cholecystitis d. chronic diverticulitis

a. pancreatic head mass

A complicated baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as: a. pannus b. plicae c. septation d. lipoma

a. pannus

The inferior extension of the caudate lobe is referred to as: a. papillary process b. focal hepatomegaly c. reidel lobe d. morison lobe

a. papillary process

The most common location of prostatic cancer is the: a. peripheral zone b. transitional zone c. central zone d. verumontanum

a. peripheral zone

The most common variant of gallbladder shape is the: a. phrygian cap b. hartmann pouch c. septated gallbladder d. junctional fold

a. phrygian cap (Davies says junctional fold is most common)

Air within the biliary tree is referred to as: a. pneumobilia b. cholangitis c. choledocholithiasis d. cholesterolosis

a. pneumobilia

Sonographically, you visualize scattered echogenic linear structures within the liver parenchyma that produce ring-down artifact. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. pneumobilia b. choledocholithiasis c. sludge balls d. cholesterolosis

a. pneumobilia

Free air within the chest outside of the lungs is referred to as: a. pneumothorax b. cystic adenomatoid malformation c. pulmonary sequestration d. lung consolidation

a. pneumothorax

One complication of a thoracentesis that may require a chest radiograph for diagnosis is the development of a: a. pneumothorax b. sequestration c. cystic adenomatoid malformation d. rib fracture

a. pneumothorax

The splenic vein marks the: a. posterior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail b. anterior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail c. medial surface of the pancreatic body and tail d. lateral aspect of the pancreatic body and tail

a. posterior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail

To better evaluate the Achilles tendon, the patient should be placed in what position? a. prone b. supine c. right lateral decubitus d. left lateral decubitus

a. prone

The type of tissue within the spleen that is responsible for its phagocytic function is the: a. red pulp b. white pulp c. culling pulp d. pitting pulp

a. red pulp

All of the following are clinical findings of hepatocellular carcinoma except: a. reduction in alpha-fetoprotein b. unexplained weight loss c. fever d. cirrhosis

a. reduction in alpha-fetoprotein

All of the following are branches of the celiac axis except: a. right gastric artery b. hepatic artery c. splenic artery d. left gastric artery

a. right gastric artery

The right intersegmental fissure contains the: a. right hepatic vein b. middle hepatic vein c. left portal vein d. right portal vein

a. right hepatic vein

For better sonographic visualization of the pyloric sphincter, the infant is often placed in what position? a. right lateral decubitus b. left lateral decubitus c. prone d. upright

a. right lateral decubitus

From the list below, which vessel would be the shortest in length? a. right renal vein b. right renal artery c. left renal vein d. left renal artery

a. right renal vein

Lung consolidation typically appears sonographically as: a. several internal echoes that radiate in a linear pattern because of air within the bronchi b. an anechoic mass with posterior enhancement c. an echogenic mass with posterior shadowing d. a large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the pericardial space

a. several internal echoes that radiate in a linear pattern because of air within the bronchi

A 48-year-old male patient with a history of severe, sudden onset of left upper quadrant pain without trauma presents to the ultrasound department for a sonogram of the spleen. You visualize a wedge-shaped, hypoechoic area within the spleen. This most likely represents a: a. splenic infarct b. splenic hematoma c. splenic hemangioma d. splenic metastasis

a. splenic infarct

The main portal vein is created by the union of the: a. splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein b. superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric vein c. splenic vein and inferior mesenteric vein d. splenic vein and gastroduodenal vein

a. splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

Diffuse involvement of lymphoma or leukemia of the spleen will often lead to: a. splenomegaly b. splenic atrophy c. epstein-barr infection d. splenic torsion

a. splenomegaly

Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. sternohyoid d. omohyoid

a. sternocleidomastoid

The second main branch of the abdominal aorta is the: a. superior mesenteric artery b. celiac artery c. renal arteries d. hepatic artery

a. superior mesenteric artery

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as: a. tendosynovitis b. tendonitis c. cellulitis d. pannus

a. tendosynovitis

The endocrine function of the testicles is to produce: a. testosterone b. human chorionic gonadotropin c. alpha-fetoprotein d. sperm

a. testosterone

The tissue comprising a lung consolidation can appear sonographically isoechoic to: a. the liver b. the ivc c. the aorta d. the rectus abdominis

a. the liver

The diagnostic or therapeutic procedure where fluid is removed from the pleural space is referred to as: a. thoracentesis b. pneumothorax c. paracentesis d. pericardial centesis

a. thoracentesis.

Which of the following is the hormone that is most abundantly produces by the thyroid? a. thyroxine b.iodine c. triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

a. thyroxine

With active internal hemorrhage, the patient's hematocrit will: a. increase b. decrease c. become stable d. not change

b. decrease

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a/an: a. arteriovenous malformation b. deep venous thrombosis c. knee fracture d. ganglion cyst

b. deep venous thrombosis

Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic renal failure? a. hypertension b. diabetes mellitus c. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease d. acute tubular necrosis

b. diabetes mellitus

The most common anomaly of the urinary tract is: a. horseshoe kidney b. duplicated collecting system c. renal agenesis d. renal hypoplasia

b. duplicated collecting system

All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except: a. rounded shape b. echogenic hilum c. calcifications d. enlargement

b. echogenic hilum

Which segment of the biliary tree tends to dilate first with obstruction? a. intrahepatic b. extrahepatic

b. extrahepatic

The thyroid gland utilizes which of the following to produce its hormones? a. colloid b. iodine c. iron d. calcium

b. iodine

Which lab value listed below appears to be more specific for acute pancreatitis? a. amylase b. lipase c. AST d. SGOT

b. lipase

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat? a. hemangioma b. lipoma c. hamartoma d. oncocytoma

b. lipoma

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. sternohyoid d. omohyoid

b. longus colli

What should the postprandial flow pattern be within the superior mesenteric artery? a. high resistance b. low resistance

b. low resistance

The hepatic artery should demonstrate: a. high-resistance flow b. low-resistance flow

b. low-resistance flow

Clinical findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis include which of the following? a. hematuria b. migraine medication use c. diabetes mellitus d. diarrhea

b. migraine medication use

What is the most common location of an ectopic kidney? a. thoracic cavity b. pelvis c. contralateral fossa d. left upper quadrant

b. pelvis

A 63-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for an examination of the abdomen. He complains of right upper pain, shortness of breath, and constipation. Sonographically, the liver and gallbladder appear normal. However, you visualize an anechoic, triangular collection of fluid superior to the right hemidiaphragm. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. pulmonary sequestration b. pleural effusion c. pneumothorax d. cystic adenomatoid malformation

b. pleural effusion

Fluid located around the lungs is termed: a. ascites b. pleural effusion c. lung consolidation d. pericardial effusion

b. pleural effusion

The most common cause of splenomegaly is: a. hepatitis b. portal hypertension c. lymphoma d. trauma

b. portal hypertension

All of the following are part of the exocrine function of the pancreas except for the: a. production of lipase b. production of glucagon c. production of amylase d. production of sodium bicarbonate

b. production of glucagon

A 35-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of migraine headache medication use, weight loss, nausea, and malaise. Sonographically, you visualize a 15-cm hypoechoic mass within the abdomen. Which of the following would be most likely? a. volvulus b. retroperitoneal fibrosis c. intussusception d. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

b. retroperitoneal fibrosis

Enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes is referred to as: a. retroperitoneal fibrosis b. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy c. abdominal consolidation d. retroperitoneal sequestration

b. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

Primary varicoceles are associated with all of the following except: a. left-sided location b. retroperitoneal mass c. infertility d. palpable extratesticular mass

b. retroperitoneal mass

The pancreas is an: a. intraperitoneal organ b. retroperitoneal organ

b. retroperitoneal organ

The kidney's are: a. intraperitoneal organs b. retroperitoneal organs c. both intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs d. neither intraperitoneal nor retroperitoneal organs

b. retroperitoneal organs

The IVC terminates at the: a. common iliac veins b. right atrium c. left atrium d. left ventricle

b. right atrium

What systemic disease results in the development of granulomas within the spleen and throughout the body? a. granulomatosis b. sarcoidosis c. sickle cell anemia d. histoplasmosis

b. sarcoidosis

What is the most common malignancy of the testicles? a. embryonal cell carcinoma b. seminoma c. choriocarcinoma d. spermatocele

b. seminoma

The splenic vein joins with what structure posterior to the pancreatic neck to form the portal vein? a. inferior mesenteric artery b. superior mesenteric vein c. inferior mesenteric arter d. main hepatic vein

b. superior mesenteric vein

Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of: a. hyperemic flow b. tendosynovitis c. cartilaginous inflammation d. cartilaginous extension

b. tendosynovitis

All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands except: a. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus b. the adrenal glands are exocrine glands c. the adrenal glands are composed of a medulla and cortex d. the adrenal glands may also be referred to as suprarenal glands

b. the adrenal glands are exocrine glands

The most common location of a varicocele is: a. the right side of the scrotum b. the left side of the scrotum c. the inguinal canal d. within the testis

b. the left side of the scrotum

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is present when the diameter of the abdominal aorta exceeds: a. 10 mm b. 2.5 mm c. 3 cm d. 2 mm

c. 3 cm

Which of the following is not a plausible cuase of common bile duct obstruction in adults? a. choledocholithiasis b. chronic pancreatitis c. choledochal cyst d. pancreatic carcinoma

c. choledochal cyst

The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as: a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. colloid d. triidothyronine

c. colloid

Clinical findings of acute appendicitis include all of the following except: a. leukocytosis b. right lower quadrant pain c. constipation d. rebound tenderness

c. constipation

Renal cysts that project out away from the kidney are termed: a. exophytic b. parapelvic c. cortical d. peripelvic

c. cortical

The veins seen attaching to the IVC just below the diaphragm are the: a. renal veins b. superior mesenteric vein c. hepatic veins d. celiac axis

c. hepatic veins

A complex cyst that results from the parasitic infestation of the spleen by a tapeworm is the: a. bacterial endocarditic cyst b. choledochal cyst c. hydatid cyst d. candidiasis

c. hydatid cyst

The most common echogenicity of an acutely inflamed pancreas is: a. anechoic b. hyperechoic c. hypoechoic d. calcified

c. hypoechoic

Sonographically, normal muscle appears as: a. hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands b. complex tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands c. hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands d. echogenic tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands

c. hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Which of the following is not sonographic finding consistent with Crohn disease? a. bowel wall thickening b. noncompressible bowel that has a target appearance c. increased peristalsis d. hyperemic wall

c. increased peristalsis

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of: a. malignancy b. benignancy c. inflammation d. rupture

c. inflammation

Which of the following is the most common islet cell tumor? a. granuloma b. gastrinoma c. insulinoma d. cystadenoma

c. insulinoma

If a gallstone, causing obstruction, is located within the distal common hepatic duct, which of the following would become dilated? a. common bile duct only b. gallbladder only c. intrahepatic ducts d. all of the above

c. intrahepatic ducts

Red currant jelly stools are associated with what abnormality? a. diverticulosis b. appendicitis c. intussusception d. pyloric stenosis

c. intussusception

The telescoping of one segment of bowel into another is referred to as: a. volvulus b. crohn disease c. intussusception d. pyloric stenosis

c. intussusception

The aorta originates at the: a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle

c. left ventricle

A disorder of the connective tissue characterized by tall stature and aortic and mitral valve insufficiency is: a. wilms syndrome b. meckel-gruber syndrome c. marfan syndrome d. kleinman syndrome

c. marfan syndrome

Small echogenic foci scattered throughout the spleen most likely represent: a. multiple benign hemangioma b. multiple benign hematomas c. multiple benign granulomas d. malignant lymphoma

c. multiple benign granulomas

A normal lymph node will not measure greater than: a. 8 mm b. 5 mm c. 12 mm d. 10 mm

d. 10 mm

Typically, a hematoma appears: a. hyperechoic b. hypoechoic c. complex d. all of the above have been encountered

d. all of the above have been encountered

The most common shape of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is: a. saccular b. bulbous c. true d. fusiform

d. fusiform

Of the list below, which is considered to be an intraperitoneal organ? a. left kidney b. aorta c. IVC d. liver

d. liver

Common locations for abdominal lymph nodes include all of the following except: a. mesentery b. renal hilum c. along the length of the abdominal aorta d. within the subhepatic space

d. within the subhepatic space

The Klatskin tumor is located: a. at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts b. at the junction of the cystic and common bile duct c. at the junction of the common bile duct and common hepatic duct d. between the pancreatic head and duodenum

a. at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts

Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly found in all of the following locations except: a. liver b. renal pelvis c. urinary bladder d. ureter

a. liver

What structure is a useful landmark for identifying the gallbladder? a. main lobar fissure b. hepatoduodenal ligament c. falciform ligament d. ligamentum venosum

a. main lobar fissure

The diameter of the gallbladder should not exceed: a. 8 cm b. 5 cm c. 7 mm d. 3 cm

b. 5 cm

What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract? a. estrogen b. cholecystokinin c. bilirubin d. biliverdin

b. cholecystokinin

A gallstone located within the biliary tree is referred to as: a. cholecystitis b. choledocholithiasis c. cholangitis d. cholangiocarcinoma

b. choledocholithiasis

What is/are cholelithiasis? a. inflammation of the gallbladder b. gallstones c. hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall d. stones within the biliary tree

b. gallstones

Acute cholecystitis that leads to necrosis and abscess development within the gallbladder wall describes: a. emphysematous cholecystitis b. gangrenous cholecystitis c. chronic cholecystitis d. gallbladder perforation

b. gangrenous cholecystitis

All of the following are sequela of cirrhosis except: a. portal vein thrombosis b. hepatic artery enlargement c. portal hypertension d. splenomegaly

b. hepatic artery enlargement

The main portal vein divides into: a. middle, left, and right branches b. left and right branches c. anterior and posterior branches d. medial and lateral branches

b. left and right branches

The space located beding the liver and stomach, and posterior to the pancreas is the: a. hepatosplenic space b. lesser sac c. greater sac d. supraduodenal space

b. lesser sac

The left love of the liver can be separated from the right lobe by: a. right hepatic vein b. middle hepatic vein c. left hepatic vein d. falciform ligament

b. middle hepatic vein

The main lobar fissure contains the: a. right hepatic vein b. middle hepatic vein c. main portal vein d. right portal vein

b. middle hepatic vein

A patient presents with jaundice, pain, and fever, secondary to an impacted stone in the cystic duct. This is referred to as: a. caroli syndrome b. mirizzi syndrome c. choledochal cysts d. biliary atresia

b. mirizzi syndrome

The innermost layer of the gallbladder wall is the: a. fibromuscular layer b. mucosal layer c. serosal layer d. muscularis layer

b. mucosal layer

Which of the following is not considered an intraperitoneal organ? a. liver b. pancrease c. gallbladder d. spleen

b. pancreas

Which of the following is true concerning the portal veins? a. portal veins carry deoxygenated blood away from the liver b. portal veins have brighter walls than hepatic veins c. portal veins should demonstrate hepatofugal flow d. portal veins increase in diameter as they approach the diaphragm

b. portal veins have brighter walls than hepatic veins

The artifact most commonly encountered posterior to a gallstone is: a. acoustic enhancement b. shadowing c. ring down d. reverberation

b. shadowing

Cholesterol crystals within the Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are found with: a. acute cholecystitis b. Acalculous cholecystitis c. adenomyomatosis d. gallbladder perforation

c. adenomyomatosis

The pheochromocytoma is a benign mass commonly located in: a. testicle b. thyroid gland c. adrenal gland d. liver

c. adrenal gland

The gallbladder is connected to the biliary tree by the: a. common hepatic duct b. common bile duct c. cystic duct d. right hepatic duct

c. cystic duct

A toungelike extension of the right lobe of the liver is termed: a. papillary lobe b. focal hepatomegaly c. reidel lobe d. morison lobe

c. reidel lobe

The cystic artery is a branch of the: a. main pancreatic artery b. celiac artery c. right hepatic artery d. left hepatic artery

c. right hepatic artery

The right lobe of the liver is divided into segments by the: a. middle lobar fissure b. middle hepatic vein c. right hepatic vein d. left hepatic vein

c. right hepatic vein

A 32-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department with vague abdominal pain. The sonographic investigation of the gallbladder reveals a focal area of gallbladder wall thickening that produces a come tail artifact. These findings are associated with: a. gangrenous cholecystitis b. gallbladder perforation c. acalculous cholecystitis d. adenomyomatosis

d. adenomyomatosis

The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in: a. kidney b. liver c. testicle d. adrenal gland

d. adrenal gland

The right lobe of the liver can be divided into: a. medial and lateral segments b. medial and posterior segments c. anterior and medial segments d. anterior and posterior segments

d. anterior and posterior segments

A congenital disease in which there is narrowing or obliteration of the bile ducts is referred to as: a. caroli disease b. mirizzi disease c. choledochal cysts d. biliary atresia

d. biliary atresia

Immunocompromised patients are more prone to develop what form of hepatic abnormality? a. hepatic adenoma b. amebic abscess c. hydatid liver abscess d. candidiasis

d. candidiasis

Inflammation of the bile ducts is referred to as: a. pneumobilia b. choledocholithiasis c. cholelithiasis d. cholangitis

d. cholangitis

The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes: a. bile duct carcinoma b. hepatic carcinoma c. pancreatic carcinoma d. splenic carcinoma

a. bile duct carcinoma

The sequela of acute cholecystitis that is found more often in diabetic patients is a. emphysematous cholecystitis b. gangrenous cholecystitis c. chronic cholecystitis d. gallbladder perforation

a. emphysematous cholecystitis

The middle layer of the gallbladder wall is the: a. fibromuscular layer b. mucosal layer c. serosal layer d. muscularis layer

a. fibromuscular layer

The covering of the liver is referred to as: a. glisson capsule b. gerotas fascia c. morisons pouch d. hepatic fascia

a. glisson capsule

A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood best describes the: a. hematoma b. hemangioma c. hamartoma d. hepatoma

a. hematoma

Which hepatic mass is closely associated with oral contraceptive use? a. hepatic adenoma b. hepatic hypernephroma c. hepatic hamartoma d. hepatic hemangioma

a. hepatic adenoma

Normal flow toward the liver in the portal veins is termed: a. hepatopetal b. hepatofugal

a. hepatopetal

All of the followign are sources of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening except: a. malignant ascites b. AIDS c. hepatits d. adenomyomatosis

a. malignant ascites

The left lobe of the liver can be divided into: a. medial and lateral segments b. medial and posterior segments c. anterior and medial segments d. anterior and posterior segments

a. medial and lateral segments

These potential spaces extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen: a. paracolic gutters b. periumbilical gutters c. greater gutters d. suprapubic gutters

a. paracolic gutters

Which of the following lab values would be most helpful in evaluating a patient with an infection? a. white blood cell count b. a- fetoprotein c. blood urea nitrogen d. hematocrit

a. white blood cell count

The merging point of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct at the level of duodenum is referred to as the: a. sphincter of Oddi b. Ampulla of Vater c. common bile duct d. cystic duct

b. ampulla of vater

The insulinoma is a: a. malignant pediatric adrenal tumor b. benign pancreatic tumor c. malignant pancreatic tumor d. benign liver tumor

b. benign pancreatic tumor

Tumefactive sludge can resemble the sonographic appearance of: a. cholelithiasis b. gallbladder carcinoma c. cholecystitis d. adenomyomatosis

b. gallbladder carcinoma

The most common cause of cirrhosis is: a. portal hypertension b. hepatitis c. alcoholism d. cholangitis

c. alcoholism

The right portal vein divides into: a. middle, left, and right branches b. left and right branches c. anterior and posterior branches d. medial and lateral branches

c. anterior and posterior branches

Intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone results in: a. emphysematous cholecystitis b. gangrenous cholecystitis c. chronic cholecystitis d. acute cholecystitis

c. chronic cholecystitis

A type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces, such as gas bubbles, describes: a. mirror image artifact b. posterior shadowing c. comet tail artifact d. ring-down artifact

c. comet tail artifact

A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cancer is termed: a. transudate ascites b. peritoneal ascites c. exudate ascites d. chromaffin ascites

c. exudate ascites

A nonmobile, nonshadowing focus is seen within the gallbladder lumen. This most likely represents a: a. gallstone b. gallbladder carcinoma c. gallbladder polyp d. sludge ball

c. gallbladder polyp

A benign tumor than consists primarily of blood vessels best describes: a. adenocarcinoma b. oncocytoma c. hemangioma d. lymphoma

c. hemangioma

The left umbilical vein after birth becomes the: a. falciform ligament b. main lobar fissure c. ligamentum teres d. ligamentum venosum

c. ligamentum teres

The hepatoblastoma is a: a. benign tumor of the pediatric liver b. malignant tumor of the adult liver c. malignant tumor of the pediatric liver d. malignant tumor of the pediatric adrenal gland

c. malignant tumor of the pediatric liver

Which of the following is the most common form of liver cancer? a. hepatocellular carcinoma b. adenocarcinoma c. metastatic liver disease d. hepatoblastoma

c. metastatic liver disease

The outermost layer of the gallbladder wall is the: a. fibromuscular layer b. mucosal layer c. serosal layer d. muscularis layer

c. serosal layer

The malignant testicular tumor that consists of trophoblastic cells is the : a. cholangiocarcinoma b. teratoma c. yolk sac tumor d. chroriocarcinoma

d. chroriocarcinoma

Sonographically, when the liver is difficult to penetrate and diffusely echogenic, this is indicative ofL a. portal vein thrombosis b. metastatic liver disease c. primary liver carcinoma d. fatty liver disease

d. fatty liver disease

A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the: a. hematoma b. hemangioma c. lymphoma d. granuloma

d. granuloma

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the: a. falciform ligament b. main lobar fissure c. ligamentum teres d. ligamentum venosum

d. ligamentum venosum

The hepatoma is a: a. benign tumor of the spleen b. benign tumor of the liver c. malignant tumor of the pancreas d. malignant tumor of the liver

d. malignant tumor of the liver

The left portal vein divides into: a. middle, left, and right branches b. left and right branches c. anterior and posterior branches d. medial and lateral branches

d. medial and lateral branches

All of the following are located within the porta hepatis except: a. main portal vein b. common bile duct c. hepatic artery d. middle hepatic veins

d. middle hepatic veins

Clinical findings of hepatitis include all of the following except: a. jaundice b. fever c. chills d. pericholecystic fluid

d. pericholecystic fluid

The hypernephroma may also be referred to as: a. nephroblastoma b. neuroblastoma c. hepatocellular carcinoma d. renal cell carcinoma

d. renal cell carcinoma

A tumor that consists of tisue from all three germ cell layers is the: a. pheochromocytoma b. oncocytoma c. choriocarcinoma d. teratoma

d. teratoma

This common tumor of the kidney consists of blood vessels, muscle, and fat a. hemangioma b. angiomyolipoma c. oncocytoma d. pheochromocytoma

b. angiomyolipoma

A 71-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with painless jaundice and an enlarged, palpable gallbladder. These findings are highly suspicious for: a. Acute cholecystitis b. chronic cholecystitis c. courvoisier gallbladder d. porcelain gallbladder

c. courvoisier gallbladder

Budd-Chiari syndrome leads to reduction in the size of the: a. hepatic arteries b. portal veins c. hepatic veins d. common bile duct

c. hepatic veins

The yellowish staining of the whites of the eyes and the skin secondary to a liver disorder or biliary obstruction is referred to as: a. AIDS cholangitis b. pruritis c. jaundice d. bilirubinemia

c. jaundice

The oncocytoma is a mass noted more commonly in the: a. liver b. adrenal glands c. pancreas d. kidneys

d. kidneys

Focal tenderness over the gallbladder with probe pressure describes: a. Murphy sign b. Strawberry sign c. Courvoisier sign d. Hydrops signs

a. Murphy sign

All of the following are true of ganglion cysts except: a. a ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the anterior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the carpals b. ganglion cysts typically appear sonographically as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement c. clinically, ganglion cysts may be hard to the touch and painful d. ganglion cysts are often treated with an injection of corticosteroids

a. a ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the anterior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the carpals

Epstein-Barr infection is best described as: a. a herpes virus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis in children b. a herpes virus that is often associated with splenic granulomatous disease c. an infection that results in sickle cell anemia in children d. an infection within a splenic hematoma following blunt trauma

a. a herpes virus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis

Tendons sonographically appear as: a. echogenic , fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone b. echogenic, fibrous structures connecting bone to bone c. hypoechoic, linear arrangements within hyperechoic tissue d. hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

a. echogenic , fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone

Clinical findings of fatty infiltration of the liver include: a. elevated liver function tests b. fever c. fatigue d. weight loss

a. elevated liver function tests

The sequela of acute cholecystitis that is complicated by gas within the gallbladder wall is: a. emphysematous cholecystitis b. membranous cholecystitis c. chronic cholecystitis d. gallbladder perforation

a. emphysematous cholecystitis

Which of the following transducers would be best suited to sonographically assess for a splinter in a patient's hand? a. high-frequency, linear-array transducer b. low-frequency, curved array transducer c. high-frequency, sector transducer d. low-frequency, linear-array transducer

a. high-frequency, linear-array transducer

In a patient with suspected lymphoma, the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells indicates: a. Hodgkin lymphoma b. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma c. Metastatic liver disease d. splenic infarction

a. hodgkin lymphoma

The most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children less than 2 years of age is: a. intussception b. midgut malrotation c. pyloric stenosis d. acute appendicitis

a. intussception

Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following except: a. itching in the area of the tendon b. pain c. edema d. the area is warm to the touch

a. itching in the area of the tendon

What vessel travels anterior to the left renal artery? a. left renal vein b. hepatic artery c. right renal vein d. superior mesenteric vein

a. left renal vein

What vessel travels posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the abdominal aorta? a. left renal vein b. left renal artery c. right renal vein d. splenic vein

a. left renal vein

Secondary varicoceles are associated with all of the following except: a. left-sided location b. right-sided location c. hepatomegaly d. renal mass

a. left-sided location

All of the following are sonographic criteria in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis except: a. wall of the pylorus measure less than 8 mm b. lenfth of the pylorus measures more than 17 mm c. doughnut appearance in transverse d. cervix appearance in longitudinal

a. wall of the pylorus measure less than 8 mm

Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause: a. acoustic enhancement b. comet-tail artifact c. edge enhancement d. mirror image artifact

b. comet-tail artifact

Which of the following would most likely have a high-resistance flow pattern? a. celiac artery b. common iliac artery c. splenic artery d. right renal artery

b. common iliac artery

All of the following are sonographic findings of acute appendicitis except: a. appendicolith b. compressible, blind-ended tube c. periappendiceal fluid collection d. hyperemic flow

b. compressible, blind-ended tube

The spleen removes irregular cells from the blood stream and retains them through a process called: a. pitting b. culling c. crimping d. amassing

b. culling

The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and adrenal mass is: a. Edwards syndrome b. Cushing syndrome c. Juliet syndrome d. Hirschsprung syndrome

b. cushing syndrome

A mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops with the fetal chest best describes: a. pneumothorax b. cystic adenomatoid malformation c. pulmonary sequestration d. lung consolidation

b. cystic adenomatoid malformation

The spiral valves of Heister are found within the: a. gallbladder neck b. cystic duct c. gallbladder fundus d. gallbladder wall

b. cystic duct

All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except: a. internal calcifications b. echogenic mass c. cervical node involvement d. solitary mass

b. echogenic mass

Which of the following is not associated with a rectus sheath hematoma? a. palpable abdominal mass b. increased hematocrit c. child birth d. sneezing

b. increased hematocrit

Right-sided heart failure often leads to enlargement of the: a. abdominal aorta b. inferior vena cava and hepatic veins c. inferior vena cava and portal veins d. portal veins and spleen

b. inferior vena cava and hepatic veins

All of the following are hormones produces by the thyroid except: a. thyroxine b. iodine c. triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

b. iodine

A Wilms tumor may also be referred to as a: a. neuroblastoma b. nephroblastoma c. hepatoblastoma d. hepatoma

b. nephroblastoma

All of the following are benign adrenal masses except: a. adrenal adenoma b. neuroblastoma c. pheochromocytoma d. adrenal hematoma

b. neuroblastoma

Courvoiser gallbladder is: a. enlargement of the pancreatic duct secondary to co-exosting masses within the pancreatic body and gallbladder b. palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head c. gallbladder disorder associated wth the buildup of cholesterol crystals within the gallbladder wall d. type of gallbladder carcinoma that is the result of chronic cholecystitis

b. palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head

All of the following are characteristics of a complex cyst except: a. internal echoes b. smooth walls c. mural nodules d. septations

b. smooth walls

The muscle that controls the emptying of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum is the: a. sphincter of vater b. sphincter of oddi c. ampulla of vater d. ampulla of oddi

b. sphincter of oddi

A stone that completely fills the renal pelvis is referred to as a: a. calculus granulosis b. staghorn calculus c. twinkle stone d. nephrocalcinotic calculus

b. staghorn calculus

The splenic artery marks the: a. posterior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail b. superior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail c. medial surface of the pancreatic body and tail d. lateral aspect of the pancreatic body and tail

b. superior aspect of the pancreatic body and tail

The most common location of benign prostatic hypertrophy is the: a. peripheral zone b. transitional zone c. central zone d. verumontanum

b. transitional zone

The inner wall layer of a vessel, closest to the passing blood, is the: a. tunica media b. tunica intima c. tunica rugae d. tunica adventitia

b. tunica intima

Which of the following is not considered an intrinsic cause of hydronephrosis? a. ureterocele b. urethritis c. urolithiasis d. ureteropelvic junction obstruction

b. urethritis

The type of tissue within the spleen that is responsible for its lymphatic function is the: a. red pulp b. white pulp c. culling segment d. pitting segment

b. white pulp

What test can be performed to determine a torn achilles tendon? a. McBurney test b. McDonald test c. Thompson test d. Baker test

c. Thompson test

WES sign denotes: a. the presence of a gallstone lodged in the cystic duct b. multiple biliary stones and biliary dilatation c. a gallbladder filled with cholelithiasis d. the sonographic sign of a porcelain gallbladder

c. a gallbladder filled with cholelithiasis

Which of the following best describes a spermatocele? a. the most common malignant neoplasm of the scrotum b. a benign intratesticular cyst c. a simple-appearing cyst, found within the head of epididymis, that may contain debris d. a dilated group of veins found within the scrotum

c. a simple-appearing cyst, found within the head of epididymis, that may contain debris

A 25-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a complete abdominal sonogram. She complains of right lower quadrant pain and nausea. The right upper abdomen appears normal. A small mass is noted in the area of the splenic hilum. This mass appears isoechoic to the spleen. What does this most likely represent? a. pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma b. splenic hemangioma c. accessory spleen d. neuroblastoma

c. accessory spleen

Courvoisier gallbladder is found in the presence of: a. hepatitis b. cholecystitis and chronic pancreatitis c. adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas d. islet cell tumor in the tail of the pancreas

c. adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas

The most common location of a hydrocele is: a. superior to the testis b. within the scrotal wall c. between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis d. between the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

c. between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas are most often located within which parts of the pancreas? a. uncinate process and neck b. head and neck c. body and tail d. fundus and neck

c. body and tail

The most common locationg of the verminform appendix is in the area of the: a. jejunum b. descending colon c. cecum d. sigmoid colon

c. cecum

The splenic artery originates at the: a. superior mesenteric artery b. inferior phrenic artery c. celiac trunk d. gastroduodenal artery

c. celiac trunk

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed: a. ascites b. retroperitoneal fibrosis c. cellulitis d. subcutaneous edema

c. cellulitis

Primary biliary tree cancer is referred to as: a. gallbladder carcinoma b. biloma c. cholangiocarcinoma d. lymphangioma

c. cholangiocarcinoma

The most common level for biliary obstruction to occur is: a. junction of the right and left hepatic ducts b. proximal common hepatic duct c. distal common bile duct d. cystic duct

c. distal common bile duct

Which of the following is produced by the adrenal medulla? a. cortisol b. aldosterone c. norepinephrine d. androgens

c. norepinephrine

What is the early sonographic appearance of acute pancreatitis? a. calcifications within the gland b. pancreatic pseudocyst c. normal d. hyperechoic glandular echotexture

c. normal

You have been asked to perform a study to rule out cryptorchidism. The term cryptorchidism denotes: a. one or both of the testicles has a malignancy b. the patient lacks the normal fixation of the testis to the posterior scrotal wall c. one or both of the testicles has not descended into the scrotum d. the patient has been kicked in the scrotum

c. one or both of the testicles has not descended into the scrotum

Which part of the pancreas is located anterior to portal confluence? a. uncinate process b. pancreatic body c. pancreatic neck d. pancreatic tail

c. pancreatic neck

Hypercalcemia is associated with which of the following? a. graves disease b. thyroglassal duct cyst c. parathyroid adenoma d. thyroid adenoma

c. parathyroid adenoma

Which of the following is not a pediatric malignant mass? a. hepatoblastoma b. neuroblastoma c. pheochromocytoma d. nephroblastoma

c. pheochromocytoma

Which of the following best describes the location of the right adrenal gland? a. posterior and lateral to the pancreas b. medial to the lower pole of the right kidney c. posterior and lateral to the IVC d. Medial to the crus of the diaphragm

c. posterior and lateral to the IVC

What is the most common location of a retroperitoneal hematoma in hemophiliac patients? a. rectum b. anterior abdominal wall c. psoas muscle d. rectus abdominal muscle

c. psoas muscle

A separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply describes: a. pneumothorax b. cystic adenomatoid malformation c. pulmonary sequestration d. lung consolidation

c. pulmonary sequestration

The presence of purulent material within the renal collecting system is termed: a. pylotosis b. pyelonephritis c. pyonephrosis d. emphysematous pyelonephritis

c. pyonephrosis

The protective capsule of the kidney is referred to as: a. glisson capsule b. perirenal capsule c. renal capsule d. renal cortex

c. renal capsule

All of the following are true of the spleen except: a. it is the largest structure of the reticuloendothelial system b. the primary objective of the spleen is to filter the peripheral blood c. the spleen has a convex inferior margin and a concave superior border d. the spleen is considered the largest lymphatic organ

c. the spleen has a convex inferior margin and a concave superior border

All of the following are true of abnormal lymph nodes except: a. they tend to lose their echogenic hilum b. enlargement may be associated with infection or malignancy c. they tend to measure less than 1 cm d. the "sandwich"sign denotes abdominal nodes surrounding and compressing the aorta and inferior vena cava

c. they tend to measure less than 1 cm

Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as: a. branchial cleft cysts b. follicular adenomas c. thyroglossal duct cysts d. parathyroid adenomas

c. thyroglossal duct cysts

In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces: a. too many thyroid hormones b. too much calcium c. too few thyroid hormones d. too much iodine

c. too few thyroid hormones

A 7-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with acute testicular pain localized to the superior pole of his right testis. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. testicular torsion b. hydrocele c. torsion of the testicular appendage d. yolk sac tumor

c. torsion of the testicular appendage

Pediatric patient could suffer from bowel obstructions that are caused by a buildup of ingested hair. The mass assocaited with this type of obstruction is termed a: a. phytobezoar b. lactobezoar c. trichobezoar d. permabezoar

c. trichobezoar

A 23-year-old male presents to the ultrasound department with a history of infertility. Which of the following is associated with male infertility? a. spermatocele b. choriocarcinoma c. varicocele d. hydrocele

c. varicocele

The inherited disorder associated with the development of tumors of the central nervous system and orbits, renal cysts, and adrenal tumors is: a. tuberous sclerosis b. tuberculosis c. von hippel-lindau syndrome d. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

c. von hippel-lindau syndrome

All of the following are classical clinical features of acute pancreatitis except: a. leukocytosis b. back pain c. weight gain d. fever

c. weight gain

Which of the following would not be a typical clinical finding of a patient with retroperitoneal hematoma? a. low hematocrit b. trauma c. weight loss d. hemophilia

c. weight loss

Enlargement of the unaffected contralateral kidney with unilateral renal agenesis or compromised renal function is referred to as: a. deomedary hypertrophy b. renal hypoplasia c.supranumery kidney d. compensatory hypertrophy

d. compensatory hypertrophy

Traditionally, treatment for intussesception is by means of: a. surgery b. external manipulation c. compression sonography d. contrast enema

d. contrast enema

The direct blood supply to the gallbladder is the : a. cholecystic artery b. common hepatic artery c. main portal vein d. cystic artery

d. cystic artery

The spiral valves of Heister are located within the: a. common bile duct b. pancreatic duct c. common hepatic duct d. cystic duct

d. cystic duct

All of the following are clinical findings associated witmh pancreatic adenocarcinoma except: a. epigastric pain b. weight loss c. jaundice d. decrease amylase and lipase

d. decrease amylase and lipase

All of the following are clinical findings of acute renal failure except: a. hematuria b. hypertension c. oliguira d. decreased BUN and creatinine

d. decreased BUN and creatinine

All of the following are functions of the spleen except a. storage of iron b. defense against disease c. blood reservoir d. destruction of phagocytic cells

d. destruction of phagocytic cells

All of the following are sonographic features of chronic pancreatitis except: a. dilated pancreatic duct b. calcifications within the pancreas c. pancreatic pseudocyst d. diffusely hypoechoic pancreas

d. diffusely hypoechoic pancreas

All of the following are clinical findings consistent with cholangiocarcinoma except: a. pruritis b. weight loss c. elevated bilirubin d. dilation of the intrahepatic ducts

d. dilation of the intrahepatic ducts

Co-existing obstruction of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct may be referred to as the: a. double-barrel shotgun sign b. courvoiseier sign c. mirizzi sign d. double duct sign

d. double duct sign

What is the name for the main pancreatic duct? a. duct of santorini b. duct of langerhans c. duct of oddi d. duct of wirsung

d. duct of wirsung

Enlarged lymph nodes tend to deviate from their normal sonographic appearance and become more: a. echogenic b. anechoic c. hypoechoic d. either b or c

d. either b or c

What gastrointestinal abnormality is sonographically diagnosed as an abnormal relationship between the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein? a. pyloric stenosis b. intussusception c. crohn disease d. midgut malrotation

d. midgut malrotation

A 35-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with a history of abdominal pain and histoplasmosis. What are you more likely to identify within the spleen? a. multiple histomas b. multiple hemangiomas c. multiple metastatic lesions d. multiple granulomas

d. multiple granulomas

From the list below, what is the most likely clinical finding of a patient who has a splenic hemangioma? a. fever b. decreased hematocrit c. elevated white blood cell count d. none

d. none

For patients older than age 60, or those who have had a cholecystectomy, a maximum diameter of ____ may be considered normal. a. 1 cm b. 12 mm c. 14 mm d. 1.5 cm

a. 1 cm

Abnormal lymph nodes typically measure more than: a. 10 mm b. 7 mm c. 8 mm d. 1 mm

a. 10 mm

What is an addictional name for the accessory duct of the pancreas? a. Duct of Santorini b. Duct of Langerhans c. Duct of Oddi d. Duct of Wirsung

a. Duct of Santorini

Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node? a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications c. a solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1 cm d. a solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm

a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum

Rebound tenderness is associated with: a. appendicitis b. intussusception c. diverticulitis d. gastric carcinoma

a. appendicitis

Infantile polycystic kidney disease may also be referred to as: a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease b. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease c. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease d. acquired renal cystic disease

a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a: a. baker cyst b. thompson cyst c. ganglion cyst d. lipoma

a. baker cyst

Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of a kidney affected by autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease? a. bilateral enlarged, echogenic kidneys b. unilateral, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossa c. small, echogenic kidneys d. numerous, large, complex renal cysts

a. bilateral enlarged, echogenic kidneys

All of the following are clinical findings of a pheochromocytoma except: a. bradycardia b. uncontrollable hypertension c. excessive sweating d. tremors

a. bradycardia

A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely: a. branchial cleft cyst b. follicular adenoma c. thyroglossal duct cyst d. parathyroid adenoma

a. branchial cleft cyst

All of the following may be discovered sonographically within the chest except: a. bronchial infections b. pleural effusion c. lymphomas d. thymomas

a. bronchial infections

The most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections is: a. candida albicans b. renal cell carcinoma c. renal tract obstruction d. urolithiasis

a. candida albicans

Which of the following is not associated with the development of pneumobilia? a. cholangiopneumonia b. gastric surgery c. acute cholecystitis d. fistula formation

a. cholangiopenumonia

Which of the following would more likely be malignant in a thyroid nodule? a. cold nodule b. hot nodule

a. cold nodule

Which of the following would be the most distal portion of the biliary tree? a. common bile duct b. common hepatic duct c. gallbladder d. intrahepatic radicles

a. common bile duct

The gallbladder is connected to the biliary tree by the: a. cystic duct b. ampulla of vater c. sphincter of oddi d. common bile duct

a. cystic duct

What is the most common sonographic appearance of a splenic hemangioma? a. echogenic b. hypoechoic c. anechoic d. complex

a. echogenic

Which types of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream? a. endocrine glands b. exocrine glands

a. endocrine glands

What type of gland is the thyroid gland? a. endocrine b. exocrine c. both d. neither

a. endocrine.

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" resonse? a. epinephrine and norepinephrine b. cortisol and androgens c. cortisol and aldosterone d. adrenocorticotropic hormone and aldosterone

a. epinephrine and norepinephrine

The process of making red blood cells is termed: a. erythropoiesis b. leukopoiesis c. histopoiesis d. anemia

a. erythropoiesis

What structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the tracheaand the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland? a. esophagus b. common carotid artery c. internal jugular vein d. sternothyroid

a. esophagus

A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as: a. focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon b. a focal echogenic area within the tendon c. a diffusely heterogenous area within the tendon d. edema and refractive shadowing in the area of the divided tendon

a. focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism? a. graves disease b. hashimoto thyroiditis c. papillary carcinoma d. parathyroid adenoma

a. graves disease

Which part of the pancreas is located right lateral to superior mesenteric vein, anterior to inferior vena cava, and inferior to portal vein? a. head b. neck c. body d. tail

a. head

The most common location of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is within the: a. head of the pancreas b. neck of the pancreas c. body of the pancreas d. tail of the pancreas

a. head of the pancreas

The most common location of focal pancreatitis is within the: a. head of the pancreas b. neck of the pancreas c. body of the pancreas d. tail of the pancreas

a. head of the pancreas

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels? a. hemangioma b. lipoma c. hamartoma d. oncocytoma

a. hemangioma

A 38-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of femoral artery puncture and back pain. What laboratory value would be helpful to assess the patient for active bleeding? a. hematocrit b. blood urea nitrogen c. alkaline phosphatase d. creatinine

a. hematocrit

When internal bleeding is suspected, what lab value is useful for a sonographer to evaluate? a. hematocrit b. blood urea nitrogen c. androgenic hormone d. alkaline phosphatase

a. hematocrit

Which of the following renal findings would most likely present with a clinical finding of hematuria? a. hemorrhagic renal cyst b. milk of calcium renal cyst c. simple renal cyst d. angiomyolipoma

a. hemorrhagic renal cyst

In small bowel ischemia, the postprandial superior mesenteric artery will yield what flow pattern? a. high resistance b. low resistance

a. high resistance

One clinical sign of an insulinoma is the presence of: a. low blood sugar symptoms b. elevated apha-fetoprotein c. hepatitis d. zollinger-ellison syndrome

a. low blood sugar symptoms

Which of the following best describes a negative Thompson test? a. the calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon b. the calf is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon c. The Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon d. The Achilles tendon is squeezed and t he foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilels tendon

a. the calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon

The systemic disorder associated with epilepsy that leads to the development of solid tumors in various organs including angiomyolipomas of the kidney is: a. tuberous sclerosis b. tuberculosis c. von hippel-lindau syndrome d. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

a. tuberous sclerosis

Which of the following is not considered an extrinsic cause of hydronephrosis? a. ureteral stricture b. pregnancy c. neurogenic bladder d. uterine leiomyoma

a. ureteral stricture

Which of the following techniques is useful at providing sonographic evidence of a varicocele? a. valsalva maneuver b. sitting position c. pulsed doppler d. right lateral decubitus position

a. valsalva maneuver

A dilated group of veins found within the scrotum is defined as a: a. varicocele b. spermatocele c. seminoma d. hydrocele

a. varicocele

What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility? a. varicocele b. chlamydia c. hydrocele d. testicular torsion

a. varicocele

Which of the following is not a layer of gut identified with sonography? a. visceral b. serosa c. submucosa d. mucosa

a. visceral

Which of the following best describes a hemophiliac? a. a person who lacks hemoglobin and hematocrit clotting factors b. a person who has an inherited bleeding disorder that inhibits the control of blood clotting c. a person who has an ingerited breathing disorder that causes the development of pulmonary sequestrations. d. a person who has abnormally shaped red blood cells

b. a person who has an inherited bleeding disorder that inhibits the control of blood clotting

Gastric cancer is most often in the form of: a. cystadenocarcinoma b. adenocarcinoma c. rhabdomtocarcinoma d. angiosarcoma

b. adenocarcinoma

A rare malignant tumor of the spleen that consists of blood vessels is a/an: a. lymphoma b. angiosarcoma c. hemangioma d. granuloma

b. angiosarcoma

Which of the following renal conditions is associated with the development of cysts within the pancreas and liver? a. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease b. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease c. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease d. acquired renal cystic disease

b. autosomal dominant polysystic kidney disease

The yellow pigment found in bile that is produced by the breakdown of old red blood cells by the liver is: a. alkaline phosphatase b. bilirubin c. cholesterol d. chyme

b. bilirubin

The first main visceral branch of the abdominal aorta is the: a. superior mesenteric artery b. celiac artery c. renal arteries d. hepatic artery

b. celiac artery

A klatskin tumor is a form of: a. lymphocytic carcinoma b. cholangiocarcinoma c. pancreatic carcinoma d. gallbladder carcinoma

b. cholangiocarcinoma

A 32-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department with a history of fever, leukocytosis, and right upper quadrant pain. Sonographically, you visualize dilated bile ducts that have thickened walls and contain sludge. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. choledocholithiasis b. cholangitis c. mirizzi syndrome d. biliary atresia

b. cholangitis

All of the following are common clinical findings in infants that present with intussusception except: a. vomiting b. first-born male infant c. red currant jelly stools d. leukocytosis

b. first-born male infant

A 30-year-old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hyperthyroidism. You note that the patient has bulging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. hashimotos thyroiditis b. graves disease c. hyperparathyroidism d. cervical lymphadenopathy

b. graves disease

Which abnormality is assocaited with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno? a. hashimotos thyroiditis b. graves disease c. hyperparathyroidism d. carvical lymphadenopathy

b. graves disease

Which of the following best describes the location of the McBurney point? a. left lateral to the umbilicus and medial to the left iliac crest b. halfway between the anterior superior iliac spince and the umbilicus c. midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis d. medial to the superior iliac spine

b. halfway between the anterior superior iliac spince and the umbilicus

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism? a. graves disease b. hashimoto thyroiditis c. papillary carcinoma d. parathyroid adenoma

b. hashimoto thyroiditis

A localized collection of blood describes a: a. hemangioma b. hematoma c. hypertoma d. hydrocele

b. hematoma

Which of the following would have a pulsatile, triphasic blood flow pattern? a. renal veins b. hepatic veins c. gonadal veins d. common iliac veins

b. hepatic veins

The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is: a. hyperechoic mass b. heterogeneous mass with calcifications c. anechoic mass d. hypoechoic mass

b. heterogeneous mass with calcifications

A simple fluid collection surrounding the testis is referred to as a: a. hematocele b. hydrocele c. varicocele d. spermatocele

b. hydrocele

Which of the following best describes the Thompson test? a. the patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion b. the patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed c. the patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion d. the patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion

b. the patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed

The olive sign is best described as: a. the palpation of the inflamed appendix with rebound tenderness b. an area of pain halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus c. an enlarged palpable pyloric sphincter d. the sonographic appearance of pyloric stenosis

c. an enlarged palpable pyloric sphincter

An outpatient with a history of back pain and hypertension presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal aortic sonogram. Sonographically, you visualize a 6 cm infrarenal aortic aneurysm with an echogenic linear structure noted gently swaying in the aortic lumen. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. aortic rupture b. chronic aortic aneurysm c. aortic dissection d. aortic rupture

c. aortic dissection

The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a: a. hemangioma b. lipoma c. baker cyst d. ganglion cyst

c. baker cyst

Enlargement of the prostate in older men is most often caused by: a. prostatitis b. prostate cancer c. benign prostatic hypertrophy d. klinefelter syndrome

c. benign prostatic hypertrophy

An abdominal sonogram is ordered on an infant in the ICU who is suffering from jaundice and fever. Sonographically, you visualize a cystic mass within the common bile duct that is causing a focal enlargement. This is most suggestive of: a. cholangiocarcinoma b. mirizzi syndrome c. choledochal cyst d. biliary atresia

c. choledochal cyst

A bulge on the lateral border of the kidney is referred to as: a. duplicated kidney b. renal hypoplasia c. dromedary hump d. supernumery kidney

c. dromedary hump

Clinical findings of choledocholithiasis include all of the following except: a. jaundice b. elevated bilirubin c. elevated blood urea nitrogen d. elevated alkaline phosphatase

c. elevated blood urea nitrogen

A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the: a. baker cyst b. thomspon cyst c. ganglion cyst d. lipoma

c. ganglion cyst

The arterial blood supply to the head of the pancreas is via the: a. superior mesenteric artery b. splenic artery c. gastroduodenal artery d. hepatic artery

c. gastroduodenal artery

The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called: a. glisson capsule b. adrenalocortical fascia c. gerota fascia d. glisson fascia

c. gerota fascia

The achilles tendon connects the: a. ankle to the knee b. heel to the ankle c. heel to the calf muscle d. knee to the calf muscle

c. heel to the calf muscle

A 65-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of abdominal pain and weight loss. Sonographically, you visualize muliple hypoechoic masses that extend along the anterior border of the abdominal aorta. Which of the following would be most likely? a. pulmonary sequestration b. retroperitoneal hematoma c. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy d. encapsulated ascites

c. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

The most common germ cell tumor of the testis is the: a. yolk sac tumor b. embryonal cell carcinoma c. seminoma d. teratoma

c. seminoma

A 14-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department after falling from his bicycle. An abdominal sonogram reveals a complex-appearing mass within the spleen. This most likely represents a: a. splenic hemangioma b. splenic granuloma c. splenic hematoma d. splenic infarct

c. splenic hematoma

Where is the most common location of an accessory spleen? a. superior to the spleen b. medial to the diaphragm and left kidney c. splenic hilum d. anteriro to the pancreatic body

c. splenic hilum

An area within the spleen that has become necrotic because of a lack of oxygen is referred to as a: a. splenic hemangioma b. splenic hematoma c. splenic infarct d. granuloma

c. splenic infarct

Sickle cell disease will often lead to: a. splenic metastasis b. sarcoidosis c. splenomegaly d. wandering spleen

c. splenomegaly

What is the first branch of the external carotid artery? a. internal carotid artery b. optic artery c. superior thyroid artery d. inferior thyroid artery

c. superior thyroid artery

All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands except: a. the adrenal glands play an important role in blood pressure regulation b. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus c. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney d. the right adrenal glands is located medial to the right lobe of the liver

c. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney

Upon sonographic examination of the right upper quadrant in a 32-year-old female patient complaining of generalized abdominal pain, you visualize an anechoic mass with posterior engancement superior and medial upper pole of the right kidney. This most likely represents a/an: a. adrenal metastatic lesion b. pheochromocytoma c. neuroblastoma d. adrenal cyst

d. adrenal cyst

The adrenal cortex produces all of the following except: a. cortisol b. androgens c. aldosterone d. adrenaline

d. adrenaline

Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands? a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following except: a. hypoechoic to the surrounding tissue b. isoechoic to surrounding tissues c. hyperechoic to the surrounding tissue d. anechoic to the surrounding tissue

d. anechoic to the surrounding tissue

What is the most common clinical finding of a simple renal cyst? a. hematuria b. quadrant pain c. elevated BUN d. asymptomatic

d. asymptomatic

A 45-year-old obese woman with thin arms and legs, hypertension, and severe fatigue presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Based on these clinical findings, you should evaluate the adrenal glands closely for signs of: a. primary adrenal carcinoma b. adrenal hemorrhage c. adrenal adenoma d. both a and c

d. both a and c

Occlusion of the hepatic veins describes: a. marfan syndrome b. klinefelter syndrome c. morrison syndrome d. budd-chiari syndrome

d. budd-chiari syndrome

Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient? a. thyroxine (T4) b. Triidothyronine (T3) c. calcitonin d. calcium

d. calcium

A 64-year-old man presents to the sonography department for a right upper quadrant sonogram. He is complaining of abdominal pain, weight loss, and pruritis. Sonographically, you visualize an area of dilated ducts that abruptly end. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. biliary atresia b. choledocholithiasis c. caroli syndrome d. cholangiocarcinoma

d. cholangiocarcinoma

All of the following are diagnostic findings of benign thyroid nodules except: a. anechoic mass b. eggshell calcification c. hyperechoic mass d. cold nodule

d. cold nodule

All of the following are common clinical findings in infants that present with pyloric stenosis except: a. weight loss b. dehydration c. olive sign d. first-born female

d. first-born female

A 32-year-old female patient presents to the ulrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. An evaluation of the spleen reveals a 1-cm, rounded, echogenic mass that does not produce acoustic shadowing. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. pheochromocytoma b. lipoma c. splenic metastasis d. hemangioma

d. hemangioma

Clinical findings of glomerulonephritis include all of the following except: a. proteinuria b. throat infection c. azotemia d. hypercalcemia

d. hypercalcemia

The vessel located anterior to the abdominal aorta and posteior to the SMA is the: a. celiac artery b. left renal artery c. right renal vein d. left renal vein

d. left renal vein

The replacement of normal air-filled alveoli with fluid, inflammation, blood, or neoplastic cells is referred to as: a. pneumothorax b. cystic adenomatoid malformation c. pulmonary sequestration d. lung consolidation

d. lung consolidation