Period 2 APUSH

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

(a) enforcement of imperial policies was erratic and haphazard.

Although the British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, (a) enforcement of imperial policies was erratic and haphazard. (b) few valuable resources were available in North America to satisfy British demand. (c) intercolonial commercial rivalries forced the British government to abandon imperial policies. (d)the colonies refused to engage in trade with the British homeland.

(c) Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to (a) harsh reprisals by the Spanish government that resulted in mass casualties of Pueblo peoples in the Southwest. (b) renewed efforts to spread Christianity among Native Americans in the Southwest. (c) Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. (d) the Spanish abandoning their Catholic missions and the encomienda system throughout New Spain.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

(d) elite planters exercising local authority and also dominating the elected assemblies.

Because of the British government's initally lax attention to its American colonies, the Chesapeake and Southern regions developed democratic institutions based on (a) all residents being eligible to vote for elected representatives to their colonial legislatures. (b) participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures. (c) the majority will of each town's inhabitants decided by popular vote. (d) elite planters exercising local authority and also dominating the elected assemblies.

(a) participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures

Because of the British government's initially lax attention to its American colonies, the New England region developed democratic institutions based on (a) participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures. (b) all residents being eligible to vote for elected representatives to their colonial legislatures. (c) the majority will of each town's inhabitants decided by popular vote. (d) elite planters exercising local authority and also dominating the elected assemblies.

Royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

all of them

Colonists' resistance to imperial control was influenced by which of the following? (Select ALL that apply) (a) local experiences of self-government (b) political thought of the Enlightenment (c) greater religious independence and diversity (d) evolving ideas of liberty

(c) spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.

Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and (a) increasing the rates of Christian conversion among those living in the Northeast region of North America. (b) leading to the discovery of large gold deposits in the Great Basin and Northwest regions of North America. (c) spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. (d) leading to increased conflict between the Spanish and French colonial economies.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

(c) acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.

European colonial economies focused on (a) growing cash crops for export to Europe. (b) searching for new trade routes through the Americans to India. (c) acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. (d) manufacturing finished goods for export to Europe.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

(a) Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

I conceive there lies a clear rule ... that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away? The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God. —Anne Hutchinson, 1630s The excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s? (a) Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities (b) Efforts by colonial women to establish independent communities separate from men (c) Growing disagreement over the expansion of legal rights in the colonial charter (d) Efforts to raise the level of education for young girls and women

(c) land, resources, and political boundaries.

Military confrontations between the British and American Indians occurred largely as a result of conflicts over (a) Puritan efforts to convert Native Americans. (b) requiring Native Americans to leave their villages and reside in "praying towns." (c) land, resources, and political boundaries. (d) European rivalries over the fur trade.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Metacom's War

Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world

(c) New Englanders relied on fishing and shipping more than plantation agriculture because of environmental resources

Of all the American Plantations his Majesty has, none are so apt for the building of Shipping as New-England, nor none more comparably so qualified for the breeding of [sailors], not only by reason of the natural industry of that people, but principally by reason of their Cod and Mackeral Fisheries: and in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in project more dangerous to any Mother-Kingdom, than the increase of Shipping in her Colonies, Plantations, or Provinces. —Josiah Child, governor of the East India Company, 1668 A historian would most likely use this passage as evidence for which of the following claims? (a) The East India Company wanted to outlaw British trade with the colonies because they were too industrious (b) New Englanders overfished cod and mackerel because of heavy international demand (c) New Englanders relied on fishing and shipping more than plantation agriculture because of environmental resources (d) British politicians recommended against founding new colonies because they were too dangerous

(c) on a mix of agriculture and commerce.

Puritans settled the New England colonies in small towns with family farms and developed an economy based (a) solely on trade. (b) on growing cash crops for export. (c) on a mix of agriculture and commerce. (d) on industrial production and sugar production.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

(a) spread of Protestant evangelicalism (c) emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture (d) intercolonial commercial ties

The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from which of the following? (Select ALL choices that apply) (a) spread of Protestant evangelicalism (b) Catholic Church (c) emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture (d) intercolonial commercial ties

(b) their efforts to extract wealth from the land.

The Spanish developed institutions based on subjugating native populations (encomienda system), converting them to Christianity (mission system), and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society (the casta system) to support (a) their war efforts against England in the late 16th century. (b) their efforts to extract wealth from the land. (c) their competiton with the French in the fur trade. (d) the promotion of alliances with other indigenous peoples to ease conquest of the Americas.

(a) developed plantation economies based on exporting staple crops that depended on the labor of enslaved Africans.

The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies (a) developed plantation economies based on exporting staple crops that depended on the labor of enslaved Africans. (b) were the least economically valuable colonies in the British empire. (c) focused on growing cereal crops to feed the growing populations of the Cheaspeake and New England colonies. (d) lacked the appropriate climate for cash crop agriculture.

House of Burgesses

The excerpt above is most likely describing which of the following? (governor chosen and. nominated) New England town halls First Continental Congress House of Representatives House of Burgesses

transatlantic (slave) trade

The exchange of goods, primarily slaves between Africa, America, and Europe.

(c) religious pluralism and intellectual exchange in the British American colonies.

The first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas enhanced (a) American colonists' desire to join the French against the British in the Seven Years' War. (b) the mass movement to abolish slavery throughout all the English American colonies. (c) religious pluralism and intellectual exchange in the British American colonies. (d) efforts to spread Christianity among Native Americans in the New England colonies.

(b) the separation of church and state

The following question(s) refer to the excerpt below. I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read ... the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground.... —Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652 Consistent with the excerpt above, Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636 for advocating... (a) the export of tobacco (b) the separation of church and state (c) women's suffrage (d) bigamy

(a) Former indentured servants had to move westward, where they clashed with Native Americans over land

The founders of Virginia, having discovered in tobacco a substitute for the sugar of the West Indies and the silver of Peru, still felt the lack of native labor force with which to exploit the new crop. At first they turned to their own overpopulated country for labor, but English indentured servants . . . when their terms of servitude expired . . . struck out for themselves and joined the ranks of those demanding rather than supplying labor. But there was a way out. The Spanish and Portuguese had already demonstrated what could be done in the New World when a local labor force became inadequate: they brought in natives of Africa. —From Edmund S. Morgan, historian, The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18, 1971. In what was known as the headright system, planters received 50 acres for every servant they brought to Virginia, allowing them to amass large tracts of land. Which of the following was a consequence of the headright system? (a) Former indentured servants had to move westward, where they clashed with Native Americans over land (b) Former indentured servants were forced to cultivate cotton instead of tobacco, as planters dominated the tobacco market (c) Enslaved Africans were forced to live west of the Appalachian mountains (d) Women gained more political rights in Virginia than elsewhere in the English colonies

(d) territorial settlements, frontier defense, and trade.

The goals and interest of British leaders and the English colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic over issues such as (a) the British government's opposition to enslaved labor. (b) the British government prohibiting the colonists from electing their own representatives to colonial assemblies. (c) the colonists bearing a larger burden of taxation than subjects living in England. (d) territorial settlements, frontier defense, and trade.

(d) Religious tolerance

The humble, meek, merciful, just, pious and devout souls everywhere are of one religion and when death has taken off the mask, they will know one another, though the diverse liveries they wore here make them strangers. —William Penn, 1693 The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in Pennsylvania society? (a) Social stratification (b) Racial equality (c) Democratic government (d) Religious tolerance

(a) Quakerism

The humble, meek, merciful, just, pious and devout souls everywhere are of one religion and when death has taken off the mask, they will know one another, though the diverse liveries they wore here make them strangers. —William Penn, 1693 Which of the following most influenced the ideas expressed in the passage above? (a) Quakerism (b) Mercantilism (c) Catholicism (d) Calvinism

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

(d) initially depended on the labor of enslaved Native Americans who were later replaced by enslaved Africans.

The production of tobacco, a labor-intensive cash crop, in the Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies (a) initially depended on the labor of indentured servants who were later replaced by enslaved Africans. (b) depended on the labor of Native Americans and Europeans. (c) depended solely on the labor of enslaved Africans. (d) initially depended on the labor of enslaved Native Americans who were later replaced by enslaved Africans.

(d) Settlers came from many different countries and practiced many different religions

The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following trends in the Middle colonies? (a) Settlers rarely coexisted peacefully with emigrants from other nations (b) Settlers incorporated Native Americans into society through intermarriage (c) Settlers shared the same religion despite coming from many different countries (d) Settlers came from many different countries and practiced many different religions

(b) Quickly extracting natural resources from the Americas and making its investors wealthy

What was the original intention of the Virginia Company in founding the colony of Jamestown in 1607? (a) Providing a refuge for religious dissenters from Europe. (b) Quickly extracting natural resources from the Americas and making its investors wealthy (c) Founding a long-term English settlement in the New World (d) Establishing a fur-trading network with American Indians who lived in the area

encomienda system and missionaries being aggressive

What were the causes of the pueblo revolt?

forced indentured servants to move farther west -> more tensions with native americans

What were the effects of the headright system

First settlement at st. augustine; set up missions to spread religion

What were the spanish's first claims like?

Missionaries and fur traders came from france -> intermarriage; Quebec = first french settlement in America

What were the spanish's first claims like?

(c) To create economic and diplomatic relationships between Europeans and Native Americans

Which of the following best explains why some European colonists intermarried with Native Americans? (a) To establish a new culture that synthesized European and Native American elements (b) To ensure that specific European countries could establish claims to land in North America (c) To create economic and diplomatic relationships between Europeans and Native Americans (d) To prevent the enslavement of certain groups of Native Americans considered allies

(c) Colonists in the New England colonies conducted town hall meetings which elected members to colonial legislatures

Which of the following describes another way in which colonists created self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era? (a) Colonists in the Southern colonies gave free Africans voting rights and representation in the House of Burgesses (b) Colonists in the Chesapeake colonies elected representatives to Parliament to advocate for colonial interests (c) Colonists in the New England colonies conducted town hall meetings which elected members to colonial legislatures (d) Colonists in the Middle colonies elected local governors who reported to the British Parliament

(a) Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

Which of the following statements about Africans brought as slaves to the British North American colonies is true? (a) Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. (b) They had a much lower life expectantly in the Chesapeake than in South Carolina or the West Indies. (c) They were the primary labor source for plantations in the Chesapeake by 1630. (d)Enslaved Africans revolted in large number frequently throughout the American colonies.

Act of toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians; protestants wanted to get rid of it

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England who wanted to combine the colonies

Logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum distilling

what was the economy of new england (northern colonies/chesapeake colonies)

large farms and small manufacturing

what was the economy of the middle colonies?

subsistence farms and plantations + cash crops

what was the economy of the southern colonies?

jamestown and plymouth

what were the earliest settlements of the US?

family

What was the center of colonial life? (culture)

good harbors and cities.

What was the economy of the middle colonies like?

agriculture!

What was the economy of the south like?

(d) Children inherited enslaved status through their mother's line for life.

1/1 message The following question(s) refer to the excerpt below. Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children produced by any Englishman and a negro woman should be slave or free, be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shall be held bond, or free only according to the condition of the mother. And if any Christian shall commit fornication with a negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act. —Virginia slave law passed by the House of Burgesses in December 1662 Which of the following describes the change highlighted in the excerpt? (a) Slave owners kept enslaved families together and refused to separate children from their mothers. (b) Colonial law determined that a child of a British colonist and an enslaved person of African descent was free. (c) Enslaved people of African descent received legal protections after they converted to Christianity. (d) Children inherited enslaved status through their mother's line for life.

John Cabot

1497 claimed Canada for England

Mayflower Compact and town meetings

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America for the Plymouth colony; how the governed

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Slave Laws

A set of statutes passed throughout the colonies to keep African Americans in bondage for life. Racism was soon integral to the colonies.

(c) the development of a strict racial system in British colonial societies

A significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map was (map showed transatlantic trade) (a) an increase in the destructiveness of American Indian warfare (b) cooperation between European countries over colonization in the Americas (c) the development of a strict racial system in British colonial societies (d) frequent intermarriage between people of African and British descent

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

(a) Puritans only

I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read ... the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground.... —Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652 The Puritans believed that the freedom to practice religion should be extended to (a) Puritans only (b) all Jews and Christians only (c) all Protestants only (d) all Christians only

(d) trans-Atlantic exchanges

In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. —Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by (a) interest in commerce and business (b) Roman Catholic influences (c) reliance on agriculture (d) trans-Atlantic exchanges

(c) Greater independence and diversity of thought

In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. —Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's open-air preaching contributed most directly to which of the following trends? (a) The growth of the ideology of republican motherhood (b) Movement of settlers to the backcountry (c) Greater independence and diversity of thought (d) The pursuit of social reform

(c) The efforts to restrict settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains

In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecological relationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a single world, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about. —William Cronon, historian, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, 1983 Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how Europeans changed North America? (a) The establishment of fenced fields on family farms (b) The emergence of racially and culturally mixed populations (c) The efforts to restrict settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains (d) The spread of maize agriculture

(a) allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.

In their relations with Native Americans, the French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies (a) allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups. (b) required conversion to Christianity as a requirement to establish trade. (c) refused to ally themselves with American Indian tribes against their European enemies. (d) required American Indians to reside in "praying towns," where they could be supervised and educated in each country's home language.

(a) The French and Dutch relied heavily on trade alliances with Native Americans, while the Spanish did not

They expressed their great satisfaction, saying that no greater good could come to them than to have our friendship, and that they desired to live in peace with their enemies, and that we should dwell in their land, in order that they might in the future more than ever before engage in hunting beavers, and give us a part of them in return for our providing them with things which they wanted . . . —Samuel de Champlain, describing his interaction with a group of Algonquians, 1604 How did the colonization efforts of the French and Dutch primarily differ from those of the Spanish? (a) The French and Dutch relied heavily on trade alliances with Native Americans, while the Spanish did not (b) The French and Dutch wanted to use Native Americans as slave labor, while the Spanish did not (c) The French and Dutch wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity, while the Spanish did not (d) The French and Dutch had interracial marriages with Native Americans, while the Spanish did not

(d) French explorers married Native American women

They expressed their great satisfaction, saying that no greater good could come to them than to have our friendship, and that they desired to live in peace with their enemies, and that we should dwell in their land, in order that they might in the future more than ever before engage in hunting beavers, and give us a part of them in return for our providing them with things which they wanted . . . —Samuel de Champlain, describing his interaction with a group of Algonquians, 1604 Which of the following was a tactic the French used to keep peaceful relations with Native Americans? (a) French explorers adopted orphaned Native American children (b) French explorers created numerous colonies and gave Native Americans French citizenship (c) French explorers fought Dutch and English colonizers to help Native Americans keep their land (d) French explorers married Native American women

(a) attracted a larger number of male and female migrants with diverse motives for leaving Europe who lived spearately from Native Americans.

Unlike the French and the Spanish, English colonization efforts (a) attracted a larger number of male and female migrants with diverse motives for leaving Europe who lived spearately from Native Americans. (b) included Puritans who migrated to North America with the objective of saving Native American souls. (c) focused solely on searching for gold in North America. (d) relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians for trade.

located in a swampy area which led to malaria and disease; conflicts between natives and settlers.

What are characteristic of the jamestown colony?

made of puritan non-separatists that wanted to reform the church

What are characteristic of the massachusetts bay colony?

very religiously tolerant

What are characteristic of the new england colonies?

Puritan separatists (pilgrims) who wanted to split from the Catholic church

What are characteristic of the plymouth colony?

Corporate colonies, royal, and proprietary

What are the three different types of colonies?

(a) Young, single men, looking to make their fortune

What kinds of settlers might the Virginia Company have hoped to attract to their colony with this tract? (a) Young, single men, looking to make their fortune (b) French traders to help negotiate with Native Americans (c) Catholics looking for religious freedom (d) Established families to build a permanent community

(c) Persuade men and women to migrate to the Americas or to invest in the colonization of Virginia

What was the Virginia Company's purpose for writing this tract? (a) Promote the ideals of republican government under the House of Burgesses (b) Advocate for the end of colonization of the Americas in an effort to avoid conflicts with Native Americans (c) Persuade men and women to migrate to the Americas or to invest in the colonization of Virginia (d) Convince plantation owners to continue using indentured servants as the primary labor source over African slaves