Period 2: 1607-1754

*IMPERIAL SYSTEM* *Period 2: 1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1: *Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and *IMPERIAL* goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. C) The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and *IMPERIAL STRUCTURE* in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. D) Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the *IMPERIAL SYSTEM*. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org:* *Imperial System* is a policy of extending a country's power and influence to other lands through colonization or use of military force. *Significance to US History: * The imperial system of the mother country of Britain is significant to US History in that it established a European influence and domination in colonial affairs such as economy, politics, and religion. This led to colonial discontent and created colonial resistance and discontent toward England which led to the 13 colonies seceding into the United States.

*PLANTATION SYSTEM* *Period 2, 1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. D. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging *plantation systems* of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org:* A *plantation* is a large piece of land, usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers. *Significance to US History:* It established a slavery system in the south because a need for labor was needed and led to increased slave trade from Africa which introduced an African American population in the US.This led to the economics being based on rich whites who controlled the economy and the South's major industry was the farming industry, and led to less capital in the South because they continued Plantation System while the North was industrializing. In addition the inclusion of slavery led to a white dominance of the economy until the Civil Rights movement.

*MERCANTILISM* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. C) The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue MERCANTILIST economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from AMSCO 2015:* * Mercantilism* was an economic theory in which the government regulates trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient *Significance to US History:* The colonies provided raw materials to England for its growth and profit. The impact was that soon, the colonies became discontented because their manufacturing did not develop, Chesapeake farmers had to accept low prices for crops and they had to pay high prices for manufactured goods. Colonists started smuggling goods from other countries.

*PUEBLO REVOLT* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. F. American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the *Pueblo Revolt*, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org:* *The Pueblo Revolt* of 1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. *Significance to US History:* The significance of the Pueblo Revolt in US History was that the Native American's had their place in American Society and resisted European efforts of colonization. It also showed the competition of land between the Native Americans and the colonizers because the European colonizers had overtaken their land which in effect led to deteriorated relationships with the white settlers for many years to come.

*THE COLONIES OF THE SOUTHERNMOST ATLANTIC COAST* *Period 2, 1607-1754: * *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. D. The colonies of the *southernmost Atlantic coast* and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the*Southern colonies*, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org:* The *southern colonies* consisted of the Province of Maryland, the Colony of Virginia, the Province of North Carolina, the Province of South Carolina, and the Province of Georgia. *Significance to U.S. History:* Their geographic location on tideland made it an ideal place for agriculture. It had many staple crops and used African labor who were a majority in the colonies. They also had cultural and religious autonomy. Virginia was also notable for creating the first representative assembly which was the House of Burgesses where white men could vote on laws. Maryland also had more religious toleration with the Maryland Act of Toleration which made it a refuge for Catholics.

*PURITANS* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. B. The New England colonies, initially settled by *PURITANS*, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from apushreview.com:* The *Puritans* were English religious reformers who wanted to purify English Christianity; they settled in mainly the Massachusetts Bay area. *Significance to U.S. History:* The Puritans had a great impact on American culture which is predominantly White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, and Christian. They influenced society by the creation of mandatory public schools. Their work-ethic greatly affected how Americans worked, particularly in the industrial revolution in the 1700s.

*ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE* *Period 2: 1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the *Atlantic slave trade*, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the *ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE* due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. B) As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from dictionary.com: * *Atlantic Slave Trade* is the business or process of procuring, transporting, and selling black Africans slaves to the New World prior to the mid-19th century. *Significance to US History: * Slave trade is significant to US history in that it established the main labor system's in the Chesapeake colonies on plantations because of the abundance of farming land and also led to a white domination of the economy in the colonies. It also led to a domination of the British in the American economy as they helped facilitate the slave trade. The major impact slave trade had was that it led to the continuation of slave labor until the Civil War era.

*CHATTEL SLAVERY* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of *slavery* that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. B) As *chattel slavery* became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. C) Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from fightslaverynow.com:* *Chattel Slavery* is when slaves were actual property who could be bought, sold, traded or inherited who might be abused, branded, bred, exploited or killed. *Significance to U.S. History:* The colonies used slaves as its dominant labor source in the South. Later, slavery became a huge problem as the founders thought that slavery would die out, but later Southerners defended it and it led to the Civil War. In the American system of slavery, there was very little racial mixing. There were also many slave codes that defined slaves as chattel. Sl

*ATLANTIC ECONOMY* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. A. An *ATLANTIC ECONOMY* developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from learner.org:* * The Atlantic Economy* was an economic system where sugar and slaves were exchanged over the three continents of America, Europe, and Africa, developing a shared labor market. *Significance to US History:* Rum would go to Africa from America and from there, Africans would come to the US as slaves. This increased cheap labor in the US as slaves were dependable, and easy to control. This also increased profits for planters and slave-traders. This caused there to be a huge population of African Americans in the US and later segregation. Also this economy enforced mercantilism in the colonies.

*CHESAPEAKE AND NORTH CAROLINA COLONIES* *Period 2,1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The *Chesapeake and North Carolina* colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A. All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the *Chesapeake* and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org and Chapter 2 AMSCO:* The *Chesapeake Colonies* were located in British America and consisted of Maryland and Virginia in the side of Chesapeake bay. *North Carolina* had small, self-sufficient tobacco farms and less slavery and less large plantations. *Significance to American History:* The Chesapeake colonies were the main importers of African slaves due to its large plantation economy and shortage of indentured servants. Both the Chesapeake and North Carolina had many slaves to grow tobacco which was in high demand in Europe.North Carolina relied less on slaves than South Carolina. Maryland was also noted for more religious toleration like the Maryland Act of Toleration.

*ANGLICIZATION* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. B) The British colonies experienced a gradual *ANGLICIZATION* over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org* *Anglicization* is the process of becoming English in form or character. *Significance to US History:* This created self-government in the colonies and intercolonial ties such as the New England Confederation which made a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose. A Trans-Atlantic Print culture was part of this anglicization was newspaper from Europe would bring new ideas like the enlightenment to the colonies and influence their government and society.

*AMERICAN INDIANS* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. B. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with AMERICAN INDIANS to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and AMERICAN INDIANS encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and AMERICAN INDIANS, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of AMERICAN INDIAN communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. C. Interactions between European rivals and AMERICAN INDIAN populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed AMERICAN INDIAN groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other INDIAN groups. E. British conflicts with AMERICAN INDIANS over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. F. AMERICAN INDIAN resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org: * *American Indians* were Pre-Columbian ancestors and were indigenous of the US lands. *Significance to US History* The significance of the American Indians in US History is that it created land disputes between the white colonists and the American Indians which led to military conflicts in which the Colonists easily defeated the American Indians and led to decimation of American Indian population because of the dominance of the white settlers. Also American Indians created a colonist Identity quite different to the American Indian identity and the differing cultures as well as the land occupation led to conflict with these 2 groups of people for many years.

*EPIDEMIC DISEASES* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading *epidemic diseases* that caused radical demographic shifts (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org: * *Epidemic Diseases* were maladies coming from the Columbian Exchange in which the Europeans brought also diseases such as Smallpox. Significance to US History The significance of the Epidemic Diseases such as smallpox is that it created little Native American resistance when the European colonists were coming into North America(they did have more resistance later in history however) and led to European Domination in the North America region.

*NEW ENGLAND COLONIES* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. B. *THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES*, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The *NEW ENGLAND COLONIES* based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org: * THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES of British America included the colonies of Connecticut, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts, and Province of New Hampshire. *Significance to U.S. History: * New England colonies developed more independence from the English government and ended up being the birthplace of colonial dissent. These colonies like Rhode Island with separation of church and state and also Connecticut with its constitution greatly influence the increase of self-government and later the American democracy.

*GREAT AWAKENING* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first *Great Awakening* and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org: * The *Great Awakening*, was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. *Significance to U.S. History:* The Great Awakening impacted the colonies greatly because it gave them deep religious convictions, new churches, and colleges to train ministers. Ideas of equality and the right to challenge authority also developed which would awaken the colonists to oppose the English. Charity organizations developed and religious independence and diversity increased.

*MIDDLE COLONIES* *Period 2, 1607-1754:* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. C. The MIDDLE COLONIES supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org: * The *middle colonies* consisted of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania in Colonial America. *Significance to U.S. History:*These colonies had many immigrants, and developed more religious tolerance than the other colonies like William Penn and freedom of religion laws. It was also a major exporter of grains and wheat. Their position near the ocean made them important centers of export for the mercantile system.

*EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT* *Period 2: 1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.2: *The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from Wikipedia.org:* *The European Enlightenment* was philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century with the principal goals of liberty, progress, reason, equality, tolerance, and ending the abuses of the church and state. *Significance to US History* The Enlightenment had a great effect on the colonists by awakening the desire for self-government and democracy. They were inspired by Locke's Second Treatise on government which said that it was alright to overthrow an unjust government. This spurred the American a Revolution and Peter the development of the US constitution and government.

*SELF-GOVERNMENT* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating *SELF-GOVERNING* institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. D. The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense,* SELF-RULE*, and trade. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. D) Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of *self-government*, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definition from study.com:* *Self-government* is a system in which the citizens of a country or a state rule themselves and control their own affairs, free from external government control. *Significance to US History:* Self government is significant to US History in that it created a democratic government which the colonists preferred rather than their government systems being tied to Great Britain. This also led to colonial regions to come together to form a colonial government and led to greater distance between the mother country of Great Britain and the American colonies. This democratic government was unique because so far in history, most governments were monarchies.

*INDENTURED SERVANTS* *Period 2,1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male *indentured servants* and later by enslaved Africans. *Key Concept 2.2:* The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of *indentured servants*. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definitions from Wikipedia.org: * *INDENTURED SERVITUDE* was a labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. *Significance to U.S. History:* Indentured servants were a main way for people from the old world to come to the new world. They also provided cheap labor for plantation farmers so they could make more profit. The decrease in indentured servants led to more slavery and racism.

*SPANISH, FRENCH, DUTCH AND BRITISH COLONIZERS* *Period 1607-1754:* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. *Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers* had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. A. *Spanish* efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society. B. *French and Dutch* colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. C. *English* colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

*Definitions from Wikipedia.org:* *Spanish colonizers* would expand across half of South America, most of Central America and the Caribbean Islands, and North America, also, Christopher Columbus discovered America. The *French colonization* of the Americas by France began in the 16th century in much of eastern North America to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs. *Dutch Colonizers* hired Henry Hudson to find a westward passage to Asia and also let the Dutch West India Company control the region. *British Colonizers* began colonizing in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia and expanded into the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. *Significance to U.S. History:* The European colonizers altered the way of life of the Native Americans forever by introducing new diseases, religion, economy, and languages. They also set up European domination of the Americas and influenced a democratic nation that would develop. All of these colonizers also set up competition for imperialism as they each wanted to gain the most land but the English ended up winning in the end.

*METACOM'S WAR* *Period 2:1607-1754* *Key Concept 2.1:* Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. E. British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as *Metacom's War* (King Philip's War) in New England. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from Wikipedia.org: *Metacom's War*, was a battle between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. *Significance to US History* The significance of the Metacom's War in US History is that it showed European dominance in the America regions and led to the continued rivalry between the American Indians and the Colonists and led to increased European and Native American conflicts in military battles which often decimated American Indian populations. It also created a separate colonist identity from the English Crown that disliked American Indian populations and wanted to dominate the colonial regions.