Personality Psychology Chapter 10

Avoidant

Giving up on goals, distancing, denying, abusing substance, etc., Is known as_____coping

Their cultural beliefs about fate, karma, or destiny

Hiroto's research with human suggest that all of the following can influence learned helplessness except: their expectations about a specific task, past experiences with uncontrollable outcomes, their cultural beliefs about fate, karma, or destiny, the release about control.

Escapable shock followed by inescapable shock

In Seligman and Maier's 1967 experiment with dogs they use three conditions. each of the following is a brief description of one of those conditions except: experimental control, escapable shock,escapable shock followed by inescapable shock, inescapable shock.

an illusion of control

Individualistic cultures like the United States and some European countries tend to be so internal that their people are vulnerable to

There is now an increased sense of external locus of control

Julian Rotter did his research in the United States in the 1960s. All of the following are documented changes in the American population from then until now EXCEPT: Americans have more opportunity for control over their environment, there is now an increased sense of external locus of control, Americans are more litigious now than 50 years ago, the divorce rate is higher now than then.

Internals are more sensitive to the social demands of a situation

Locus of control leads to differences in how individuals interact with others. All of the following have been found except: externals are less likely to opt for positions of power, internals hold more campus positions of leadership, externals hold fewer positions of leadership on campus, internals are more sensitive to the social demands of the situation

Internal

Many studies have found a positive correlation between a(n) __________locus of control and positive outcomes in work, health, and relationships

Depression

One of the most consistent findings in the literature is that a pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for

Rely on their own physical sensations

People who are defined as field independent into

Problem focused

People work to solve problems or do something concrete to change the cause of stress in______coping.

externals

Rotter found evidence that ___________ are more likely to believe in fate, astrology, and chance events.

Learned helplessness

The term coined by Overmier and Seligman to describe the experience of dogs or humans exposed to an adverse of situation over which they had no control was

The level of responsibility they were given

The text book reports and some detail a quasi-experiment and field study of nursing home residents in Connecticut. The independent or manipulated variable in this experiment was

They are the result of fate, not personal actions

The textbook lists several characteristics of an optimistic explanatory style. all of the following are mentioned as assumptions about negative events except: they are the result of fate, not personal actions, they are not the individual's fault, they are unlikely to happen again, they are limited to just one aspect of one's life

Students with an optimistic explanatory style the summer before law school achieved a higher GPA and greater success working on their school's law journal than those with a pessimistic style.

The textbook presents research results that indicated all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Students with an optimistic explanatory style the summer before law school achieved a higher GPA and greater success working on their school's law journal than those with a pessimistic style. 2. College students with a pessimistic explanatory style performed worse in their first year in college than those with an optimistic style. 3. Students with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to give up after academic frustrations. 4. Students with optimistic explanatory style show greater motivation and persist longer in the face of adversity.

Immune system

The_______is a mechanism that is likely affected by optimism and it's impact on health

Attributional style questionnaire

There are a number of instruments used to measure explanatory style. The most extensively used questionnaire is the

Mainland Chinese

There is evidence of cultural differences and explanatory style. In one study, which group of students was found to make the most pessimistic statements?

Secondary control

Weisz and colleagues suggested that people with an internal locus of control could choose to fit into, accommodate, or except a situation in order to feel less distressed. In other words they could exercise________.

Puts a great deal of the day today decision-making into the hands of the residents

You have been asked to consult in the program design of a new senior care facility. Based on your reading into the explanatory style literature, you would most likely recommend a program that...

Collectivistic

_______ cultures in East Asia, tend to believe in supernatural forces, fate, and even predetermined destiny due to the extent to which they share an external locus of control.

Dispositional Optimism

The general expectation that good things will happen in the future is labeled as

Academic achievement

Dispositional optimism is positively correlated with all the following except: Academic achievement, problem focused coping, good Morale, life satisfaction

Depression

Abramson suggested a theoretical model in which helplessness in the face of the negative event combined with the belief that the helplessness will continue into the future causes

Personal Control

According to the textbook, the flip side of helplessness for humans is

Entrepreneurs are more likely to be internals and are more successful at the businesses they started

All of the following are true of the relationship between locus of control and work behavior except: internals are more satisfied with pay and promotions, entrepreneurs are more likely to be internals and are more successful at the business they started, internal show greater clear decision making skills, Externals experience more job stress and burnout.

The are less able to delay gratification due to their enthusiasm.

All of the following have been found about individuals who score high on tests of internal locus of control EXCEPT: they are better at planning and working towards long term goals, they are more likely to supper the death penalty, their scores on tests of internal locus of control at age 10 correlate positively with educational attainment in adulthood, The are less able to delay gratification due to their enthusiasm.

The responsibility group showed improvements in a number of variables, but a slightly increased death rate

In a field study involving the residents of the senior care facility, all the following were findings except: The death rate of the control group was slightly higher during the test period Than the average death rate of the facility just prior to the study, the responsibility group showed improvements in a number of variables, but a slightly increased death rate, 71% of the control group became more debilitated during the test., 93% of the responsibility showed improvement in eating, sleeping, and mood

Families emphasizing submissiveness

In a study looking at the forces that cause differences in explanatory style, which type of family developed the greatest tendency to view events pessimistically?

Groups discussions about how futile it is to try to change ones way of thinking and about learning to accept thoughts as they role through the mind.

In designing a program to reduce pessimistic thinking among inner city children, you might include all of the following EXCEPT: Role playing games in which children consider the power of beliefs to alter how they feel, videos that model children choosing thoughts that are more optimistic in nature, comic books that model logical arguments against negative thoughts in the face of difficulty, Groups discussions about how futile it is to try to change ones way of thinking and about learning to accept thoughts as they role through the mind.

More information about the conditions of their parole, as they felt they could have some influence over the process.

In one study, prisoners who were found to have an internal locus of control retained

Added responsibility improves eating, sleeping and mood in residence

In the field study of nursing home residents, the results suggest that

Had learned in the training phase that there was nothing they could do to avoid shocks

Seligman and Maier's theoretical explanation for the inability of the dogs in their inescapable shock condition to learn a new escape route was that they

Depression

Seligman's work led to the conclusion that helplessness first causes anxiety, then, after continued exposure, it causes

Field-dependent

Some psychologist have identified individual differences between people in the way they perceive and think about the world. Some people are more dependent on visual cues and are more sensitive to the context. They are categorized as ________and tend to see the big picture rather than details