Personality 317 Test 3
1) In Hartshorne & May's studies of honesty, it was found that A) children who were honest at times were dishonest at other times. B) none of the children stole or cheated when given the opportunity. C) all of the children stole and cheated when given the opportunity. D) some children had a "cheating personality." E) none of these
A
11) Cattell named his 16 personality factors with letters of the alphabet because A) he didn't want people to be biased by the names. B) letters fit better into mathematical equations. C) it was suggested by a colleague. D) it was important for them to be alphabetical. E) that was a way to represent their ordering
A
11) Mischel's basic argument (that began a great controversy) was that A) knowing someone's personality traits does not allow one to predict that person's behavior in a particular situation. B) the correlations between personality traits and behaviors are so high that it is redundant to study them both. C) it is futile to look at the situation because behavior is almost completely determined by a person's traits. D) "personality" is not correlated with any behavior. E) none of these
A
13) A trait approach to personality is primarily focused on A) the characteristics of the person. B) the developmental process. C) the characteristics of the social situation. D) the role of genetics. E) the role of the unconscious.
A
21) Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style A) often see neutral events as positive, and find the "silver lining" in bad situations. B) tend to focus on the negative side so that they will be pleasantly surprised. C) always perceive everything as positive. D) look at things very objectively and don't allow personal feelings to influence them. E) explain things optimistically to others even though they don't believe it themselves.
A
21) The correlation between personality and behavior is higher when A) behavior is averaged across varying situations. B) physiological tools are used to measure behavior. C) only a single instance of behavior is measured. D) the personality trait is not relevant to the behavior. E) a stranger does the coding of the behavior.
A
21) Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five? A) pessimism B) agreeableness C) neuroticism D) openness E) extroversion
A
23) Of the following, which make up Eysenck's "big three"? A) neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism B) neuroticism, extroversion, and ego control C) neuroticism, psychoticism, and ego control D) neuroticism, extroversion, and openness E) extroversion, openness, and psychoticism
A
3) Lewin's "field theory" focused on the separateness vs. overlapping nature of aspects of a person's life, which he called __________. A) life space. B) time continuum. C) atmosphere. D) death space. E) generation.
A
3) While the sanguine humor was considered __________, the phlegmatic was considered __________. A) cheerful; apathetic B) slow; quick C) apathetic; hopeful D) depressed; apathetic E) angry; depressed
A
35) John recently brought his TA a box of cookies. To determine the traits relevant to this act and the meaning of this act, Funder would suggest that you would want to know A) the immediate situation and John's past behavior with TA's. B) how incongruent John is from his "real self " and his level of self-actualization. C) John's level of Need for Achievement. D) John's grade point average. E) what the TA thinks of John and what John thinks of the TA.
A
39) Sullivan's approach to understanding personality is sometimes referred to as the A) interpersonal theory of psychiatry. B) Chicago school of sociology. C) personological system. D) modern interactionist approach. E) narrative approach.
A
43) George Kelly states that the unique set of personal constructs that each person has A) is what makes each person a unique individual. B) is not affected by the person's cultural environment. C) is set at adolescence, and then does not change. D) changes completely across situations, so there is no consistency to an individual's constructs. E) is genetically determined
A
43) Recent research suggests that personality is most stable when people are in their A) fifties. B) teens. C) twenties. D) thirties. E) seventies.
A
45) From childhood to early adulthood researchers find A) personality consistency is about .50. B) almost no personality consistency. C) personality consistency is about -.30. D) personality consistency is about .99. E) as much personality consistency as is found among older adults. A\
A
45) In George Kelly's theory, what guides a person's behavior? A) the constructs an individual has and his/her expectations and interpretations of the environment B) the individual's standings on the Big 5 factors of personality C) the individual's answers to existential questions D) the individual's standing on need for achievement (n Ach) E) the reinforcement history of the individual which leads to habitual behavioral patterns and choices
A
47) An important facet of Sullivan's personality theory is which of the following concepts? A) Chumship B) Honesty C) Neuroticism D) Creativity E) Genetics
A
5) Sullivan integrated many ideas from which two individuals? A) Mead and Sapir B) Thorndike and Sapir C) Thorndike and Mead D) Freud and Thorndike E) Sapir and Freud
A
55) "Life space" according to Lewin is defined as? A) All internal and external forces that act on an individual B) The geographical location and historical time period of an individual's life C) The psychological separation needed by each person from the demands of their surrounding environment D) The foundation of behaviorist theory E) A theory designed to help people cope with the unconscious forces that control his/her life
A
7) Who coined the term "personology"? A) Murray B) Sullivan C) Jung D) Lewin E) Mischel
A
1) People have been using traits to describe others for A) approximately three decades. B) thousands of years. C) approximately a decade. D) approximately a century. E) only the past five years.
B
1) Which of the following is NOT one of the central tenets of Gestalt psychology? A) Complex stimuli are more than just the sum of their parts. B) When presented with information we strive to ignore things that we have not experienced before. C) We organize sensations from our environments into meaning-laden perceptions. D) We seek meaning in our environments. E) All of these are central tenets of Gestalt psychology.
B
15) The behaviorist work of Skinner particularly bothered A) Jung. B) Allport. C) Spearman. D) Cattell. E) Brown.
B
17) It is often easy to believe stereotypes because A) they are usually completely true. B) we don't see people in a wide variety of situations, so we assume they ARE the way we usually see them. C) people try to present themselves in stereotypical ways. D) everyone else believes them. E) none of the above
B
19) People are better at judging the personalities of others when they A) like them. B) know them well. C) have seen them in only a few situations. D) dislike them. E) don't know them at all.
B
23) Joyce recently lost her young son, and the experience was devastating. She was comforted, however, by the fact that her son's organs helped four other children to live longer. She now volunteers with children at a local day-care center, which reminds her of her son, and she is thankful that she had six years of happiness with him. Joyce's explanatory style is A) dual. B) optimistic. C) social-constructivist. D) pessimistic. E) none of these.
B
27) Lorenz found that during a critical period, ducklings will __________ on their mother (or whoever is available). A) implant B) imprint C) reprint D) impose E) coalesce
B
29) Charismatic people often tend to be A) hostile. B) emotionally expressive. C) reserved. D) aloof. E) emotionally unexpressive.
B
3) For Sullivan, it is most important to examine A) what people do when they are alone and unobserved. B) how people feel when they have been rejected by others. C) what people do when they are alone but know they are being observed. D) how extroverts differ physiologically from introverts. E) how people differ physiologically when they are alone vs. with others.
B
5) In the rod-and-frame test, people that align the bar with the frame rather than making it vertical are __________ and would probably __________ in the body-positioning task. A) field independent; tilt to align with the room B) field dependent; tilt to align with the room C) field independent; remain upright despite tilted room D) field dependent; remain upright despite tilted room E) field independent; be unable to position self in tilted room
B
53) Walter Mischel combined which two ideas in his theory of personality to explain where behavior comes from? A) Primary Drives and Secondary drives B) Cognitive ability and societal influences C) Societal influences and internal drives D) Internal Motivations and External Drives E) Chumship and cognitive abilities
B
7) Field dependency was first conceived as a personality variable by A) Horney & Freud. B) Witkin & Asch. C) Freud & Gambone. D) Montgomery & Adler. E) James & Cohen.
B
11) Schemas were first discussed by A) Darwin. B) James. C) Piaget. D) Freud. E) Bandura.
C
19) Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? A) logical-mathematical intelligence B) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence C) conscientious intelligence D) emotional intelligence E) linguistic intelligence Answer: C
C
23) What is a longitudinal study? A) a study in which people do not know they are being studied B) a study in which people are constantly presented with questions that have counterintuitive answers C) a study in which people are observed and studied over significant portions of their life spans D) a study in which people are moved from place to place by researchers so that they can be observed in a variety of situations E) a study in which people are given lengthy forms to fill out for assessment purposes
C
25) Jena is a bright student, but she can't see it. Last week she got a B on her history test and was depressed for the rest of the afternoon. Her friends tried to cheer her up by offering to study with her next time, and reminding her that she'd done better than any of them, but it didn't help. In fact, Jena isn't just insecure about her scholastic abilities, but she also thinks she's ugly, fat, and without talent (the reality is that her looks are average, her weight is average, and she's a talented saxophone player). Jena's explanatory style is A) dual. B) optimistic. C) pessimistic. D) social-constructivist. E) none of these
C
27) When a behavior is learned after seeing another person perform the behavior, this is called A) modeling. B) learning by watching others. C) vicarious learning. D) observational learning. E) all of these
C
29) It seems that small-group interactions can be categorized into which two broad dimensions? A) loneliness and generosity B) generosity and affiliation C) affiliation and assertiveness D) assertiveness and loneliness E) affiliation and loneliness
C
31) Self-efficacy is A) self-esteem. B) explanatory style. C) a belief about how competent one is to perform a behavior. D) skill at doing tasks efficiently. E) all of these
C
33) A "cheating personality" cannot generally be found. This is because A) honesty depends so much on the superego. B) it is a cross between conscientiousness and openness. C) honesty depends so much on the situation. D) human nature generally strives to be honest. E) honesty depends so much on natural selection processes.
C
35) Which of the following is NOT one of Rotter's six psychological needs? A) independence B) love and affection C) openness D) recognition-status E) physical comfort
C
47) People low in __________ see the world in more absolute and simple terms. A) social intelligence B) self-efficacy C) cognitive complexity D) field dependence E) self-regulation
C
49) According to Harry Stack Sullivan, the idea that a person has a fixed personality that does not vary with changes in situation is called A) the Illusion of Personality. B) the Illusion of Change. C) the Illusion of Individuality. D) the Illusion of Altruism. E) the Illusion of Mankind.
C
49) Different subtypes of ADHD include all of the following EXCEPT A) Inattentive type. B) Hyperactive/Impulsive type. C) Hyper-attentive type. D) Combined type. E) All of these are subtypes.
C
53) Research addressing computers' abilities suggests that A) computers can always outperform humans. B) humans can always outperform computers. C) humans always tend to do better on the "Turing Test" than computers. D) computers always tend to do better on the "Turing Test" than humans. E) humans have the capacity to remember more than computers can
C
57) Which one of the following explanations best describes field dependency in terms of its relation to personality? A) Field dependent and independent people use different sides of their brains to make decisions, thus have polar opposite personalities. B) Field dependent and independent people have similar personalities in almost all aspects. C) Field dependent and independent people solve problems differently, making the study of field dependence an objective measure in individual differences. D) Field independent people tend to be more sensitive to the context of the situation while field dependent people tend to be more analytical. E) Field dependency is not relevant to personality, but only to individual differences in problem solving abilities.
C
59) What is the main role of mirror neurons? A) To help us distinguish right from left B) To help us understand that our reflection in a mirror is how the world sees us C) To help us feel the same emotions and experience the same states as other people, at the same time D) To regulate our breathing and heart rate to maintain stability E) To repress traumatic images in our memories
C
63) According to Rotter's locus of control approach to personality, a person's behavior depends on A) income expectancy plus internal schema for the situation. B) internal personality schemas and how they react with the world. C) outcome expectancy plus reinforcement value. D) outcome variables plus internal needs. E) factors that are too complicated to explain and should not be studied.
C
9) Cattell used __________ to organize adjectives into trait-categories. A) ANOVA B) T-tests C) factor analysis D) regression E) LISREL
C
13) What does it mean to say that two behaviors are "functionally equivalent"? A) They both involve interactions with the same group of people. B) They both take the same amount of energy. C) They are the exact same behavior occurring in different geographic locations. D) They are different behaviors, but derive from the same underlying motivation. E) None of these
D
15) Which of the following does NOT influence an individual's ability to delay gratification? A) modeling B) visibility of the desired object C) distraction D) generation E) All of these influence ability to delay gratification.
D
17) The personality assessment which requires individuals to describe how two people in his/her life differ from a third, thus identifying an important personality construct is the A) California Psychological Inventory. B) Rorschach Inkblot Test. C) Q-sort Test. D) Role Construct Repertory Test. E) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D
19) The term "proprium" refers to A) a person's outward behavior. B) counter-intuitive behaviors. C) the proper way to behave in any given situation. D) the inner core of someone's personality. E) none of these
D
27) The founder of a motive-based study of personality was A) Cattell. B) Allport. C) Shipley. D) Murray. E) Eysenck.
D
37) Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be A) high achievers. B) low achievers. C) achievement-oriented and low achievers. D) achievement-oriented and high achievers. E) achievement-oriented.
D
37) The primary idea behind an interactionist perspective is that A) an extrovert will always behave in an identifiably extroverted manner. B) certain situations lead to identical behavior in introverts and extroverts. C) personality can only be appropriately judged in the context of interpersonal interaction. D) observed behavior results from a mix of situational and dispositional causes. E) people's relationships with one another are a consequence of childhood behavior patterns.
D
39) Learned helplessness describes a situation in which A) individuals believe that they can make important changes in their lives. B) individuals talk excessively about change, but do not actually change anything. C) individuals do not try to move around on their own. D) individuals believe that they are unable to control of what happens to them. E) individuals are more attuned to the needs of others than they previously were.
D
61) According to personal construct theory, how do people view reality? A) Within a preconceived framework that is taught within their culture B) Within a framework that fits their own cognitive ability, including strengths and weaknesses C) Within an oversimplified version of the true reality that the majority of people fail to understand D) Within a framework that is personally constructed in terms of their personal relationship with the world E) Within a biologically fixed framework that is genetically determined
D
65) The self-system, as described by Bandura, is best described as what? A) A set of cognitive processes that weigh the outcome expectancy with the reinforcement value B) A set of cognitive processes that develops throughout a persons lifespan to help them create reoccurring patterns of behavior that work in all situations C) A set of cognitive processes that a id a person in accomplish ing goals that will better their chances at survival D) A set of cognitive processes by which a person interacts with the world so that their behavior is appropriate and effective in a given environment E) A theory that describes how people have a sense of self preservation
D
9) In general (at the group level), A) females are more field dependent than males only in childhood. B) males are somewhat more field dependent than females. C) males are more field dependent than females only in childhood. D) females are somewhat more field dependent than males. E) there are no sex differences in field dependency
D
13) Stereotypes and prejudice are examples of the useful process of __________ becoming harmful. A) optimization B) sublimation C) perception D) contemporaneous judgment E) categorization
E
15) Individuals with attention-deficit disorder (ADD) A) may have difficulty disengaging from some stimulus. B) may be less sensitive to social cues. C) are often able to concentrate intensely on a task that interests them. D) often fail to shift their attention appropriately from task to task. E) all of these
E
17) __________ dispositions are traits unique to the individual while __________ dispositions exert an overwhelming influence on behaviors. A) Central; cardinal B) Cardinal; proprium C) Proprium; central D) Personal; central E) Personal; cardinal
E
25) Individuals who are neurotic tend to be A) mentally ill. B) impulsive and creative. C) successful. D) unemotional. E) high-strung and tense.
E
25) The study of personality across the "life course" or "life path" takes into account which of the following influences on behavior? A) abilities and drives B) culture and social groups C) age and life events D) traits and motives E) all of the above
E
29) Which of the following influence whether or not a model's behavior will be repeated by an observer? A) model's similarity to the observer B) desirability of the behavior itself C) outcome expectancies D) the salience of the behavior E) all of these
E
31) Imagine a boy, whose needs for love and tenderness are not being met by his mother, and who is a Catholic growing up in a prejudiced Protestant farming community, and who has the pressures of a boy with homosexual feelings growing up in an aggressively heterosexual world. This describes A) Abraham Maslow. B) Erik Erikson. C) Albert Bandura. D) Walter Mischel. E) Harry Stack Sullivan.
E
33) According to Rotter, which of the following affect behavior? A) explanatory style B) reinforcement values C) generalized expectancies D) specific expectancies E) reinforcement values and outcome expectancies
E
41) Bandura's view of modeling is that it A) is the primary way that cultural behavioral repertoires are acquired. B) can result in new behaviors in an individual. C) can strengthen or inhibit responses in an individual. D) is an efficient and prevalent way of transmitting and modifying behavior. E) all of these
E
41) Trait relevance refers to the idea that A) some traits are irrelevant to studying humans. B) traits only guide behaviors in relevant situations. C) some traits are irrelevant to the different genders. D) all traits are not equally relevant to all situations. E) all traits are not equally relevant to all people.
E
5) The two traits that Jung discussed were A) extroversion and neuroticism. B) neuroticism and psychoticism. C) neuroticism and stability. D) conscientiousness and optimism. E) extroversion and introversion.
E
51) John is very good about setting goals for himself. He successfully completes tasks that he sets forth for himself, and he rewards himself for his accomplishments. He often says that he is the "master of his fate," and he expects to be successful. John is likely A) high in self-efficacy. B) exhibiting an internal locus of control. C) optimistic. D) able to self-regulate. E) all of these
E
51) Which two things are combined to make up Murray's theory of personality? A) Unconscious motivations and internal drives B) Internal motivations and external motivations C) Unconscious demands and internal motivations D) Unconscious desires and conscious demands E) Internal motivations and external demands
E
55) Which of the following is a weakness of Walter Mischel's approach? A) It does not explain what a correlation of 0.30 between behavior and personality actually means. B) It assumes a fixed, simple model of behavior. C) It assumes personality traits lead directly to behavior. D) It assumes that a correlation of .30 is so small that it is not useful/meaningful. E) All of these
E
57) Which of the following is not one of the three ways that, according to the 'cumulative continuity' approach, the personality tends to remain stable, even though change is possible? A) People interpret situations as similar B) People elicit similar reactions from others C) People seek out similar situations D) People respond to stable genetic influences and stable environments E) People display erratic behavior when physically threatened
E
59) Schemas, according to Piaget, are best described as A) set problem solving traits that a child is biologically born with or without. B) innate structures in the brain that process different types of information. C) the part of development when a child learns that biological needs are sometimes less important than other needs. D) set structures of knowledge that a child is born with and are activated when the child reaches certain ages. E) new cognitive structures that are built on as a child develops.
E
7) According to Cattell, L-data are A) longevity findings. B) limited in their use. C) list data. D) lacking in generalizability. E) life data.
E
9) Murray's measurement tool, designed to assess "thema" is called the A) Life Orientation Theme Test. B) the M. A. California Psychological Inventory. C) Rorschach Inkblot Test. D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale. E) Thematic Apperception Test.
E
89) __________ developed the personal construct theory; his fundamental postulate is that "a person's processes are psychologically channeled by the ways in which he anticipates events."
George Kelly
63) The idea that it is just an illusion to believe a person has a single, fixed personality is called the __________.
Illusion of individuality
77) An assessment instrument devised by George Kelly, the __________ allows the person's own understanding of personality to emerge through the process of ranking traits and making comparisons.
Role Construct Repertory (role Rep Test)
73) The biasing tendency for people to see certain traits as going together and to perceive consistencies when viewing the personalities of others is part of __________.
attribution theory
83) According to Julian Rotter, the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation is called __________.
behavior pessimism
75) A feature of human cognition called __________ is our tendency to organize our experience by assigning the events, objects, and people we encounter into categories.
categorization
71) Lewin's idea that behavior is caused at the moment of its occurrence by all the influences that are present in the individual at that moment is known as __________.
contemporaneous causation
81) When a person reduces anxiety and actually improves performance in a risky situation by anticipating a poorer outcome, this is called __________.
defensive pessimism
69) __________ theory is Lewin's approach to personality that suggests that behavior is determined by complex interactions between the person and the __________.
field; environment
69) Delay of __________ is a specific aspect of self-control that occurs when an individual chooses to forgo an immediate reinforcer to wait for a later, better reinforcer.
gratification
61) Harry Stack Sullivan's __________ focuses on the recurring social situations that we face.
interpersonal theory of psychiatry
79) The study of personality that emphasizes the patterns of behavior change as a function of age, culture, social groups, life events, and so forth, as well as internal drives, motives, and traits is called the __________ approach.
life-course
77) __________ is the close, comprehensive, systematic, objective, sustained study of individuals over significant portions of the life span.
longitudinal study
79) The idea that all human beings have at least seven different intelligences (seven different ways of knowing about the world) and differ in their relative strengths in each domain is Gardner's theory of __________.
multiple intelligence
65) According to Henry Murray, people have a variety of internal _________ that necessitate taking action in the social environment.
needs
85) Learning without performing the behavior itself and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior is called __________.
observational learning (or vicarious learning, or modeling)
81) Due to his emphasis on studying the richness of the life of each person, Murray preferred the term "__________" to the term "personality."
personology
73) __________ are cognitive structures that organize knowledge and expectations about one's environment.
schemas
87) __________ is an expectancy about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation.
self-efficacy
75) Snyder's concept of__________ captures the notion of self-observation and self-control guided by situational cues to the social appropriateness of behavior.
self-monitoring
71) According to Mischel, the individual differences in the meanings people give to stimuli and reinforcements that are learned during experiences with situations and their rewards are called __________.
strategies
67) According to Murray, a typical combination of needs and presses is termed a __________.
thema
