Period 2: 1607-1754 (Notes)

What is John Rolfe credited for

John Rolfe credited with cultivating a pleasant smoking strain 1st profitable export 1620 - 40,000 lbs 1626 - 500,000 lbs 1629 - 1.5 million pounds

The Lost Colony

John White, the governor of the Roanoke Island colony in present-day North Carolina, returns from a supply-trip to England to find the settlement deserted. White and his men found no trace of the 100 or so colonists he left behind, and there was no sign of violence. Among the missing were Ellinor Dare, White's daughter; and Virginia Dare, White's granddaughter and the first English child born in America. August 18 was to have been Virginia's third birthday. The only clue to their mysterious disappearance was the word "CROATOAN" carved into the palisade that had been built around the settlement. White took the letters to mean that the colonists had moved to Croatoan Island, some 50 miles away, but a later search of the island found none of the settlers. The Roanoke Island colony, the first English settlement in the New World, was founded by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in August 1585. The first Roanoke colonists did not fare well, suffering from dwindling food supplies and Indian attacks, and in 1586 they returned to England aboard a ship captained by Sir Francis Drake. In 1587, Raleigh sent out another group of 100 colonists under John White. White returned to England to procure more supplies, but the war with Spain delayed his return to Roanoke. By the time he finally returned in August 1590, everyone had vanished.

Metacom's War aka King Phillip's War (1675-76):

Last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. VERY VERY VIOLENT! Metacom was killed and his head put on a steak 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

The Great Awakening saw the rise of several (1739-1744)

Protestant denominations, including Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists—who emphasized adult baptism of converted Christians rather than infant baptism. These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups like Anglicans, members of the Church of England; Congregationalists, the heirs of Puritanism in America; and Quakers. The influence of these older Protestant groups, such as the New England Congregationalists, declined because of the Great Awakening. Nonetheless, the Great Awakening touched the lives of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a shared experience in the 18th-century British Empire.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader (Governor for 12 years!)

Puritans differed from Separatists in that

Puritans wanted to purify the church of England; separatists wanted to separate from it completely Pilgrims were different from most puritans because they were separatists

Alexander Hamilton believed that a strong national government was necessary to provide order in America

He wanted to build a strong economy focused on industry so America could be self-sufficient He believed that the Constitution should be loosely interpreted to allow the government to respond to issues Thomas Jefferson believed that political power should remain with state governments in order to protect liberty He wanted the economy to remain focused on farming and the gov't to protect farmers. He believed that the Constitution should be strictly interpreted with all other powers reserved to state governments Among their biggest disagreement was over Hamilton's Financial Plan In 1789, Hamilton proposed a financial plan that would guide the future of the U.S. economy 1. Hamilton proposed funding and assumption of all state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War By taking the state debts, the USA government would force the states to work together By repaying all debts, the USA would gain foreign credit Congress and Washington approved Hamilton's plan for funding and assumption 2. To raise money for the new nation, Hamilton proposed a tax on whiskey and a creating a protective tariff on foreign manufactured goods that would promote American industry Congress and Washington approved Hamilton's whiskey tax But did not approve Hamilton's protective tariff 3. Hamilton proposed creating a Bank of the U.S. (BUS) that would regulate the money supply by holding federal funds and loaning it to state banks

Early French Settlement—Quebec, Montreal, and the Fur Trade/Samuel de Champlain,

"Father of New France," established Quebec 1608 Deeply Catholic Catholic Jesuits effective in converting Native Americans They had a very peaceful existence with the Indians The French establish the fur trade New France grows slowly, only 14,000 people by 1700 Explored and Claimed the Mississippi River Valley Created the French Gulf Coast—Biloxi, Mobile, and New Orleans

Lasting problems of Bacon's Rebellion

(1) sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers, and (2) colonial resistance to royal control. These problems would continue into the next century, even after the general conditions of life in the Chesapeake colonies became more stable and prosperous.

House of Burgesses, 1619

1st representative assembly in British North American colonies At first all free adult men could participate Then only large planters can vote Set precedent for other representative assemblies in British N. America William Berkeley: Served twice as governor of VA Established friendly relations with VA Indians to promote trade

Anne Hutchinson

- excommunicated by Winthrop in 1637, ended up in Rhode Island and killed by Indians. Antinomianism: a belief that Christians are released by grace from the obligation of observing moral law (Should be based on inner grace not church attendance) Spoke out against predetermination Said that Christians can have a direct relationship with God No need for ministers or Gov't officials - the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) was an English-born Massachusetts Puritan who organized religious meetings for women and challenged the political authority of the clergy. As a result, Hutchinson was tried in 1637 for "traducing the ministers" of the church. John Winthrop, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, served as both prosecutor and judge in her trial. Hutchinson was declared "a woman not fit for our society" and excommunicated from the church. Banished from Massachusetts, Hutchinson eventually settled on Long Island and in 1643 she was killed during an Indian raid.

Puritans

- wanted to "purify" the Church of England They were MAINSTREAM John Calvin: individual salvation was subject to a divine plan rather than actions of individuals. Everyone has a "calling" or work on earth that God intends for them to do. Large group of English immigrants after Pilgrims Massachusetts bay colony

New England

-Entire families emigrated to New England -healthier climate, -small farms, fishing, lumber, -larger

Chesapeake

-immigrants often male -cash crops, plantation crops, -swampy, hot, humid, -spread out farming communities

Several ideas dominated Enlightenment thought, including rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, and cosmopolitanism

. Rationalism- is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge. This was a sharp turn away from the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge. Empiricism- promotes the idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world. Progressivism- is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation, humans can make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the 17th century. Finally, cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers' view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close-minded individuals. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice.

Colonial Policy Navigation Acts

1) Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. 2. All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in England. 3. Specified or "enumerated" goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original "enumerated" good, but over the years, the list was greatly expanded. (1686): Charles II revoked the charters of all the colonies NORTH of MD because he believed that colonists weren't living in conformity with English law

Increased Demand for Slaves

1. Reduced migration: Increases in wages in England reduced the supply of immigrants to the colonies. 2. Dependable workforce: Large plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and indentured servants and by the disorders of Bacon's Rebellion (see page 29). They thought that slavery would provide a stable labor force totally under their control. 3. Cheap labor: As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops required a large land area and many inexpensive, relatively unskilled field hands.

What is Jamestown

1607 - Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America 1st permanent English settlement in the new world Funded by VA. Co. of London for profit

What became the feature cash crop of Jamestown

1613 - tobacco imported to Jamestown Tobacco (Golden Weed)

Indentured Servitude:

4-7 yr contract in exchange for passage Slavery: African slavery didn't take root till 1600 Before that primarily Indentured Servitude Slavery considered backward By 1300 slavery didn't exist in N & W Europe

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

: Developed out of religious and political divisions in New England. Non-conformist women became scapegoats and 150 women were imprisoned, 20 executed (19 hung publicly)

Predestination

A fundamental Puritan belief that God chose each human being from birth for either salvation or condemnation. Only God new the fate of each person but during his or her lifetime, a Puritan could search for clues as to the fate of their soul by performing good works, praying, and attending church services Although it won't change you predetermined fate Adhering to a life of morality and hard work was an indication of God's grace But a life of immorality and laziness was an indication of God's condemnation

The Dominion of New England

A new king, James II, succeeded to the throne in 1685. He was determined to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them into larger administrative units and doing away with their representative assemblies. In 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into a single unit. Sir Edmund Andros was sent from England to serve as governor

Who was John Smith Captured by? Who saved him?

Captured by Powhatan and threatened with execution Smith saved by Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas Smith returned to England in 1609

Powhatan Wars:

Algonquian Indians Series of 3 wars 1610-14, 1622-26, 1644-46 Relative peace existed between settlers and Powhatan Indians until Powhatan died in 1622 3rd and Final war essentially ended any real Powhatan Indian thread in VA

The Carolinas

As a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to eight nobles, who in 1663 became the lord proprietors of the Carolinas. In 1729, two royal colonies, South Carolina and North Carolina, were formed from the original grant. South Carolina In 1670, in the southern Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some planters from the island of Barbados founded a town named for their king. Initially, the southern economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies. By the middle of the 18th century, South Carolina's large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies. North Carolina The northern part of the Carolinas developed differently. There, farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms. The region had few good harbors and poor transportation; therefore, compared to South Carolina, there were fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery. North Carolina in the 18th century earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control.

Slave Laws

As the number of slaves increased, white colonists adopted laws to ensure that African Americans would be held in bondage for life and that slave status would be inherited. In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize the enslavement of "lawfu l" captives. Virginia in 1661 enacted legislation stating that children automatically inherited their mother's enslaved status for life. By 1664, Maryland declared that baptism did not affect the enslaved person's status, and that white women could not marry African American men. It became customary for whites to regard all blacks as social inferiors. Racism and slavery soon became integral to colonial society

Great Migration: 1630-1640

Beginning with 700 people led by Governor John Winthrop. A great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people mostly families To New England over a 10 year period

New Jersey

Believing that the territory of New York was too large to administer, James split it in 1664. He gave the section of the colony located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1674, one proprietor received West New Jersey and the other East New Jersey. To attract settlers, both proprietors made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly. Eventually, they sold their proprietary interests to various groups of Quakers. Land titles in the Jerseys changed hands repeatedly, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion. To settle matters, the crown decided in 1702 to combine the two Jerseys into a single royal colony: New Jersey

Civil War and Revolution in England

By 1642, England was in a civil war Parliament's army defeated the king, who was executed in 1649 General Oliver Cromwell, ruled England as a Puritan Commonwealth from 1649 to 1658 In 1660, King Charles II (r. 1660-1685) instituted by parliament

Who was Captain John Smith

Capt. John Smith rallied the settlers at Jamestown "he who shall not work, shall not eat" Trading, Farming, Manufacturing NOT GOLD Served as leader from 1608-1609 Led colonists to explore the region

Additional Colonies: Continued Settlement and Development

Carolinas - most settlers were former indentured servants from Virginia and Maryland or Barbados New York - was originally New Netherland, founded by the Dutch Pennsylvania - the colony was largely the work of one man - William Penn, was granted colonial charter from Charles II Quakers: "Society of Friends" guaranteed liberty of conscience and grated freemen the right to alter their government

New York

Charles II wished to consolidate the crown's holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies. This required compelling the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. In 1664, the king granted his brother, the Duke of York (the future James II), the lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware Bay. As the lord high admiral of the navy, James dispatched a force that easily took control of the Dutch colony from its governor, Peter Stuyvesant. James ordered his agents in the renamed colony of New York to treat the Dutch settlers well and to allow them freedom to worship as they pleased and speak their own language. James also ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking the consent of a representative assembly. In fact, he insisted that no assembly should be allowed to form in his colony. But taxation without representation met strong opposition from New York's English-speaking settlers, most of whom were Puritans from New England. Finally, in 1683, James yielded by allowing New York's governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly.

Pequot War (1636):

Conflict between Pequot Indians and colonists in MA & CT. The Indians were outmatched from the beginning and by the end were sold into slavery or driven off.

During his first term, President Washington focused on domestic issues that would shape the new nation Congress

Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which created federal courts Congress created the Treasury, State, War, Justice Departments Washington created the 1st cabinet (group of advisors who head departments) Henry Knox, Secretary of War George Washington, President Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, Attorney General Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton was named Secretary of Treasury (Treasury Department deals with issues involving money or taxes) Hamilton and Jefferson were the most influential of Washington's cabinet, but they had different views on the role of government Thomas Jefferson was named Secretary of State(State Department deals with issues involving foreign nations) Hamilton People are motivated byself-interests Power should be in the hands of the "elite Jefferson The "common man" should be trusted to make good decisions Corruption occurs when power is in the hands of the "elite Hamilton The national government needs to be stronger than the states The Articles of Confederation was too weak Jefferson Power should remain with the state governments The national government should be kept as small as possible Hamilton Supported the Constitution because it included a president and more power to the national government Constitution can be "loosely" interpreted ("Elastic Clause") Supported the Constitution because of the Bill of Rights Jefferson Constitution should be "strictly" interpreted with powers not given to the gov't are reserved to the states Hamilton Federalist Party Strong national government and fewer states' rights Jefferson Democratic-Republican Party Limited national government with more rights reserved to the states Hamilton The government should promote banking and the growth of American industry so the USA does not have to rely on Britain Jefferson The government should promote an economy of self-sufficient farmers who do not need a powerful national gov't Alexander Hamilton "All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are the rich and the well-born; the other, the mass of the people. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. Give therefore to the first class a distinct and permanent share in the government. Our great error is that we suppose mankind more honest than they are. It will be the duty of a wise government to control these passions in order to make them subservient to the public good." Thomas Jefferson "Our country is too large to have all its affairs directed by a single government. Public servants at such great distance...will invite public agents to corruption and plunder, and waste...Let the general government be reduced to a very simple organization and a very inexpensive one; a few plain duties to be performed by a few public servants." Alexander Hamilton "For the general operation of manufacture, let our workshops remain in Europe. It is better to carry provisions and materials to workmen there than bring them (here). The loss by the transportation of commodities across the Atlantic will be made up in happiness and permanence of government." Thomas Jefferson I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground: That 'all powers not delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people.' [10th amendment.] To take a single step...around the powers of Congress is to take possession of a boundless field of power.

The career of the privateer Sir Francis Drake shows that

During the early Age of Exploration, England preferred to reap the rewards of the New World through piracy rather than by starting a colony of its own English privateer Sir Francis Drake stole £40,000 worth of silver, gold, and pearls.

Limits to Colonial Democracy

Despite these steps, most colonists were excluded from the political process. Only male property owners could vote for representatives. Those who were either female or landless had few rights; slaves and indentured servants had practically none at all. Also, many colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, answering only to the king or others in England who provided the colonies' financial support. Thus, the gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with antidemocratic practices such as slavery and the widespread mistreatment of American Indians.

England's first Royal colony?

Despite tobacco, by 1624 the Virginia colony remained near collapse. More than 6,000 people had settled there, but only 2,000 remained alive. Further, the Vrrginia Company made unwise decisions that placed it heavily in debt. King James I had seen enough. He revoked the charter of the bankrupt company and took direct control of the colony. Now known as Virginia, the colony became England's first royal colony

The First Great Awakening

During the 18th century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening (a Second Great Awakening took place in the 1800s). During the First Great Awakening, evangelists came from the ranks of several Protestant denominations: Congregationalists, Anglicans—members of the Church of England—and Presbyterians. They rejected what appeared to be sterile, formal modes of worship in favor of a vigorous emotional religiosity.

What is a charter? Three types of colonies

Each charter described in general terms the relationship that was supposed to exist between the colony and the crown. Over time, three types of charters-and three types of colonies-developed: • Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies' early years. • Royal colonies, such as Virginia after 1624, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government. • Proprietary colonies, such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

How were the early days of Virgina Jamestown

Early years = disaster! 1608 = 38/144 colonists still alive 1610 60/500 settlers who had come over still alive -Workers did not want to work -Indians did not help - Disease from swamp

The New England Colonies

Fact 1 - Geography: The geography of New England consisted of mountains thick with trees, rivers and poor rocky soil that was difficult to farm and unsuitable for agriculture Fact 2 - Natural Resources: Fish, whales, forests. Imported agricultural products from other colonies Fact 3 - Religion: Puritans - No religious freedom. refer to Religion in the Colonies Fact 4 - Climate: Coldest of the three regions, leading to difficult winters but less disease (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Rhode Island, Connecticut)

The Southern Colonies

Fact 1 - Geography: The geography of the Southern Colonies was hilly coastal plains with plenty of forests Fact 2 - Natural Resources: The Southern colonies concentrated on developing plantations that eventually grew cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo (a purple dye) Fact 3 - Religion: Not dominated by a specific religion which gave way to religious freedom for Baptists, Anglicans and others Fact 4 - Climate: Warmest of the three regions, winters not difficult to survive, warmer climate gave rise to the spread of disease Fact 5 - Trade and Industry was dominated by the Slave Plantations (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

Pilgrims:

Founded Plymouth 1620 William Bradford: Governor of Plymouth (1621-1657) original Pilgrim settler signed Mayflower Compact (as the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.) First Social Contract for a New England colony. Drafted and signed by 41 adult male Separatists fleeing religious persecution by King James of England. Granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony's laws. Separatist Puritans who wanted to break from the Church of England. A minority group from the Puritans Traveled to America on Mayfield (100 english people)

Sir Francis Drake

Francis Drake, born around 1540-1544 in Devonshire, England, was involved in piracy and illicit slave trading before being chosen in 1577 as the leader of an expedition intended to pass around South America, through the Strait of Magellan, and explore the coast that lay beyond. Drake successfully completed the journey and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I upon his triumphant return. In 1588 he saw action in the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, though he died in 1596 from dysentery after undertaking an unsuccessful raiding mission.

One outburst of Protestant revivalism began in New Jersey, led by a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church named Theodorus Frelinghuysen.

Frelinghuysen's example inspired other ministers, including Gilbert Tennent, a Presbyterian. Tennant helped to spark a Presbyterian revival in the Middle Colonies—Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey—in part by founding a seminary to train other evangelical clergyman. New Lights also founded colleges in Rhode Island and New Hampshire that would later become Brown University and Dartmouth College.

Jefferson argued that the BUS was unconstitutional and gave too much power to bankers in cities President Washington agreed with Hamilton and Congress passed a law creating the Bank of the U.S. in 1791

Hamilton argued that the BUS was "necessary and proper" to control the economy and regulate currency The disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the formation of America's first political parties: Hamilton formed the Federalist Party Federalists supported a strong national government... ...loose interpretation of the Constitution... ...a strong financial system that favored banks and industry... ...supporting England when war broke out with France Jefferson formed the Democratic- Republican Party Republicans supported strong state governments... ...strict interpretation of the Constitution... ...state banks and policies that support small farmers... ...supporting France when war broke out with England In 1793, war broke out between Britain and France after the French Revolution France tried to gain an American alliance in their war with Britain Jefferson wanted the USA to support France and their fight for liberty Hamilton wanted to support Britain in order to avoid angering our largest trade partner In 1793, Washington made an important foreign policy precedent with his Proclamation of Neutrality President Washington believed that America was too young to involve itself in a European war America politicians remained neutral in European affairs from 1793 to 1898

In 1794, Washington faced another crisis: the Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton's whiskey tax frustrated western farmers in Pennsylvania who saw it as an unfair tax on the poor When Shays' Rebellion broke out in 1787, the weak government under the Articles of Confederation could not stop the rebellion When the Whiskey Rebellion began in 1794, President Washington saw the uprising as a threat to public safety President Washington mobilized an army of 13,000 soldiers which ended the rebellion The quick end to the rebellion revealed the strength of the new national government under the Constitution In 1796, Washington chose not to run for a 3rd term as president . He was afraid that if he died in office, it would create a precedent that presidents can serve for life. There was no term limit in the Constitution, but Washington created the precedent that no president serve more than two terms In 1796, George Washington gave advice to the nation in his Farewell Address Washington warned against the growth of "factions" and political parties He warned against growing sectional tensions between the North and South He restated his desire for neutrality by warning against entangling alliances After Washington's retirement, the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists campaigned for the presidency in 1796 Federalist John Adams defeated Republican Thomas Jefferson and won the presidency The war between England & France was still going on and continued to cause problems for America France was frustrated with American neutrality and began to seize U.S. merchant ships Adams sent diplomats to France to negotiate an agreement on American trade rights in Europe Three French officials (nicknamed X, Y, and Z) demanded a bribe to meet with French ministers Americans were offended by this XYZ Affair and called for war with France, but Adams kept his cool President Adams' handling of the conflict with France led to criticisms by Democratic-Republicans Federalists in Congress passed the Alien & Sedition Acts The laws made it a crime to criticize government leaders, restricted citizenship for new immigrants, and made deporting immigrants easier This attack on free speech and citizenship backfired and badly damaged President Adams and the Federalist Party Republicans Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions to attack the Federalist Party These essays presented an argument for states' rights suggesting that states could ignore (nullify) unfair national laws These arguments of states' rights and nullification will be used by the South to secede from the USA by 1861 and start the Civil War Adams and his Federalist Party were unpopular by the election of 1800 Republican Jefferson defeated Adams in the election of 1800 The 1800 election marked the first time in U.S. history when one political party transferred power to another political party Jefferson's victory over Adams marked the beginning of 30 years of dominance by the Democratic-Republican Party

New England Confederation

In the 1640s, the New England colonies faced the constant threat of attack from American Indians, the Dutch, and the French. Because England was in the midst of a civil war, the colonists could expect little assistance. Therefore in 1643, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed a military alliance known as the New England Confederation. The confederation was directed by a board composed of two representatives from each colony. It had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians. The confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an end. It was important because it established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose.

Halfway Covenant

In the 1660s, a generation had passed since the founding of the first Puritan colonies in New England. To be a full member of a Puritan congregation, an individual needed to have felt a profound religious experience known as a conversion. However, fewer members of the new nativebom generation were having such experiences. In an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership, a halfway covenant was offered by some clergy. Under this, people could become partial church members even if they had not had felt a conversion. Other ministers rejected the halfway covenant and denounced it from the pulpit. Nevertheless, as the years passed, strict Puritan practices weakened in most New England communities in order to maintain church membership.

Triangular Trade

In the 17th century, English trade in enslaved Africans had been monopolized by a single company, the Royal African Company. But after this monopoly expired, many New England merchants entered the lucrative slave trade. Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular, or three-part, trade route. First, a ship starting from a New England port such as Boston would carry rum across the Atlantic to West Africa. There the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans. Next, the ship would set out on the horrendous Middle Passage. Those Africans who survived the frightful voyage would be traded as slaves in the West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane. Third, completing the last side of the triangle, the ship would return to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum. Every time one type of cargo was traded for another, the slave-trading entrepreneur usually succeeded in making a substantial profit. (New England (Rum) -----> Africa (Slaves) -----> West Indies (Sugar Cane)

Where was Jamestown Built

Malaria and Swamp

New England

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire (All British colonies)

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends--commonly known as Quakers-believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. They further believed that religious authority was found within each person's soul and not in the Bible and not in any outside source. Such views posed a radical challenge to established authority. Therefore, the Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.

Mercantilism and the Empire

Most European kingdoms in the 17th century adopted the economic policy of mercantilism, which looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. According to mercantilist doctrine, a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient. Colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country's industries. Colonies existed for one purpose only: to enrich the parent country. Mercantilist policies had guided both the Spanish and the French colonies from their inception. Mercantilism began to be applied to the English colonies, however, only after the turmoil of England's civil war had subsided.

Regions of the Colonies

New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire) - British Colonies Middle Colonies "Bread basket" - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Chesapeake (Virginia & Maryland) - British Colonies Southern Colonies - North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia BARBADOS** - 14th colony (British Island colony in the Caribbean set the blue print for slavery in the American south)

the consumer revolution (1600-1750)

One of the ways in which the gentry set themselves apart from others was through their purchase, consumption, and display of goods. An increased supply of consumer goods from England that became available in the eighteenth century led to a phenomenon called the consumer revolution. Consumer products linked the colonies to Great Britain in real and tangible ways. Indeed, along with the colonial gentry, ordinary settlers in the colonies also participated in the frenzy of consumer spending on goods from Great Britain. Tea, for example, came to be regarded as the drink of the British Empire, with or without fashionable tea sets.

Who controlled all Indians Nearby

One ruler, Powhatan, controlled virtually all of the Indians nearby.

Why did Georgia become a colony?

Only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London. There were two reasons for British interest in starting a new southern colony: First, Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from the threat of Spanish Florida. Second, thousands of people in England were being imprisoned for debt. Wealthy philanthropists thought it would relieve the overcrowded jails if debtors were shipped to an American colony to start life over. Special Regulations Given a royal charter for a proprietary

The Pueblo Revolt—

New Mexico, 1680 (Pope) In August 1680, the Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico, led by Popé, revolted against Spanish rule. nearly all of the Spanish who lived on isolated ranches and farms were killed

"Show me that age and country where the rights and liberties of the people were placed on the sole chance of their rulers being good men, without a consequent loss of liberty?"

Patrick Henry, speech in opposition to the Constitution, 1788

"The Holy Experiment"

Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony. He wanted his new colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, to enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. He provided the colony with a Frame of Government (1682-1683), which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, the Charter of Liberties (1701), which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. Unlike other colonial proprietors, who governed from afar in England, Penn crossed the ocean to supervise the founding of a new town on the Delaware River named Philadelphia. He brought with him a plan for a grid pattern of streets, which was later imitated by other American cities. Also unusual was Penn 's attempt to treat the American Indians fairly and not to cheat them when purchasing their land. To attract settlers to his new land, Penn hired agents and published notices throughout Europe, which promised political and religious freedom and generous land terms. Penn's lands along the Delaware River had previously been settled by several thousand Dutch and Swedish colonists, who eased the arrival of the newcomers attracted by Penn's promotion.

Maryland Act of Tolerantion, 1649

Religious Toleration for all To avoid persecution in England, several wealthy English Catholics emigrated to Maryland and established large colonial plantations. They were quickly outnumbered, however, by Protestant farmers. Protestants therefore held a majority in Maryland's assembly. In 1649, Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt the Act of Toleration, the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. However, the statute also called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

Religious motivation , not the search for wealth, was the principal force behind the settlement of two other English colonies, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Both were settled by English Protestants who dissented from the official government-supported Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. The leader of the Church of England was the monarch of England. The Church of England had broken away from the control of the pope in Rome, so it was no longer part of the Roman Catholic Church. However, it had kept most of the Catholic rituals and governing structure. The dissenters, influenced by the teachings of Swiss theologian John Calvin, charged that the Church of England should break more completely with Rome. In addition, the dissenters adopted Calvin's doctrine of predestination, the belief that God guides those he has selected for salvation even before their birth. England's King James I, who reigned from 1603 to 1625, viewed the religious dissenters as a threat to his religious and political authority and ordered them arrested and jailed.

First colonists arrived in 1630, building in what they called

Salem.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

The Reverend Thomas Hooker led a large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636. The Hartford settlers then drew up the first written constitution in American history, It established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature. South of Hartford, a second settlement in the Connecticut Valley was started by John Davenport in 1637 and given the name New Haven. In 1665, New Haven joined with the more democratic Hartford settlers to form the colony of Connecticut. The royal charter for Connecticut granted it a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor.

Maryland

The colony was the vision of Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) Sought a refuge for Catholics in America 1632 - granted a charter for Maryland He died before colony establashed, but his son Cecilius took over Similar Economy to VA

The English Civil War

The ensuing struggle between the king and Parliament led to the outbreak of war. The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1649 and pitted the king and his Royalist supporters against Oliver Cromwell and his Parliamentary forces. After years of fighting, the Parliamentary forces gained the upper hand, and in 1649, they charged Charles I with treason and beheaded him. The monarchy was dissolved, and England became a republic: a state without a king. Oliver Cromwell headed the new English Commonwealth, and the period known as the English interregnum, or the time between kings, began.

The Middle Colonies

The four Middle Colonies of Colonial America consisted of a mix of both northern and southern features and its early settlement was dominated by non-English Europeans, mostly Dutch and German, the English colonists were in the minority. Information and facts about the 13 colonies - Facts about the Middle Colonies of Colonial America: Fact 1 - The geography and climate of the Middle Colonies was a mix of the New England and Southern features Fact 2 - Natural Resources: Good farmland, timber, furs and coal. Iron ore was a particularly important natural resource Fact 3 - Religion: Not dominated by a specific religion which gave way to religious freedom for Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews and others (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)_

New Hampshire

The last colony to be founded in New England was New Hampshire. Originally part of Massachusetts Bay, it consisted of a few settlements north of Boston. Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor.

Why did Bacon's Rebellion lead to people using enslaved Africans or indentured servants.

The rebellion's alliance of poor whites and Africans led the elite planter class to separate the races through sharper social divisions.

Sir William Berkeley

The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

The "Elect" or "Visible Saints"

Those given the gift of God's grace and those predestined by God for salvation They became full members of the Puritan Congregational Church ONLY the "ELECT" could vote and hold public office

Many Americans were concerned about the possibility of tyranny because the Constitution gave more power to the national government over the states

Those who opposed the Constitution, feared a stronger national gov't , and wanted states to remain power were called Anti-Federalists The Anti-Federalists were led by Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams Those who supported the new Constitution and a stronger national gov't were called the Federalists Federalist leaders James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays called the Federalist Papers to counter the arguments of the Anti-Federalists Some states ratified the Constitution quickly, but states with large majorities of Anti-Federalists refused without a Bill of Rights to protect their liberty In 1789, the Bill of Rights was introduced and the last two states ratified the Constitution by 1790 New Hampshire was the 9th state to ratify the Constitution which went into effect in 1789, but the Federalists wanted all 13 states to ratify the new gov't

Oliver Cromwell

Though Cromwell enjoyed widespread popularity at first, over time he appeared to many in England to be taking on the powers of a military dictator. Dissatisfaction with Cromwell grew. When he died in 1658 and control passed to his son Richard, who lacked the political skills of his father, a majority of the English people feared an alternate hereditary monarchy in the making. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king.

Dominion of New England

Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.

Headright System:

Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land. The colony offered 50 acres of land to (1) each immigrant who paid for his own passage and (2) any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage.

Bacon's Rebellion:

Virginia, 1676 Tensions arose between settlers and Indians living on the frontier of western Virginia Bacon organized his own militia of hundreds of runaway servants and some slaves Summer of 1676 - Bacon marches on Jamestown and burns the city

Spain's Response to France and England—San Antonio, Texas, and the Missions of California

When the French founded New Orleans in 1718, the Spanish built a new city of their own, San Antonio. In response, the Spanish established a fort and then a mission in San Diego.

What/When was the starving time

Winter of 1609-1610 "starving time" - over 80% of 500 settlers died all but 60 of 214 colonists died (they had never planned to grow their own food)

Thomas Hooker

banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1635 he founded Connecticut in 1636 Thomas Hooker was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage.

Women and Governance

Women: a shipload of unmarried women brought and encouraged to marry colonists and begin families (1619) Governance: Colonies were to elect 2 "burgesses" or represetatives to assemble at Jamestown annually to help make laws for the colony

The Enlightenment (1685-1815)

also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. Using the power of the press, Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas. Many consider the Enlightenment a major turning point in Western civilization, an age of light replacing an age of darkness.

The foremost evangelical of the Great Awakening was

an Anglican minister named George Whitefield (pronounced "whit-field"). Like many evangelical ministers, Whitefield was itinerant, traveling the countryside instead of having his own church and congregation. Between 1739 and 1740, he electrified colonial listeners with his brilliant oratory.

Franklin subscribed to deism

an Enlightenment-era belief in a God who created but has no continuing involvement in the world and the events within it. Deists also advanced the belief that personal morality—an individual's moral compass, leading to good works and actions—is more important than strict church doctrines.

Roger Williams -

banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1635 he and his followers founded Rhode Island in 1636. Religious Liberty & Separation of Church and State R.I.: became a safe haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews, and other religious minorities.

Impact The Navigation Acts had on the Colonies

caused New England shipbuilding to prosper, provided Chesapeake tobacco with a monopoly in England, and provided English military forces to protect the colonies from potential attacks by the French and Spanish. However, the acts also severely limited the development of colonial THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1607-1754 35 manufacturing, forced Chesapeake farmers to accept low prices for their crops, and caused colonists to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England. In many respects,

Sir Walter Raleigh was a promoter for the Roanoke Colony, which is most notable for

disappearing

James Oglethorpe

founded Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. Oglethorpe acted as the colony's first governor and put into effect an elaborate plan for making the colony thrive. There were strict regulations, including bans on drinking rum and slavery. Nevertheless, partly because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, the colony did not prosper. Royal Colony By 1752, Oglethorpe and his group gave up their plan. Taken over by the British government, Georgia became a royal colony. Restrictions on rum and slavery were dropped. The colony grew slowly by adopting the plantation system of South Carolina. Even so, at the time of the American Revolution, Georgia was the smallest and poorest of the 13 colonies.

In Northampton, Massachusetts, Jonathan Edwards

led still another explosion of evangelical fervor. Edwards's best-known sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", used powerful imagery to describe the terrors of hell and the possibilities of avoiding damnation by personal conversion. One passage reads: "The wrath of God burns against them [sinners], their damnation don't slumber, the pit is prepared, the fire is made ready, the furnace is now hot, ready to receive them, the flames do now rage and glow. The glittering sword is whet, and held over them, and the pit hath opened her mouth under them." Edwards's revival spread along the Connecticut River Valley, and news of the event spread rapidly through the frequent reprinting of his famous sermon.

Whereas Martin Luther and John Calvin had

preached a doctrine of predestination and close reading of scripture, new evangelical ministers spread a message of personal and experiential faith that rose above mere book learning. Individuals could bring about their own salvation by accepting Christ, an especially welcome message for those who had felt excluded by traditional Protestantism: women, the young, and people at the lower end of the social spectrum.

The consumer revolution also made

printed materials more widely available. Before 1680, for instance, no newspapers had been printed in colonial America. In the eighteenth century, however, a flood of journals, books, pamphlets, and other publications became available to readers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shared trove of printed matter linked members of the British Empire by creating a community of shared tastes and ideas.

Restoration colonies:

the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. All the Restoration colonies started as proprietary colonies, in other words, the king gave each colony to a trusted individual, family, or group.

British Americans' reliance on indentured servitude and slavery to meet the demand for colonial labor helped give rise to a wealthy colonial class—

the gentry—in the Chesapeake tobacco colonies and elsewhere. To be genteel—a member of the gentry—meant to be refined, free of all rudeness. The British American gentry modeled themselves on the English aristocracy, who embodied the ideal of refinement and gentility.

labor Shortages

the high death rate from disease, food shortages, and battles with American Indians meant that the population grew slowly

The First Great Awakening caused a split between

those who followed the evangelical message—the New Lights—and those who rejected it—the Old Lights. The elite ministers in British America were firmly Old Lights, and they censured the new revivalism as chaos.

The consumer revolution of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, which brought finished goods from London to the colonies,

tied England and its colonies closer together in a shared world of literature and fashion. New demand for luxury goods tightened the cultural ties between England and it colonies.

Stono Rebellion

took place in South Carolina in September 1739. A literate enslaved man named Jemmy led a large group of enslaved people in an armed insurrection against white colonists, killing several before militia stopped them. The militia suppressed the rebellion after a battle in which both enslaved people and militiamen were killed; the remaining enslaved people were executed or sold to the West Indies. In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 called An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in the Province, also known as the Negro Act of 1740. This law imposed new limits on enslaved people's behavior, prohibiting them from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, and traveling freely.

Unlike the indentured servants in Virginia,

very few migrants came to New England as laborers; in fact, New England towns protected their disciplined homegrown workforce by refusing to allow outsiders in, ensuring their sons and daughters would have steady employment.

William Penn

was a young convert to the Quaker faith. His father had served the king as a victorious admiral. Although the elder Penn opposed his son's religious beliefs, he respected William' s sincerity and bequeathed him considerable wealth. In addition, the royal family owed the father a large debt, which they paid to William in 1681 in the form of a grant of American land for a colony that he called Pennsylvania, or Penn's woods.

The Freemasons

were members of a fraternal society that advocated Enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance. Freemasonry originated in London coffeehouses in the early 18th century, and Masonic lodges—local units—soon spread throughout Europe and the British colonies. One prominent Freemason, Benjamin Franklin, stands as the embodiment of the Enlightenment in British America.