personality exam 3
A woman experiences high levels of nervousness right before she is to speak in front of a large audience. She decides she can't go through with the speech. She later tells her husband she could not speak because she was anxious. If her husband were B. F. Skinner, how might he respond?
"The change in your behavior and your feelings of anxiety probably had the same aversive contingencies as a common cause."
You ask a person to provide a realprofile and an idealprofile with a QSort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning?
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Which of the following is true about Carl Rogers' background?
Before entering psychology, Rogers planned a career as a minister.
A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn't "felt like herself." The therapist plans to use a behavior modification treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman's environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment?
Define the woman's problem in terms of observable behaviors.
Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow's background?
He was drawn to psychology by his interest in behaviorism.
A boy hits his younger sister. What might a Rogerian therapist recommend the parents say to the child?
I love you, but I do not like it when you hit your sister.
Which of the following statements is a not correct?
In most cases punishment is the most effective way to reduce an unwanted behavior.
Which of the following is correct about subception, as described by Rogers?
It takes place at a level somewhere below consciousness.
Adlai Stevenson once said, "A hungry man is not a free man." What feature of the humanistic approach to personality does this reflect?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Which of the following is advocated by Bandura in his social-cognitive theory?
Most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments.
Which of the following concepts is generally accepted by advocates of the humanistic approach to psychology?
No one can know a therapy client better than the client himself or herself.
Psychologists use shaping because of which limitation of operant conditioning?
One must wait for the organism's response before it can be rewarded or punished.
Each of the following has been identified as a component of optimal experience except one. Which one?
People around us recognize and respect our accomplishments.
Which of the following best represents B. F. Skinner's position on subjective introspection?
Rarely, if ever, are people able to determine the cause of their behavior through subjective introspection.
Which of the following was not advocated by John B. Watson?
Subjective inner feelings can be studied through scientific methods.
According to the behaviorist position, why don't classically conditioned phobias extinguish after the pairing is removed?
The fear and associated behaviors, such as running away from the feared object, often are reinforced.
Rogers and Freud provide distinctly opposite answers to the question of whether or not
a psychotherapist should explain to a client what the client really means.
According to Maslow, an adult is likely to take care of which of the following needs first?
a steady income
The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner's experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively,
a white rat and a loud noise.
A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day he watches some tennis players at his athletic club who are considerably better than he is. This information is threatening to his self Because the man is not fully functioning, Rogers might have expected him to do one of the following except one. Which one?
accept that there are better tennis players than himself
Research suggests that people are most likely to have "flow" experiences when they
are working at their jobs.
A behavior modification therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try?
biofeedback
Which of the following treatments for problem behaviors would be an application of operant conditioning?
biofeedback
What did Watson use to explain human behavior?
classical and operant conditioning
Aversion therapy is based on which concept?
classical conditioning
Every time a boy visited his grandfather, he would pass a house with a large dog in the yard. Each time the dog would bark and scare the boy. Years later, the boy becomes anxious whenever he visits his grandfather, even though the dog is no longer there. The boy learned to become anxious in this situation through which process
classical conditioning
Which of the following is the term in the scientific community that refers to the process Pavlov used in his famous demonstrations of learning?
classical conditioning
Each of the following except one has been identified as a strength of the humanistic approach. Which one?
clearly defined concepts
The use of the Q-Sort technique of personality assessment fits nicely with Rogers's theory of personality because
clients know themselves best.
Which of the following does Rogers blame for our inability to incorporate new information into our self
conditional positive regard
As a child, Mary always had an unpleasant time whenever she visited her cousins. In addition, most of the times she visited her aunt would serve meatloaf for dinner. As an adult, Mary hates meatloaf. If her dislike of meatloaf were classically conditioned, the meatloaf would be the
conditioned stimulus.
According to Maslow, the motive that results from a lack of some object is called a __________ motive.
deficiency
According to Rogers, what is the most common defense process?
distortion
The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to
existential philosophy.
Bandura argued there are internal determinants as well as external causes of behavior. Which of the following is not an internal influence?
experiences
John's mother wants her son to stop crying every time something goes wrong. Following a psychologist's advice, she stops running to comfort John whenever the boy starts crying over some minor incident. After a few weeks, she notices that John cries much less often than he used to. This is an example of
extinction.
A man launches a campaign to change a law he does not like. According to Rotter, whether the man persists at this campaign depends on if
he expects to be reinforced for his behavior.
A woman suffers from stage fright. If you were to use the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming this problem, you probably would
help her to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group.
There are several key elements of humanistic psychology. Each of the following is an element except one. Which one?
identity crisis
Emphasis on _________ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic psychology.
individuality
Recent studies of psychotherapists have shown that
many report including aspects of person-centered therapy in their work.
Maslow wrote that this was one of the most important means of selfas important as finding one's mate. What was he referring to?
one's career
Token economy treatment programs are based on what concept?
operant conditioning
A teacher places a check mark on the chalkboard next to Henry's name whenever Henry speaks out in class without raising his hand. If Henry receives three check marks in one day, he gets no recess the following day. The teacher is using
operant conditioning.
Edward Thorndike observed cats learning to escape from boxes to obtain a piece of fish. He derived from these observations the "law of effect." This was an early statement of
operant conditioning.
There are many common misconceptions of Maslow's need hierarchy. Among them is the assumption that
our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs.
According to Rotter, all of the following are psychological variables that must be considered to account for behavior except one. Which one?
personality disorders
Watson paired a loud noise with the appearance of a white rat to create a fear of the animal in a boy known as Little Albert. Watson performed this experiment to demonstrate that
phobias can develop through classical conditioning.
According to Bandura, behavior modification procedures
provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so.
The "third force" in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the
psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches.
Rogers recommended that therapists use a process of reflection. By this he meant that they should
rephrase and translate vague feelings expressed by clients into more precise words.
Which of the following is a Rogerian psychotherapist likely to use during therapy?
rephrasing and reflecting clients' words back to them
Which behavior assessment procedure sometimes leads to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment?
self
A behavior modification therapist wants his client to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure?
self-monitoring
A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as
shaping.
Tony's mother wants him to learn to play with other children. She begins by offering him a quarter whenever he plays with other children near by, even if he plays by himself. Later she gives him a quarter only when he plays on the same playground equipment other children are playing on. Finally, she gives him a quarter only if he actually plays with the other children. Tony's mother is demonstrating how to use
shaping.
A woman tells a humanistic psychotherapist that she wants to leave an unhappy relationship, but that she can't. The therapist will probably set as a goal that the woman comes to understand that
she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship.
The behavioral approach to personality postulates that personality is
the consistent patterns of behavior we engage in.
Children in one study observed a model acting aggressively against a Bobo doll. The children were then given an opportunity to imitate the model on their own, followed by an opportunity to demonstrate the aggressive acts for rewards. The study was designed to demonstrate
the distinction between learning and performance.
Early social learning theorists introduced the notion of behavior-behavior interactions. By this they meant that
the environment influences our behavior, and our behavior influences the kind of environment we find ourselves in.
From his observations of cats escaping from a "puzzle box" to obtain a piece of fish, Thorndike developed a theory that is known as
the law of effect.
After a woman has more or less satisfied all of the needs on Maslow's hierarchy except the last one. What need will now have a strong influence on her behavior?
the need to develop her full potential, to be her true self
Colleen is trying to decide which of two events to enter in the school track meet. She thinks she would have a better chance of winning in the 100race, but decides to enter the 10,000race instead. According to Rotter's theory,
the reinforcement value of winning the 10,000meter race is greater than the reinforcement value of winning the 100race.
Critics of behaviorism point out that
there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles.
According to Rogers, there is a proper therapeutic relationship between therapist and client to achieve success. This relationship includes which of the following?
unconditional positive regard
Researchers sometimes use secondconditioning. This means that they
use a newly created stimulusassociation as part of a new classical conditioning procedure.
Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is different from Skinner's radical behaviorism in that radical behaviorism
uses a onemodel in which external events cause behavior.
Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one?
The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles have been found to be ineffective.
Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as "psychologically healthy"?
They tend to be creative.
