Period 7
KDKA (1920)
The nations first radio station, in Pittsburg, began broadcasting in 1920, and soon American airwaves buzzed with news, sermons, soap operas, sports, comedy, and music.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
The organization's mission was to promote racial equality and combat racial discrimination in the United States. Had major significance in the civil rights movement during the 20th century by fighting discriminatory laws through legal action such as courts.
WWII BRACEROS PROGRAM
The program gave Mexicans temporary visas to work in the labor-deprived agricultural sector during WW2. An important effort to combat the labor shortages; however, it brought controversies with how the US treated guest workers and the impact of such programs on the US economy.
Forest Reserve Act
1891 authorized president to set aside land to be protected as national parks; some 40 million acres of forest rescued. Caused by growing support for preservationist ideas.
EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT OF 1921
1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910. Caused by increase of nativism. Showed a major shift in immigration policy from a relatively open one to a restrictive one Led to a decrease in immigration into US
Wagner Act
1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining.
Federal Reserve Act
A 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply (monetary policy). Worsened the great depression by having policies that made many banks fail during the early stages of the depression which created a sharp decline in economic activity Also a tight monetary supply led to the slowing down of the economy which worsened the Depression
National Labor Relations Act
A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. This helped to reduce the power of employers to exploit and mistreat workers, and gave workers greater bargaining power.
NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD (1918)
A United States government agency was created during World War I to mediate labor disputes and to promote cooperation between labor and management in war-related industries. Created by Wilson The board mediated problems between workers and employers to ensure a fair compromise between both parties so that the production of goods for the war efforts wasn't disrupted. ***Set a precedent for government intervention in labor-management relations that would continue in the decades to come.
Monkey Trials
A famous court case that took place in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee. The trial centered around a high school science teacher named John Scopes Questioned the relationship between religion and science and ultimately led to a more science informed worldview
Niagra Movement
A movement led by W.E.B Du Bois, that focused on a more radical way of approaching civil rights activism through the support of civil disobedience and the use of courts to challenge discriminatory laws and practices. Led to the creation of the NAACP
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Created a sense of pride in African American culture which encouraged African Americans to seek out new opportunities in the North, where they could more fully express their cultural and intellectual identities.
Red Scare
A period of general fear of communists. Caused by the influx of immigrants with radical Ideas. These radical immigrants formed labor unions that advocated for better pay and working conditions but also had connections with communist and socialist groups. Labor activism also caused fear as many Americans believed that strikes by labor unions related to the revolution that happened in Russia (Bolshevik Revolution). People often saw labor unions as threats to the social and economic order. Caused the Espionage Act 1917 and Sedition Act 1918
Dawes Plan
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success. An plan that promoted international order through the economical stability of other countries without directly meddling with the international affairs of other countries.
UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE (1917)
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters. With this policy, Germans sank many ships with US citizens such as the LUSITANIA which increased anti-German sentiment which called for US involvement in the war against Germany.
Big Stick Diplomacy
A policy that used diplomacy to solve problems but be willing to use the military if necesary. Used to calm the coal strike Used to oversee the creation of the Panama Canal (benefitted from it) Used to assert Roosevelt Corollary in Latin America
Rosie the Riveter
A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. Helped increase industrial workers (mainly women) during the war effort by inspiring women to join the workforce.
FDR'S "FOUR FREEDOMS" SPEECH
A speech where FDR argued that the 4 neccesary freedoms every citizen in the world deserved were "freedom of worship" (Holocaust), "freedom of expression" (Dictators), "freedom of want", "freedom of fear" (atrocities and war). In the speech he also called Americans to be the "arsenal of democracy" to encourage the fight against the Axis Powers where a lot of individuals were living under fascist and totalitarian societies which restricted a lot of these freedoms. inspired United Nations, which were designed to promote peace, security, and human rights around the world.
US Steel Company
A steel manufacturing company founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1901. Innovated the Bessemer Process which allowed for the mass production of high-quality steel at a low cost which made steel cheaper for the average consumer. -Allowed for the mass development of transportation systems that used steel such as railroads, automobiles, and planes -Innovated Electrical steel which helped to create the foundations for the modern telecommunications industry.
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange for a promise to help give back New Mexico, Arizona and Texas from America. This proposal outraged many Americans and increased support for U.S. entry into the war.
Radio
Able to broadcast information to the whole United States. Created a more unified US identity as it helped bridge the geographical gap between the east and west coast.
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals. Had a major impact towards the end of the war when other armies were totally dminished and expended.
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. The attack devastated the American fleet. America declared war on Japan.
Yellow Journalism
Journalists like William Randolph Hearst exaggerated stories, supported the rebels, and favored an aggressive foreign policy. In combination with the exploation of the USS Maine, the exagratted story telling that put the blame on the Spanish despite the lack of evidence which led to the American's public wanting to go to war against Spain.
Muckrakers
Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public. Ida Tarbell (Anti-Lynching), Upton Sinclair (conditions in meat conditions), Jacob Riis (pictures of poor)
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Made it so that manufacturers of different foods and drugs had to properly label their ingredients on said goods sold between states. Major success for progressive reformers as it improved public health and protected consumers from mislabeled drugs and foods.
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers. Major success for progressive reformers as it increased sanitation and cleanliness for meats which improved public health and protected consumers from unsafe meat.
Great Migration
Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 WW1 created a demand for labor in the urban north Harlem Renaissance The industrialized north had more opportunities Jim Crow Laws
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects. One of the factors that caused this was the growing conservationist movement that advocated for the conservation of natural landmarks and resources. Relief was part of Roosevelt's 3rs as it gave jobs and housing to unemployed men
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
Anti Imperialist League
Objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them. Although the ______________ was ultimately unable to prevent the US from expanding its overseas colonies, its advocacy helped to raise public awareness and stimulate debate about the costs and benefits of imperialism
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high. Did the opposite as it decreased foreign trade which worsened the Great Depression.
Espionage Act of 1917
This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing the recruitment of soldiers, obstructing the sale of war bonds, or spreading false reports intended to interfere with the U.S. military or war effort..
MANHATTAN PROJECT (1942)
Top-secret program of the U.S. government to develop an atomic bomb. The atomic bombs would eventually spark debates on the morality of the use in combat while also leading to the cold war.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies. Senate did not ratify the treaty as it did not agree with many terms such as giving Germany a requirement to pay hefty war fines.
NUREMBERG TRIALS (1945)
Trials of German war criminals were held in the city of Nuremberg. Top Nazi leaders were tried and convicted of crimes against humanity. Their punishment was either life imprisonment or death. Significant as it was the first time individuals were punished for "crimes against humanity". Established the principle of individual responsibility for war crimes against humanity
Roosevelts 3 R's
Roosevelt's goals he wanted to achieve in the series of programs called the New Deal. Relief, Recovery, Reform
ELKINS ACT (1903)
Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering discounts to large shippers and on the shippers accepting them. Huge win for progressives as it helped promote fair competition in the railroad industry as well as protect consumers from unfair pricing practices.
Wilson's Idealism
Wilson's idea that the US had a moral obligation to spread and promote democracy around the war and saw the US's involvement in the war as an opportunity to advance these ideals.
Jazz Age/Roaring 20's
Years of rapid economic growth, rising prosperity for many people, and far-reaching social changes for the nation. The period is sometimes called the Jazz Age, because of the new style of music and the pleasure-seeking people who made it popular. led to The rise of new forms of entertainment, such as jazz music and dance, which helped to break down social barriers and promote cultural diversity. The increased prominence of women in society, particularly in the workplace and in popular culture.
Flappers
Young women who rebelled against traditional standards of women at the time and instead embraced new forms of expression and freedom. Led to challenges on a women's role in society as they were independent and confident which contrasts with the notion that women should be submissive and dependent on men.
MARCUS GARVEY AND THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION (1914)
__________ heavily influenced by Booker T Washington, wanted African Americans to improve their economic conditions through self help, entrepenuership, and education. These Ideas encouraged him to create the _________ which encouraged African Americans to embrace their African heritage and to work towards creating a united, self-sufficient African American community. The organization was also focused on promoting black pride and self-respect This led to African Americans migrating towards the north so that they could improve their own economic conditions as well as escape the racist south to maintain their black pride and self respect.
Conservative Republicans During Great Depression (Hoover)
limited govt., interested in moral issues, free market, against health care, individual self-reliance no welfare, big companies
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote. A significant milestone in gender equality fight. This huge success paved the wave for new female activists which eventually led to the proposition of the Equal Rights Amendment.
National Defense Act
Act of 1916 that expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians. World War 1 influenced this act by persuading the US government into investing resources into war preparations just in case the US entered into the war.
Sedition Act of 1918
Added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.
Booker T. Washington
Advocated the for the gradual racial equality of African Americans by focusing on vocation education, self help, and building economic help within their own communities. By doing this, African Americans would prove their worth and will be accepted into white society without aggressive confrontation. His ideas were contested by other civil rights activists such as WEB Du Bois who argued for a more confrontational approach through immediate action for demanding African American equality through civil disobedience and challenging laws through courts.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Agreement signed in 1928 that renounced the use of war as an international policy. Showed how USA was promoting international order with the cooperation of other countries signing this peace promoting pact. However, it showed that the US maintained isolationism as well because it basically meant that the US would be staying out of military conflicts.
Immigration Act of 1921
Also known as the Emergency Quota Act, this 1921 immigration law pleased nativists who associated immigration with a wave of strikes and radicalism. It established a quota on annual immigration from any country. The immigration was not to exceed 3% of the number of people of that nationality that were in the United States in 1910. In response to fears about immigrants taking too many jobs and fears on the influx of radical immigrants that posed a threat to the current state of government (Red Scare)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
An civil rights organization that was founded in Chicago 1942 that focused on challenging racial discrimination and segregation through non violent acts. Played a crucial role during the Civil Rights Movement with its dedication of using nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, Created because of the wide spread discrimination and segregation in the workforce, education, socially, and in the war effort.
UNITED NATIONS
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. US was one of the biggest finanicial contributers to the creation of the United Nations. Allowed the US to promote its values of democracy, freedom, human rights, free trade in a democratic world to the world. Also demonstrated a change in the isolationist policies as it saw the US directly engaging with other countries to create peaceful international affairs.
League of Nations
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Proposed by Wilson in his 14 points Senate did not ratify as they believed that it would not allow them to act in their best interest as it forced the US to be drawn into conflict.
preservationist
Believe that natural resources should be protected in their pristine, unaltered state. They advocate for the preservation of wilderness areas, national parks, and other natural areas, and believe that these areas should be left untouched and free from human interference.
Rugged Individualism
Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.
CENSUS OF 1890 AND THE "CLOSURE OF THE FRONTIER"
Census Bureau said that the frontier officially had no places with no civilians. Many people including Fredrick Jackson Turner believed that expanding west and "civilizing" savages was a vital part to shaping the American Identity and looked for other ways to expand to new territories.
Bank Holiday
Closed all banks so that the government could examine the financial state of all the banks. This holiday led to the FDIC which insured banks and protected consumers against another bank collapse. Led to the increase of confidence in the banking system.
Settlement House Movement
Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor (immigrants) - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House (Jane Adams) was most famous. Their work helped to raise public awareness, initiate reforms, and establish new approaches to social welfare and community development.
GREAT DEPRESSION-ERA DEPORTATIONS (Mexicans)
During the great depression, there was a large spike in nativism as many Americans were angry that immigrates were stealing jobs. In response the government deported thousands of Mexicans in order to free up jobs for "True Americans".
Social Security Act of 1935
Established a national system of pensions and unemployment insurance. Reform part of Roosevelt's plan which aimed to make long-term structural changes to the economy. This led to retirement benefits and unemployment insurance.
Yellowstone National Park
Established in 1872 by Congress, Yellowstone was the United States's first national park. Caused by preservationist actions.
Stimson Doctrine, 1932
Issued by Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, it was in response to Japan's violation of the Open Door policy when it attacked Manchuria in 1931. It stated that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. Showed signs of a shift in isolationist policies as US started to show concern on how to fight back against expansionist, fascism and totalitarianism powers.
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
FDR's executive order ensured that employment in defense industries and government jobs was not based on RACE, religion, or national origin. Mainly to combat racial discrimination in the defense industries because the workforce needed as much man power as it could get and this allowed for the fair employment of African Americans.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9906
Forced Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII (FDR)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops. The recovery part of Roosevelt's 3r's Aimed to slowly stabilize crop prices and agricultural production.
Roosevelt Corollary
In addition to the Monroe Doctrine , that Corollary stated that the US had the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to maintain stability and protect American interests. It marked a significant expansion of American foreign policy, asserting the US's right to intervene in the affairs of other nations in order to protect its own interests. Demonstrated that the US was willing to use military force to promote American influence and dominance
Henry Ford and the Model T
Inventor in the auto industry; mass produced car (Model T) was cheap (affordable for average person), rugged, and reasonably reliable; To construct the car, he used mastered the assembly line production which allowed for the mass production of cars at a cheap price. This allowed for the average consumer to afford it which increased the personal mobility for many citizens.
ATLANTIC CHARTER (1941)
Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, this time it was much more successful.
STOCK MARKET CRASH (1929)
Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression Stock market crash was caused by over-speculation and a lack of REGULATION in the stock market. Led to many businesses failing which in turn created a huge unemployment percentage. Also led to the creation of the New Deal which aimed to relief, recover, and reform the economy
18th Amendment (1919)
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Caused by the Temperance movement
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. Led to a migration to urban cities in search of new jobs.
Issue of Imperialisim in the election of 1900
Republican president McKinley was a supporter of imperialism and oversaw the annexation of Mexico and other territories acquired by the US. His democratic rival was an anti-imperialist and used ideas of self-determination to justify the need to allow Philippines to govern over themselves. Ultimately, McKinley winning the election demonstrated the most Americans supported imperialism and saw that American interests and values could be promoted through overseas colonization and intervention.
1920 CENSUS RESULTS OF URBAN VS. RURAL LIVING
The 1920 Census of the United States stated that for the first time, there were more urban people than rural people. This urbanization the emergence of new social and cultural norms as crowded cities were usually filled with very diverse people such as immigrants who came from different backgrounds.
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939
The Act that repealed the arms embargo with conflicting countries. Made to support countries (notably England) in its fight against axis powers. Seen as a compromise between isolationists and people who wanted to support the war.
Double V Campaign
The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
The government agency that insures customers' deposits if a bank fails Led to an increase in confidence in the banking system which was a turning point in the Great Depression as there was a significant loss of confidence in the banking system with the collapse of thousands of banks.
Good Government Movement
The movement was driven by a belief that government should be more accountable, efficient, and responsive to the needs of the people. This led to the shift in power from corrupt bosses to mayors and city councils which would allow city leaders to make choices that were tailored to the needs of its citizens.
conservationist
They believe that natural resources can be used for economic development and human benefit, but that this must be done in a responsible and sustainable way that preserves the natural environment for future generations.
Work Progress Administration (WPA)
This New Deal program offered people employment building roads and schools.
TEHRAN CONFERENCE (1943)
WWII conference between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill; its purpose was to develop a strategy for war against the Axis (open a second front). Also talked a little bit about the United Nations Significant as it was the first time the 3 leaders would meet up in person to discuss war strategy and the war outcome. Would solidify the alliance between the powerful allies which increased wartime cooperation and set the stage for other meetings such as the Yalta conference.
WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD (1917)
Was a United States government agency created during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials and supplies. The WIB was established by President Woodrow Wilson in July 1917, and it was headed by financier Bernard Baruch. Increased production by 20% Led to the mobilization of the American economy for war as well as establishing the government's role for military production on the Homefront.
