Period 4 Review

The policy referenced in the image was most directly a response to which of the following?

British impressment of American soldiers

Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening?

A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Abolitionism

The main goal of the American Colonization Society was to promote colonization in

Africa by free Black persons and former slaves

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835 Which of the following evidence did the American Temperance Society in the excerpt use to support its argument about the need for the temperance movement?

Alcohol consumption damaged people's physical and emotional well-being

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War?

As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.

The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the early nineteenth century?

Large numbers of immigrants from Europe moved to the Northeast to find work in prospering factories

"Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe-look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. . . I turn to the political; and here I fearlessly assert that the existing relation between the two races in the South, against which these blind fanatics are waging war, forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political institutions. . . The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. . ." -Source: John C. Calhoun, "Slavery as a Positive Good," Teaching American History, 1837 Which of the following statements best summarizes Calhoun's argument about the difference between wage labor and enslaved labor?

Enslaved people in the South were more cared for than the wage workers in the North and in Europe.

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following statements best summarizes the Court's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland?

Federal laws have supremacy over state laws.

The development of the Second Great Awakening can best be linked to which of the following historical situations?

Increased geographical mobility aided travel to new regions and the sharing of ideas.

Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century?

Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.

"Now as it would be palpably unjust and an act of great violence for one half of the number mentioned to deprive the other of their right of suffrage in the conformation of the original compact, so it would be proportionately unjust in any other given number. If ninety nine hundredths should combine to deprive the hundredth person of his right of elective franchise, tho' the crime would differ in degree of turpitude, it would nevertheless be of the same kind. This necessarily follows from the principle already advanced and explained, viz. that the right of suffrage cannot belong to one man without belonging to another; that it cannot belong to a part without belonging to the whole; and the whole being made up of parts, it follows that equal parts must have equal rights." -James Cheetham, A dissertation concerning political equality, and the Corporation of New-York, University of Michigan, 1800 The excerpt most strongly suggests that which of the following was correct in 1800?

Only white men with property had the right to vote

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

Puritans in New England

The theme of individualism is most evident in the writings of

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

They called for expanded women's rights

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?

The Second Great Awakening

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

The emergence of a national culture

"The War has renewed and reinstated the national feelings which the Revolution had given and which were daily lessened. The people have now more general objects of attachment with which their pride and political opinions are connected. They are more American; they feel and act more like a nation; and I hope that the permanency of the Union is thereby better secured." -Source: Albert Gallatin, in a letter to Matthew Lyon, 1816 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

The emergence of a national identity

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following claims best aligns with the evidence in the excerpt about the relationship between enslaved African Americans and White Southern citizens?

The slave system gave poor White citizens the feeling of social superiority over free and enslaved African Americans in a culture where African Americans held little power

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends?

Transcendentalism

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

The women's movement in the antebellum period was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

demands for equal compensation for equal work

All of the following contributed to the growth of the free African American population in the United States in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT

federal constitutional provisions for emancipation

Which of the following most directly contributed to the creation of the Cumberland Road as depicted on the map?

new federal funding that supported the development of infrastructure projects

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because

of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening

"In the meantime, what has agriculture been doing in spite of all Mr. Clay's efforts to convert our young farmers into manufacturers? . . . Our agriculture is spreading in every direction, not only counties but by States, while population in our manufacturing regions is almost stationary. . . Although agriculture must thus outgrow this legislative home market, till our unexplored forests on north-western, western, and south-western borders, are converted into fields and pastures, we must go on taxing ourselves for generations to come, to increase the wealth of a small portion of our wealthy men and their posterity. Strip this American system of all its sophistries, and what is it, but a fraudulent partnership between a portion of our politicians and capitalists . . ." -Source: "Commercial Reciprocity and the American System," The United States Democratic Review, 1844 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt?

plantation owners in the South

Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, women reformers were most active in the cause of

temperance

"In debate, Democrats and Whigs alike employed the rhetoric of American republicanism, invoking popular 'virtue' against 'corruption,' though Democrats used it to denounce the money power and Whigs to denounce executive usurpation. Democrats more often looked to invoke Lockean natural rights; Whigs, Anglo-American traditions of resistance to monarchical misrule. Both traced their origins to Republicanism. . . For all that they had in common as American republicans, however, the Whigs and Democrats differed markedly in their conception of America's future. They disagreed not simply over means but also over ends. The goals of the two parties' voters added up to rival visions of the national destiny." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:

the growth in sectional differences between the two parties, eventually leading to the Civil War

"True, the rebellion is quelled . . . You have seen, it is to be feared, but the beginning of sorrows. All the blood which has been shed will be acquired at your hands. At your hands alone? No--but at the hands of the people of New-England and of all the free states. The crime of oppression is national. The South is only the agent in this guilty traffic. But, remember! the same causes are at work which must inevitably produce the same effects; and when the contest shall have again begun, it must be a war of extermination. . ." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, 1831 Garrison's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

the growth of an abolition movement

The dramatic increase in the South's slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to

the natural population increase of American-born slaves

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

the start of a Women's Rights Movement

"Religious identity . . . allowed women to assert themselves, both in private and in public ways. It enabled them to rely on an authority beyond the world of men. . . . In contrast to the self-abnegation required of women in their domestic vocation, religious commitment required attention to one's own thoughts, actions, and prospects. . . . No other avenue of self-expression besides religion at once offered women social approbation, the encouragement of male leaders (ministers), and, most important, the community of their peers." -Source: Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835, 1977 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:

women's growing participation in antebellum reform movements