Perception Exam 3
Even if the lowest frequency of a harmonic sound is removed, as in the figure, listeners still hear the pitch of this _____
missing fundamental.
What contributes to auditory stream segregation?
Location, onset, timbre, pitch
What is the tympanic membrane?
"eardrum"; thin, translucent, oval membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separates the middle ear from the outer ear. It vibrates in response to sound.
The purpose of the ear canal is to
-conduct sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane -prevent damage to the tympanic membrane
The range of human hearing is between ________ Hz.
20 and 20,000
A melody is defined by a ____ rather than by an exact sequence of sound frequencies.
A pattern of rises and falls in pitch
This term describes the very rapid motor response to a sudden sound.
Acoustic startle reflex
Which fibers send information to the brain? Which fibers convey information from the brain?
Afferent. Efferent.
What does the incus do?
Also called the anvil, it transfers the vibration to the Stapes (stirrup).
What does the malleus do?
Also called the hammer, it receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus.
What does the stapes do?
Also called the stirrup, it is connected to the incus on one end and the oval window of the cochlea on the other. It transmits the vibrations of sound waves to the oval window.
___ is the act or manner of producing speech sound using the vocal tract.
Articulation.
______ is the perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.
Auditory stream segregation.
Different frequencies correspond to different parts along the ____ membrane.
Basilar membrane.
What does "Fourier Analysis" do?
Breaks a complex sound down into its different frequency components. Complex sounds can be represented as a superposition (or mixture) of simple sounds.
What are hair cells?
Cells that support the stereocilia which transduce mechanical movement in the cochlea and vestibular labyrinth into neural activity sent to the brain stem. They are arranged in four rows that run down the length of the basilar membrane.
When is frequency selectivity clearest?
Clearest when sounds are very faint. At very low intensity levels, an AN fiber will increase firing to only a very restricted range of frequencies.
Which of the following is a spiral structure in the inner ear that has three parallel canals filled with watery fluids?
Cochlea
____ can give some people who are deaf the ability to hear.
Cochlear implants
All AN fibers initially synapse in the
Cochlear nucleus
Which of the following does not contribute to sound localization?
Cone of confusion
__________ refers to the region of positions in space where all the sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences.
Cone of confusion
_____ effects have been demonstrated in the lab with a wide variety of target sounds and interrupting sounds. The simplest version of such an experiment is to delete portions of a pure tone and replace them with noise.
Continuity.
To initiate speech sound, the ______ pushes air out of the lungs, through the trachea, and up to the larynx.
Diaphragm.
True or False: The frequency of a pendulum depends on the amplitude of movement.
False; it does not. You can hit a tuning fork softly or harshly but it'll be the same frequency.
The inner consists of ____-filled chambers.
Fluid-filled chambers. -It takes more energy to move liquid than air.
What are the peaks in speech spectrums called?
Formants.
The lowest-frequency component of a complex period sound is its
Fundamental frequency
What describes the phenomenon of grouping sounds that begin at the same time?
Grouping by onset.
Which of the following describes the phenomenon of, for example, being able to identify the different instruments in a composition based on their distinctive sound characteristics?
Grouping by timbre
What does the graph in 10.12 show?
Head-related (directional) transfer functions
_______ is a function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space.
Head-related transfer function
What are examples of complex sounds?
Human voices, bird songs, car noises.
Frequency is usually measured in units called
Hz
____ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude.
Loudness
The figure 10.8 shows ______ for tones of different frequencies presented at different positions around the head.
Interaural level (intensity) differences
Which method of sound localization between the two ears is used more often for tones of very high frequencies?
Interaural level differences
The ___ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and it helps us localize sound.
Interaural time difference
Which method of sound localization between the two ears is used more often for tones of very low frequencies?
Interaural time differences
How is the cochlea similar to an acoustic prism?
Its sensitivity spreads across different sound frequencies along its length. The narrower end of the basilar membrane toward the base is stiffer and most sensitive to higher frequencies. The wider, more flexible end toward the apex is most sensitive to lower frequencies.
The _____ is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural level differences
Lateral superior olive
The blue circles in the interaural time different diagram refer to locations from which sound reaches the _____ first.
Left ear
What is the correct order of the vibrations from the eardrum as they pass through the ossicles?
Malleus, incus, stapes
The ____ is the relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences.
Medial superior olive
What theory states that "speech is special"?
Motor theory.
Can puncturing your eardrum leave you deaf?
Not really, it's a common myth, it can be excruciating but it will heal itself in most cases. It is possible to damage it beyond repair though.
___ is a process by which missing or degraded acoustic signals are perceptually replaced.
PErceptual restoration.
What is the effect of culture on the perception of music?
People tend to hear musical notes in ways that correspond to their culture.
What are complex sounds?
The addition of two or more pure tones.
Sounds are first collected from the environment by the
Pinna
____ is the psychological aspect of sound related mainly to the fundamental frequency.
Pitch
The first area within the temporal lobes, which is responsible for processing acoustic information is called the
Primary auditory cortex
The ____ refers to a graph that plots the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of a constant frequency at increasing intensities.
Rate-intensity function
Each consonant we produce can be classified according to all but which of the following articulatory dimensions?
Resonation of sound.
What visual structure is similar to the inner ear in terms of function?
Retina
How are sounds detected and recognized by the auditory system?
Sequences of tiny air pressure changes are turned into meaningful sound perception. Sounds are first collected from the environment by the pinnae (the 'ears' singular pinna)
What is sound?
Sound is a disturbance that travels through a medium as a longitudinal wave. It is created when objects vibrate. Vibrations of an object cause molecules in the object's surrounding medium to vibrate as well, which causes pressure changes in the medium.
In what logarithmic scale is amplitude measured?
Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB).
Which of the following is a pattern for sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color or gray scale?
Spectrogram
What happens to the amplitude when the frequency is doubled?
The amplitude is the same as the original.
What is loudness?
The psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or amplitude.
What is the middle ear?
The small cavity behind the tympanic membrane that contains 3 bones (the malleus=hammer, the incus=anvil, and the stapes=stirrup).
What is the correct order for the structures through which sound information is transferred from the cochlea to the auditory cortex?
Superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus
The _____ and _____ decrease ossicle vibrations when tensed (when loud sounds are emitted).
Tensor tympani and stapedius
The ____ and the ______ makeup the outer ear.
The Pinnae and ear canal.
What structure breaks the sound down into its component frequencies?
The basilar membrane through Fourier analysis.
What happens to the frequency when the amplitude is doubled?
The frequency should stay the same as the original.
What is a fundamental frequency?
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave. The first harmonic.
What is amplitude or intensity? What is amplitude perceived as?
The magnitude of displacement (increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave. Perceived as loudness.
What is frequency for sound?
The number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats.
What is the pinna?
The outer, funnel-like part of the ear where sounds are first collected from the environment. Sound waves are funneled by the pinnae into the ear canal. Only mammals have pinnae.
What is pitch?
The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to frequency. Frequency is associated with pitch for harmonic sounds.
What is the cochlea?
The spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations. Cochlea is filled with watery fluids in three parallel canals.
What is place code?
The tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition with the greatest mechanical displacement. The coding of amplitude and frequency in the cochlea.
What is the function of ossicles?
They amplify sound vibrations in two ways: 1. the joints between the bones are hinged in ways that make them work like levers: a modest amount of energy on one side of the fulcrum becomes larger on the other. This lever action increases the amount of pressure change by about a third. 2. The ossicles concentrate energy from a larger to a smaller surface area. The tympanic member is about 18 times as large as the oval window, so the pressure on the oval window is magnified 18 times relative to the pressure on the tympanic membrane.
What do inner hair cells do?
They convey almost all information about sound waves to the brain (using different fibers).
What do outer hair cells do?
They convey information from the brain using efferent fibers. They are also involved in an elaborate feedback system. 1) Help you hear soft sounds 2) Give better speech perception than inner hair cells 3) Protect cochlea from loud sounds 4) Act as a break--spread growth of sound so you can tolerate it 5) Get information from the brain
How do the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles affect the functions of the ear?
They restrict movement of the ossicles and thus muffle pressure changes that might be large enough to damage the inner ear.
How are the responses of AN fibers related to different frequencies?
Through their place along the cochlear partition.
______ is the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar
Timber
The colors of the ribbon refer to the
Tone chroma
_____ is a sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval.
Tone chroma
The vertical error in the spiral figure refers to
Tone height.
_____ is a sound quality whereby a sound is heard to be of higher or lower pitch. _____ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency.
Tone height.
What concept does the figure illustrate? (10.10)
Turning one's head can help with sound localization
The ossicles transfer sound vibrations between the ____ and ____.
Tympanic membrane and oval window
What structure is border between outer and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane.
The ________ is the airway above the larynx used for the production of speech. It includes the oral tract and nasal tract.
Vocal tract
How do the vibrations lead to the release of neurotransmitters?
When the vibrations cause a displacement along the cochlear partition, the tectorial membrane and hair cells move in opposite directions and the deflection of stereocilia during this action results in the release of neurotransmitters.
What is the threshold tuning curve?
a graph plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response
The phenomenon known as two-tone suppression occurs when a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone. b. three tones are heard together. c. the hair cells are not tuned properly to the particular frequencies heard. d. several tones are heard at the same time. e. All of the above
a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone A decrease in the firing rate of one auditory nerve fiber due to one tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time
One of the roles of the ossicles is to a. amplify sounds. b. protect the ear canal. c. vibrate continuously. d. transmit sound waves back to the environment. e. All of the above
a. amplify sounds.
Rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate. b. no transmission of signals is capable of occurring. c. a second nerve fiber stops firing. d. a second nerve fiber slows down its firing. e. then slows down.
a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate.
The organ of Corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of _______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers. a. hair cells b. tiny bones c. fluid-filled chambers d. muscles e. mucous
a. hair cells
____ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude.
a. loudness
A complex tone is a sound wave consisting of a. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies. b. several cycles. c. phases. d. periods originating from the same sinusoidal component. e. cycles at more than 1000 Hz.
a. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies.
Experimenters often use _______ as masking in their studies involving sound. a. white noise b. critical bandwidth sounds c. low-frequency sounds d. high-frequency sounds e. All of the above
a. white noise
A very simple example of auditory stream segregation involves two tones with similar frequencies that are
alternated
A very simple example of auditory stream segregation involves two tones with similar frequencies that are ____
alternated.
The azimuth is the
angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears.
Three basic components of the production of speech are respiration, phonation, and ___
articulation
The part of a sound during which amplitude increases is known as ____
attack.
What is being plotted in the graph below (9.22)? a. Auditory response curves b. Equal-loudness curves c. Equal frequency curves d. Equal sound level curves e. Psychoacoustic threshold curves
b. Equal-loudness curves
The ___ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles. a. tympanic membrane b. middle ear c. inner ear d. cochlea e. outer ear
b. Middle ear.
The acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by a. transmitting only low-frequency sounds to the brain. b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles. c. opening the oval window to transmit vibration. d. transmitting loud noises back to the ear canal. e. stiffening the round tympanic membrane.
b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.
Most of the information about sound waves is conveyed to the brain by the a. outer hair cells. b. inner hair cells. c. cochlear membrane. d. tympanic membrane. e. oval window.
b. inner hair cells.
The belt area has neurons that respond to a. simple characteristics of sound. b. more complex characteristics of sound. c. particular frequencies. d. low frequencies only. e. language.
b. more complex characteristics of sound.
The figure below (9.18) illustrates the phenomenon of a. rate saturation. b. phase locking. c. spontaneous firing. d. threshold tuning. e. None of the above
b. phase locking
_______ is the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics. a. Psychoanalysis b. Psychophysics c. Psychoacoustics d. Psychologies e. Acoustometrics
c. Psychoacoustics
The _______ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. a. outer ear b. middle ear c. inner ear d. tympanic canal e. oval window
c. inner ear
The purpose of the ear canal is to a. transmit information from the brain back to the ear. b. transduce sound waves into electric signals. c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane. d. keep the pressure inside the ear comfortable. e. All of the above
c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane.
The amplitude of a sound is the a. amount of sound energy falling on a unit area. b. intensity of the sound. c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave. d. psychological aspect of sound related to frequency. e. pitch.
c. the magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave.
_______ refers to the idea that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires first at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period. a. Phase locking b. Two-tone suppression c. The volley principle d. Place code e. Rate saturation
c. the volley principle the idea that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period.
A _______ is a map plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response. a. spectrum b. isointensity function c. threshold tuning curve d. characteristic frequency e. None of the above
c. threshold tuning curve
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized in a _______ manner. a. center-surround b. topographic c. tonotopic d. rows-and-columns e. retinotopic
c. tonotopic
The figure below (9.10) shows what happens when _______ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition. a. neural firing b. the auditory system c. vibration d. place code e. head tilt
c. vibration
A ______ is a combination of three or more musical notes with different pitches played simultaneously.
chord
The phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech unites overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns is known as
coarticulation
How is the harmonic spectrum of sound analogous to the color spectrum of light? a) we have sound-opponent cells in the auditory nerve just like we have color-opponent cells in the optic nerve b) both sound and light perception depend on sensing small molecules in the air, which vibrate at different frequencies c) both sound and light depend on photoreceptors for sensation and perception d) both sounds and lights consists of many different wavelengths that are encoded independently e) both sound and lights are process by the anterior horn of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
d) both sounds and lights consist of many different wavelengths that are encoded independently
What would happen if you did not have the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles a) the vestibular canals would not be secured in place and might move around b) the cochlea would not be secured in place and might move around c) the ear canal would stay permanently open d) loud sounds would cause the ossicle to move too much, potentially causing damage to the inner ear e) the ear canal would stay permanently closed
d) loud sounds would cause the ossicles to move too much, potentially causing damage to the inner ear.
Why is white noise the best choice for masking random sounds in an environment? a) white noise consists mostly of low frequencies, which are the best at masking random sounds. b) white noise consists mostly of medium frequencies, which are the best at masking random sounds since they also tend to be mostly medium frequencies c) white noise consists mostly of high frequencies, which are the best at masking random sounds, since they also tend to be mostly high frequencies d) since white noises includes energy at all frequencies, it is good at masking random sounds at any frequency e) the structured and cyclical nature of white noise provides a clear patter that interferes with the perception of random sounds in the environment
d) since white noises includes energy at all frequencies, it is good at masking random sounds at any frequency
Which of the following is not a cause of hearing loss? a. Otitis media b. Use of ototoxic drugs c. Excessive exposure to noise d. Masking e. Otosclerosis
d. Masking
Vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the _______ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea. a. helicotrema b. basilar membrane c. round window d. stapes e. pinna
d. stapes
What happens if the ear canal is blocked, as when wearing ear plugs? a) the pinna is no longer able to collect sounds from the environment b) the ossicles within the ear canal are blocking them from movig c) sounds echo in the ear canal, making them seem louder d) the tympanic membrane vibrates less vigorously e) the tympanic membrane shrinks causing temporary deafness
d. the tympanic membrane vibrates less vigorously.
The physical intensity of sound is measured in units called
dB
the part of a sound during which amplitude decreases is known as ____
decay
The function of the round window is to: A. ensure that the vibrational pattern of the ossicles is maintained in the inner ear. B. to set off a compressional sound wave in the fluid filled scala vestibule. C. dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani. D. initiate pressure changes in the fluid filled cochlea from displacement of the stapes
dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani
Source segregation involves the ____
distinction of auditory events in the broader environment.
Why is it important for the basilar membrane to move? a) movement of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to bend, releasing neurotransmitter b) movement of the basilar membrane causes the ossicles to transmit energy to the oval window, releasing neurotransmitter c) movement of the basilar membrane blocks loud sounds from entering the inner ear, preventing damage to the inner ear structures d) movement of the basilar membrane causes neurons to spike the ear canal e) it's not; the basilar membrane doesn't move
e) the basilar membrane doesn't move
Which of the following types of hearing loss is caused by problems with bones of the middle ear? a. Masking b. Ototoxia c. Auditory suppression d. Sensorineural hearing loss e. Conductive hearing loss
e. Conductive hearing loss
_______ is when a second sound, frequently noise, is added to make the detection of another sound more difficult. a. Obstruction b. Overshadowing c. Auditory suppression d. Interference e. Masking
e. Masking
Which of the following is the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of a greater duration? a. Auditory synthesis b. Temporal synthesis c. Auditory analysis d. Auditory intensification e. Temporal integration
e. Temporal integration
The figure below (9.12) demonstrates how a. the cochlea produces sounds of different frequencies. b. sound waves can travel at different speeds. c. complex sounds are made of simple sounds. d. the auditory nerve transmits information to the brain. e. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.
e. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.
According to the inverse-square law, as distance from a source _____, intensity _____ faster such that the ______ in the intensity is the distance squared.
increases, decreases, decreases
An octave is the ___
interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1.
Neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the two ears can be found in the
lateral superior olives
According to the figure, when two rhythms are played together
one rhythm tends to dominate and the non-dominant rhythm is perceptually adjusted to correspond to the dominant rhythm.
Figure 10.15 demonstrates that the relative amounts of direct & reverberant energy coming from the listener's neighbor and the singer will inform him of the
relative distances of the two sound sources.
The figure 10.19 demonstrates that when only 3 harmonics of the same fundamental frequency are presented, listeners still hear the pitch of the fundamental frequency because the harmonics
share a common energy fluctuation ever 4ms, the period of a 250 Hz signal.
The ____ canal is not a fluid-filled passage in the cochlea.
spiral
____ is the perceived speed of the presentation of sounds.
tempo
Phonation occurs in the
vocal cords