Period 3 APUSH
National Bank
(1791) part of Hamilton's economic plan that provided a safe storage for government funds, serve as an agent for the gov. in the collection, movement and expenditure of tax money and finance new and expanding business enterprises (speeding up national economic growth), partly owned by the government and by investors, opposed by Jefferson because the Constitution did not give the government power to set up a bank.
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) Supreme Court case that established judicial review, claiming the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional; unlike the VA and KT Resolutions claim that this was a state power
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief who opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley, destroying British forts in the area; this violence led the British to create the Proclamation Line of 1763 to prevent future conflict
Pinckney's Treaty
1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain, defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies (south and west), and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River for western farmers
Report on Manufactures
A *proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry*; congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.
James Otis
A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling, he used the Social Compact Theory in his argument against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act, opposed taxation w/o representation
SC Exposition and Protest
A document that used the same arguements in the VA and KT Resolutions, written by John Calhoun that protested the Tariff of 1828 and threatened that SC would secede if it wasn't repealed
Stamp Act Congress
A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance
Navigation Acts
A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, and control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues, reinstated after the French and Indian War to pay off debts which colonists resented but were not ready for Revolution and leaders like Ben Franklin thought they were legitimate
Boston Tea Party, 1773
Angry and frustrated at a new tax on tea, American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. Britain responded with "Coercive" or "Intolerable" Acts that harshly punished Massachusetts in an attempt to isolate the rebellious colony. Instead, other colonies stood behind MA, leading ultimately to the Revolution
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle between American and Native Americans forces in 1794 over Ohio territory that led to defeat of the native Americans
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787
Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison. With this convention the Constitution was created.
Colonial Resistance
Boycotts, tar and feathering the tax man and burning effigies, destruction of goods like tea, encouraging homespun items to replace British imports; many were efforts to effect the British economy
First Continental Congress, 1774
Convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia not present). It was called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts (Punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party) by the British Parliament.
Lexington and Concord, 1775
First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries. In Concord, advancing British troops met resistance from the Minutemen (American volunteers) who harassed the retreating British troops along the Concord-Lexington Road. Paul Revere had first alerted the Americans to the British movement. This victory increased colonists' hopes of success in the Revolution.
Treaty of Greenville
Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.
Creation of a new government, 1789
In 1786, defects in the Articles of Confederation became apparent leading to a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution. James Madison presented the "Virginia Plan" which became the basis of the new contitution that featured a stronger central government with powers to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, etc. based on separation of powers with checks and balances and federalism (the division of power between the national and state governments)
Stamp Act, 1765-66
It imposed tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses. In retaliation, many colonial groups formed such as Sons of Liberty and tarred or feathered stamp tax collectors and organized non-important movements (boycotts) of British goods. People began to question British authority over the colonies since they traditionally taxed themselves. Grenville argued that colonies were "virtually" represented in parliament since it represents all Brit. subjects. Ended when British businessmen pressured Parliament to repeal since they were hurt by boycotts
Proclamation of 1763
It was created by the British to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains. Angered struggling colonists who had no other option but to find fortune and life on the frontier. Largely ignored by the colonists who continued to expand west and cause further turmoil between the colonials and the natives.
XYZ Affair, 1797-98
Jay's Treaty angered France. As a result, Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's 3 agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe. The delegates came back to the US as heroes. Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. It would later lead to the undeclared Quasi War between France and the US.
Samuel Slater established the first textile mill, 1790
Known as the "Father of the American Factory System" because he brought British textile technology to America with a few modifications fit for America. He learned textile machinery as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. He brought the knowledge to America where he designed the first textile mills. This brought work to factories instead of homes where efficiency skyrocketed.
Jonathan Edwards sparked the First Great Awakening, 1734
Known for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God "sermon. Leading theologian (religious thinker) of First Great Awakening, a massive religious movement that swept through the colonies, which emphasized the community of all Christians. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.
Democratic Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
Thomas Paine published Common Sense, 1776
Pamphlet that inspired people in the 13 Colonies to declare and fight for independence from England in the summer of 1776. In clear, simple language it explained the need for immediate independence. It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places and became a huge sensation, radicalizing much of the population towards independence. Washington had it read to all his troops. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in US history.
French and Indian War, 1754-63
Part of the 7 Years' War, Great Britain & France fought for control of the Ohio Valley & Canada. Algonquins & Mohawks fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied w/ GB. The colonies fought under British commanders and won, however strained relations between GB & its American colonies since the colonists were disorganized and weakly supported the war effort. The war resulted in France being pushed out of N. America and massive British war debt that would lead to increased taxation on colonies and thus increase tensions
Federalists
Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored strong national government and the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation;
Washington's Farewell Address, 1796
President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term, setting a precedent every president would follow except FDR (who was elected 4 times). In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations - an element often referenced by those who prefer "isolationism" in international affairs.
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, had proposed an excise tax on whiskey to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. The farmers rebelled against the tax they felt was unfair. Washington used the opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell the uprising.
Bill of Rights, 1791
The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).
The Federalist Papers published, 1787-8
The Federalist Papers were 85 newspaper essays by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay on the importance of having a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. This explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. Considered the definitive statement on the political philosophy behind the American system of government.
Midnight judges, 1801
The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was the Federalists & Adams's attempt to secure the Federalists a position of power in the new government in the judicial branch after losing the congressional and presidential election of 1800 to the Democratic-Republicans. The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called "midnight judges" because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787
The Ordinance of 1785 created a system of surveying and selling western lands (then the area below the Great Lakes). In 1787, the NW Ordinance dissolved the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785; it created a single NW Territory divided in 3-5 regions capable of statehood with 60,000 pop., having freedom of religion, trial by jury, and no slavery. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands.
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American resistance that would lead to revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans, Paul Revere's image used as anti-British propaganda, Brits disagreed and responded by stationing more troops there to keep the peace
Declaration of Independence, 1776
The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Second Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation (that the colonists rights as Englishmen had been trampled on by King George III), and laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought (based on Enlightenment principles of natural rights, especially those of 17th century English philosopher John Locke).
Republican Motherhood
The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children
Shay's Rebellion, 1786
This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. This was the final push towards constructing the Constitution because the politicians throughout the nation felt the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced or fixed.
Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson became president! First peaceful transfer of power in world history via competitive elections when Federalists (under President Adams) orderly transfer power to Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans. Called "Revolution of 1800" because the aristocratic Federalists gave way to the much less elitist Democratic-Republicans. Also, because of the confusion caused by the process of electing Prez & VP separately, the 12th Amendment was added changing the electoral process so that Prez & VP run together.
Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 1789
Treasury Secretary Hamilton helped put in place the basic economic foundations of the new government during the Washington Administration, with the overriding goal of strengthening the national government's role. Key elements include: assumption of state debts (to centralize economic life and elite interests in national government and enhance its legitimacy for international trade), creation of the First Bank of the US (under a loose construction [interpretation] of the "elastic clause"), strong support for manufacturing (proposed protective tariffs)
Jay's Treaty
Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory; however it failed to end seizures of American ships and impressments which angered the American public
Peace of Paris, 1783
Treaty that ended American Revolution, granting US independence. Negoiated by John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin. Secured American fishermen's right of access to Canadian waters, US gets all territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, doubling the size of the new nation. For its part, the US agreed to use its powers to end the persecution of Loyalists by state and local governments and to restore their property confiscated during the war (this mostly didn't happen). Both countries agreed to honor debts owed to them.
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts. He warns citizens not to undermine the neutrality of the country at the risk of prosecution. This led to a strong sense of isolationism and helped keep the US from being drawn into constant European wars that might threaten the existence of the young fragile nation
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront, urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government, advocated for full citizenship
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99
Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions gave states the power to decide when the government has abused its powers, and allowed states to declare federal acts unconstitutional. These resolutions would contribute to one of the reasons why the Civil War erupted, since it was the beginning of "nullification".
Second Continental Congress, 1775
a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, PA, soon after first shots of the Revolution. The SCC managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III (who rejected it) and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the Declaration of Independence. By raising armies, appointing George Washington head of the Continental Army, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government.
Cotton Gin, 1793
a machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Made slavery much more economically favorable for the South.
Washington's Military Leadership
enabled the Patriots to survive the winter at Valley Forge and eventually win the war against Britain, increased his popularity and prestige leading many to support the Constitution and unanimously elect him President of the US
Articles of Confederation went into effect, 1781
first constitution of the US. Put into effect during Revolutionary War. Based on equality of states, with each getting one vote. National government was very weak, with no power to tax. Laws required 9/13 vote to pass, changes to AOC required unanimous vote. 3 major accomplishments: winning Revolution, Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
Anti-Federalists
individuals like Patrick Henry opposed ratification of the Constitution and strong central government that would interfere with individual liberties, they only approved ratification of the constitution after the promise to add the Bill of Rights
Battle of Yorktown, 1781
last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory.
Slavery
one of the great debates during the Constitutional Convention about how to count slaves toward population, fugitive slave clause, and slave trade, led to Three-Fifths Compromise
Representation
one of the great debates during the Constitutional convention about how to determine the number of delegates each state would have in Congress, led to Great Compromise
Political Parties
opposed by the founders but began to develop during Washington's first term in office, divided over the strength of the national government, interpretation of the constitution, foreign affairs, and economic concerns
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
passed by Federalists in Congress & signed by President Adams. It increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. Used to attack Democratic-Republicans, who supported the French Revolution and appealed to more immigrants. Jefferson & Madison wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions to "nullify" (states declare acts of the national govt unconstitutional) the A&S Acts.
Federalism
result of one of the great debates during the Constitutional Convention, created a system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.
Treaty of Alliance, 1778
the alliance between France and the America in the American Revolution, formed after the Battle of Saratoga which showed France that the Americans had a chance to beat England. Alliance would be decisive in helping America beat the British and winning independence. France joined not to help democracy, but to embarrass its old rival England. Treaty was annulled by the US Congress in 1793 when George Washington gave his Neutrality Proclamation speech saying that America would stay neutral in the French Revolution, which outraged Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans
Debt Assumption
the federal government assuming state debts and paying it all off by issuing new bonds which would stabilize the currency and US economy
Hamilton's Economic Plan
was the set of measures to combine Federal and State debt, buy all bond and have government issue new ones to help with national debt, impose a tariff on imports, and create a National Bank