Phagocytosis; Oxygen Radicals
2
How many electrons can fit in one orbital?
release
In addition to destroying the microorganism, phagocytes also ______________ molecules that diffuse to other cells and help coordinate the overall response to an infection.
phagolysosome
In phagocytosis lysosomes fuse with the phagosome, forming a ______________.
useful
In phagocytosis oxygen radicals can be _______.
NADH, NADPH, FADH2
Name a coenzyme that transfers electrons around the body.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Name a hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly, the superoxide radical) used to kill certain ingested pathogens. This leads to the formation of these in many organs.
cytokines
Regulatory molecules that regulate an immune response are called? (Most are small proteins and are mainly released by white blood cells and their relatives, such as macrophages)
phagolysosome
Second step of phagocytosis is the fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome. The result is called a _______________.
phagocytosis
Several types of cells in the immune system engulf microorganisms via _____________.
reduced
Since the electrons are given to water, we say that the oxygen is __________, forming water in the process.
very reactive, damages
The hydroxyl radical is _____________ and _____________ most macromolecules, including DNA, proteins and lipids.(Please note this is completely different that the hydroxyl ion.)
myeloperoxidase
What enzyme causes hypochlorite to form?
superoxide dismutase
What enzyme converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide?
NADPH oxidase
What enzyme forms the superoxide radical?
Phagocyte oxidase
What enzyme that takes an electron from NADPH and transfers its to O2, forming the superoxide radical, O2-.
radical
What happens if only one electron is given to each oxygen atom? Instead of water, we wind up with a ________.
A regulatory molecule that acts locally near the releasing cell.
What is a paracrine?
protease
What is is the general name of an enzyme that digests proteins?
oxygen radicals
What is produced by the oxidase enzyme found in the membrane of a lysosome?
Lysosome is a vesicle made at the Rough ER, that fuses with a phagasome and promotes destruction of microbes. Lysosyme is an enzyme that attacks bacterial walls.
What is the difference between lysosome and lysozyme?
Granuloma
What is the medical term for a tiny collection of immune cells known as macrophages? These form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances that it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate.
antibody, opsonin
What is the term for a molecule that binds to a microorganism and thereby speeds phagocytosis.
macrophage
What type of cell forms granulomas by surrounding and walling of tuberculosis bacteria.
lysosome
What type of membrane-bounded vesicle fuses with a phagosome to begin the process of destroying the microorganism?
neutrophil
What type of phagocytic white blood cell quickly enters the tissues during an acute infection?
Neutrophils
What's abundant in the blood, quickly enter tissues, and phagocytize pathogens in acute inflammation?
granuloma
other macrophages surround and wall off the infected macrophages, forming a type of chronic inflammation called a _____________.
phagocyte oxidase, oxygen radicals
A complex of proteins called __________________ in the membrane of a phagolysosome generates ______________ in the phagosome.
myeloperoxidase
A further enzyme found in the phagolysosome of a neutrophil is _______________. This converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite (HOCl). This is bleach! It readily kills almost any microorganism.
hydroxyl radical, OH'
A second possible fate of the hydrogen peroxide is not helpful, but damaging to the body. If Fe++ or another heavy metal is present, the hydrogen peroxide is readily converted to the ________________.
B Lymphocytes
A small amount of phagocytosis in these cells is often necessary in order for them to develop into cells that release antibodies.
Lymphoid cells
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) effects what type of cells?
Myeloid cells
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) effects what type of cells?
paracrines
Cytokines for the most part act as _________, which are regulatory molecules that are released by one cell and diffuse locally to neighboring cells.
phagosome (phagocytic vesicle)
Phagocytosis begins with the neutrophil or macrophage flowing around the pathogen and engulfing it so that it winds up enclosed in a _____________________.
Dendritic cells
Phagocytosis in these cells is important for the elaboration of a specific immune response rather than for directly destroying the pathogens.
hydrogen peroxide,
The superoxide radical is only moderately reactive. However, in phagocytosis it is soon converted to _______________ by the enzyme superoxide dismutase.
Macrophages
These cells are closely related to monocytes in the blood. These longer-lived cells predominate in chronic inflammation. They also release some important inflammatory paracrines.
NADPH →e-→O₂
These electrons are derived from molecules such as fats and carbohydrates and are transferred around the cells by molecules such as the coenzymes NADH and NADPH.
water
When the electrons have given up their energy, they are combined with oxygen to form _______.
Lysosome
_______________ are derived from the Golgi apparatus, much like secretion vesicles, but their contents are focused on destroying microorganisms.
