Pharmacology 1 - Chapters 1-4
When asked by a client about the generic name of a drug, what is the nurse's best response? "The generic name describes the molecular structure of the drug." "The generic name is the drug name registered by the manufacturer." "The generic name is written in capital letters on the drug container." "The generic name is the official name given by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration."
"The generic name is the official name given by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration."
The nurse is administering a drug to a client that has a half-life of approximately 36 hours. The nurse knows that this drug will be administered every: 4 hours. 8 hours. 12 hours. 24 hours.
24 hours
Which client is receiving a drug that is an agonist? A client who takes insulin several time daily for type 1 diabetes A client whose depression is treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) A client who is taking a selective serotonin -reuptake inhibitor A client who takes a beta blocker for hypertension
A client who takes insulin several time daily for type 1 diabetes
A nursing student is learning to apply the nursing process in the care of the clients. This student is prepared to become more proficient in this process by utilizing which steps? Select all that apply. Observe the actions of the mentor Teach the concepts to new students Practice the concepts with each client Gain proficiency by continuing to use the process Update nursing skills at each opportunity
All of the above
Which medications are capable of CNS depression, hypnosis, deep coma, respiratory depression, and prescribed infrequently? Opioids Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Nonbenzodiazepines
Barbiturates
A nurse is preparing to administer a cough syrup containing codeine to a client. The nurse understands that this drug would be classified as which schedule of a controlled substance? C-II C-III C-IV C-V
C-V
People and companies that are legally empowered to handle controlled substances must follow what procedures? (Select all that apply.) Keep accurate records of all transactions. Be registered with the DEA. Be registered with the FDA. Provide for secure storage of controlled substances. Educate health care professionals about adverse effects of controlled substances.
Keep accurate records of all transactions. Be registered with the DEA. Provide for secure storage of controlled substances.
A nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of clients requiring long-term medication therapy. The nurse expects to include common reasons for nonadherence to self-medication administration self-medication administration. Which points would the nurse be most likely to include? Select all that apply. Lack of knowledge about expected results Bothersome adverse effects Depression Anxiety Lack of information about the drug
Lack of knowledge about expected results Bothersome adverse effects Anxiety Lack of information about the drug
A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed drug to a client who has liver disease. The nurse expects a reduction in dosage based on the understanding that what might be altered? absorption distribution metabolism excretion
Metabolism
A nurse is evaluating a client's understanding of the prescribed drug therapy regimen. Which actions would the nurse use as part of this process? Select all that apply. Facial expressions "Yes" answers when asked about understanding Nodding of head through interaction Regimen being followed correctly Correct answers to questions asked
Regimen being followed correctly Correct answers to questions asked Facial expressions
The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving an antidiabetic agent. What assessment finding should the nurse attribute to a possible adverse reaction? The client reports feeling unusually drowsy and fatigued. The client has voided three times in the past hour. The client states, "I just can't seem to quench my thirst." The nurse's assessment reveals Kussmaul respirations.
The client reports feeling unusually drowsy and fatigued.
A drug is undergoing Phase 3 testing. During this phase, what activity will take place? The drug will be released for public use. The drug trials will include women as subjects. A few doses will be given to a small number of volunteers. The manufacturer will file an application with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The drug trials will include women as subjects.
What is the effect of a significant first-pass effect on the metabolism of a medication? The medication must pass through the client's bloodstream several times in order to generate a therapeutic effect. The medication must pass through the renal tubules and is excreted in large amounts. The medication's effectiveness increases with each subsequent dose. The medication is biotransformed extensively in the client's liver.
The medication is biotransformed extensively in the client's liver.
Before administering a macrolide antibiotic, the nurse should question the order for what client? an 82-year-old woman with hypertension a 12-year-old boy with hearing loss a 30-year-old woman with irritable bowel syndrome a 51-year-old man after myocardial infarction
a 12-year-old boy with hearing loss
The actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body involves which processes? (Select all that apply.) absorption from the site of entry distribution to the active site distribution to the inactive site biotransformation in the liver excretion from the body
absorption from the site of entry distribution to the active site biotransformation in the liver excretion from the body
Which drug allergy involves antibodies bound to specific white blood cells? anaphylactic reaction cytotoxic reaction serum sickness reaction delayed allergic reaction
delayed allergic reaction
What would the nurse expect to assess in a client experiencing an anaphylactic reaction? (Select all that apply.) dilated pupils feeling of panic high fever swollen joints difficulty breathing
dilated pupils feeling of panic difficulty breathing
A client is diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and is prescribed a statin. As part of client education, the nurse should teach the client to avoid eating: grapefruit. cheese. chicken. corn.
grapefruit
Which phase of drug development is associated with continual evaluation of the drug? phase I study phase II study phase III study phase IV study
phase IV study
What action should the nurse take when completing a list of medications developed from the medication history? Select all that apply. give a copy to the client's family place in the client's medical record compare to newly prescribed medications provide a copy to the primary care provider destroys once the prescription has been recorded by the pharmacy
place in the client's medical record compare to newly prescribed medications
There are four main classifications of drug allergies. Which classification would be described as an immune system reaction to injected proteins used to treat immune conditions? cytotonic reaction serum sickness delayed reaction anaphylactic reaction
serum sickness
The nurse is providing care for a client whose most recent laboratory results indicate a potassium level of 6.1 mEq/L (6.1 mmol/L). After completing assessment and informing the provider, the nurse should administer: sodium polystyrene sulfonate as prescribed. hypotonic intravenous solution as prescribed. acetylcysteine intravenously as prescribed. potassium-wasting diuretics as prescribed.
sodium polystyrene sulfonate as prescribed.
A nurse is teaching a client about the pharmacotherapeutics of the hormone replacement therapy that the client has been prescribed. What topic should the nurse address? the effect of the drug on the client's body the way that the client's body processes hormones the processes of absorption and elimination safe and effective methods for drug administration
the effect of the drug on the client's body
Which statement made by a nurse would suggest that he/she is involved in a Phase III clinical drug study associated with a new antidepressant? "Volunteer recruitment for the study has been very successful." "I've found that there have been few post marketing reports of negative effects being submitted." "The medication is now being prescribed for those diagnosed with acute depression." "Evidence is strong that the medication's benefits certainly outweigh any risks that have been noted."
"Evidence is strong that the medication's benefits certainly outweigh any risks that have been noted.
A caregiver of client is asking the nurse about the medication regimen. The caregiver asks how long until they will see changes in the positive symptoms of agitation from the client. Which is the best response by the nurse? "It will happen immediately." "The medication will take 1-2 weeks." "Most likely it will take up to 24 weeks." "For effectiveness, we should wait 6-10 weeks."
"For effectiveness, we should wait 6-10 weeks."
A client comes to the clinic reporting vaginal discharge with itching. Which statement would alert the nurse to the possibility that the client's reports are related to a superinfection? "For the last 2 months I have been taking a water pill that the doctor prescribed." "I just completed a course of antibiotics prescribed by my dentist to treat a tooth abscess." "I've been taking aspirin several times a day for the past few months for my back pain." "I've been exhausted and overworked for the past several weeks."
"I just completed a course of antibiotics prescribed by my dentist to treat a tooth abscess."
An older adult client recently diagnosed with Parkinson disease has been prescribed the typical medication therapy to help manage the symptoms. When the client asks, "At my age what can I do to best ensure that the medication is most effective," what response should the nurse make? "Get adequate sleep on a nightly basis." "Keep a positive attitude and stay hopeful." "Make daily exercise, like taking a walk, a priority." "Be cautious about avoiding falls by minimizing risks in your home."
"Make daily exercise, like taking a walk, a priority."
An older adult client is prescribed amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic properties. What discharge instructions will the nurse provide the client's caregiver to best address a safety issue specific to this client population? "This medication should be taken with food." "The client should avoid alcohol while on the medication." "Reinforce the need to move from a sitting to a standing position slowly." "Monitor for any indication of suicidal ideation."
"Reinforce the need to move from a sitting to a standing position slowly."
The nurse provides health education for a diverse group of clients. For which client should the nurse emphasize the risk of teratogenic drug effects? 20-year-old female client who has been diagnosed with a chlamydial infection 40-year-old male client who has a history of intravenous drug use and who has endocarditis 60-year-old female client who is tetraplegic and who has developed a sacral pressure ulcer 6-year-old girl who has a urinary tract infection and who is accompanied by her parents
20-year-old female client who has been diagnosed with a chlamydial infection
When a drug is given at a stable dose, how many half-life periods are required to achieve steady-state concentrations and develop equilibrium between tissue and serum concentrations? 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6
4 to 5
When caring for a group of clients, the nurse will monitor which clients for effects related to impaired drug excretion? (Select all that apply.) client 43 years of age with a deep vein thrombosis 6-week-old client with pertussis client 88 years of age with a skin infection client 55 years of age with chronic renal failure client 18 years of age with appendicitis
6-week-old client with pertussis client 88 years of age with a skin infection client 55 years of age with chronic renal failure
Fluoxetine is given to a client at a dosage of 500 mg every 6 hours. Assuming that the half-life of this drug is 3 hours, at what point would the drug level in the body be 62.5 mg of the original dose? 6 hours after the original dose 7 hours after the original dose 8 hours after the original dose 9 hours after the original dose
9 hours after the original dose
Which statement best defines how a chemical becomes a drug? A chemical must have a proven therapeutic value or efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties to become a drug. A chemical becomes a drug when it is introduced into the body to cause a change. A chemical is considered a drug when the FDA approves its release to be marketed. A chemical must have demonstrated therapeutic value to become a drug.
A chemical must have a proven therapeutic value or efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties to become a drug.
The most serious allergic response is called anaphylaxis. Which clients exhibit possible symptoms of anaphylaxis? (Select all that apply.) A client showing signs of acute respiratory distress. A client who has a high fever. A client with marked hypotension and experiences convulsions. A client with laryngeal edema and pale, cool skin.
A client showing signs of acute respiratory distress. A client with marked hypotension and experiences convulsions. A client with laryngeal edema and pale, cool skin.
Some clients are excessively responsive to either the primary or secondary effects of a drug. This is known as hypersensitivity, and it may result from a pathological or underlying condition. Which are examples of hypersensitivity? Select all that apply. an anaphylactic reaction to seafood a pregnant client who takes phenytoin and delivers a child with birth defects A client who has chronic renal failure and is taking diphenhydramine A client on postoperative day 2 from a prostatectomy who takes ipratropium
A client who has chronic renal failure and is taking diphenhydramine A client on postoperative day 2 from a prostatectomy who takes ipratropium
The nurse understands that several physiologic changes are related to normal aging. Which change is the least affected by the pharmacokinetic process during aging? Metabolism Distribution Absorption Excretion
Absorption
The nurse has administered a drug that requires energy to move the drug molecules into the cells that they are intended to affect. The nurse should recognize the presence of: active transport. passive diffusion. protein binding. filtration.
Active transport
A nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a client who is prescribed an oral medication. Which mechanisms for absorption will the nurse illustrate in the teaching? Select all that apply. Active transport Transposition Passive transport Endocytosis Pinocytosis
Active transport Passive transport Pinocytosis
The nurse is caring for a group of clients involved in phase 3 of a drug study. Which tasks is the nurse supposed to perform in clinical testing? (Select all that apply.) Note the pharmacologic and biologic effects of the drug carefully. Conduct postmarketing surveillance to monitor the drug for safety. Address how clients feel about the clinical trial. Prepare the IND application for the manufacturer.
Address how clients feel about the clinical trial. Note the pharmacologic and biologic effects of the drug carefully.
If an adult client is having an anaphylactic reaction, which actions would the nurse initiate for this client? Select all that apply. Administer epinephrine 0.3ml SubQ as ordered. Notify the physician immediately. Support the client to conserve energy until the allergic response is over. Administer antipyretics or anti-inflammatory agents, as appropriate. Continue current drug therapy until you receive a physician order to hold it.
Administer epinephrine 0.3ml SubQ as ordered. Notify the physician immediately.
Organ and tissue damage is one adverse reaction caused by drugs. What are examples of such organ and tissue damage? Select all that apply. dermatological reactions stomatitis blood dyscrasia poisoning
All of the above
Organ and tissue damage is one adverse reaction caused by drugs. Which are examples of such organ and tissue damage? Select all that apply. rash and hives inflammation of the mucous membranes bone marrow suppression poisoning
All of the above
What does successful use of the nursing process require? (Select all that apply.) Observation Teaching Practice Experience Updating
All of the above
Which are frequently used nursing diagnoses related to the administration of a drug? (Select all that apply.) Noncompliance Anxiety Deficient knowledge Effective therapeutic regimen management Ineffective therapeutic regimen management
All of the above
While preparing an in-service presentation for nursing staff, a nurse reviews Joint Commission performance measures related to safety in drug administration. The nurse's presentation will correctly identify which drug type as being subject to these performance measures? Anticoagulants Analgesics Anesthetics Antipsychotics
Anticoagulants
A client with a history of schizophrenia was admitted during a psychotic episode and has received several doses of haloperidol. The client's cognitive status has stabilized but assessment reveals clammy skin, respiratory rate of 31 breaths per minute, and heart rate of 102 beats per minute. What is the nurse's best action? Assess the client's blood glucose level. Arrange for cardiac monitoring. Perform a mental status assessment. Check the client's most recent potassium level.
Assess the client's blood glucose level.
A client with a recent history of peripheral edema has been taking hydrochlorothiazide 75 mg PO daily. The client reports increased appetite and restlessness to the nurse and inspection reveals warm, flushed skin. What is the nurse's best action? Assess the client's blood glucose level. Measure the client's abdominal girth and weight. Assess the client's blood pressure. Encourage fluid intake.
Assess the client's blood glucose level.
The nurse is assessing a client for anticholinergic effects of a prescribed drug. What assessments should the nurse perform? (Select all that apply.) Assess the moisture level of the client's skin. Assess the client's recent bowel pattern. Assess the client's visual acuity. Auscultate the client's breath sounds. Assess the client's pupillary reflex.
Assess the moisture level of the client's skin. Assess the client's recent bowel pattern. Assess the client's visual acuity.
Which characteristic allows for a drug to be stored in the body and released as needed? Being protein bound Being unbound Having a long half-life Being inert
Being protein bound
Barbiturates were given to an older adult man having reduced kidney function, and he nearly died as a result. The most likely reason for this near-fatality is associated with which drug characteristic? Reabsorption Dosage Biological half-life of the drug. Adverse reactions
Biological half-life of the drug.
A nurse is to administer medications to a pregnant woman. What class of drug would the nurse interpret as being shown to have adverse effects on animal fetuses but no human studies have been done? category A category X category B category C
Category C
A nurse is to administer several drugs. A drug belonging to which class would the nurse interpret as being contraindicated for a pregnant woman? category X category A category B category C
Category X
The nursing instructor determines the class discussion about the various names a drug will have was successful when the students correctly choose which categories of names? Select all that apply. Chemical name Official name Pharmacologic name Trade name Generic (nonproprietary) name
Chemical name Official name Trade name Generic (nonproprietary) name
What must occur prior to initiating an effective therapeutic regimen? (Select all that apply.) Client complies with other tasks of daily living. Client verbalizes desire to manage the medication regimen. Client must demonstrate ability to read. Nurse's assessment of the client's ability to understand medication regimen. Assessment of client's educational level.
Client complies with other tasks of daily living. Client verbalizes desire to manage the medication regimen. Nurse's assessment of the client's ability to understand medication regimen. Assessment of client's educational level.
A nursing student reviews information about a drug and its action before preparing and administering the drug to a client. Which resources are the best choice for this student to consult? Select all that apply. Nursing instructor Nurse assigned to the client Clinical drug reference Prescribing health care provider Clinical pharmacist
Clinical drug reference Clinical pharmacist
During a health history, a client states, "I started taking the medicine every 6 hours as I was told. But then I started taking it every 5 hours, then every 4 hours, and eventually every 2 hours." The nurse determines that this client is at risk for: cumulation. interaction. tolerance. placebo effect.
Cumulation
An older adult client is prescribed an atypical antipsychotic medication in an appropriate dose after recently demonstrating signs of postoperative delirium. What action should the nurse take to best assure the client's immediate safety? Ensure that the family has been educated on the reason for the prescription. Monitor the client closely for signs/symptoms of gastrointestinal distress. Discuss the relevant Beers criteria recommendation with the primary health care provider. Update the client's current medication history as needed.
Discuss the relevant Beers criteria recommendation with the primary health care provider.
The culture and sensitivity testing of a patient's wound exudate indicates that a specific antibiotic is necessary for treatment. The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary indicates that the drug in question is 96% protein bound. What are the implications of this fact? Dosages of the drug must be large in order to be effective. The patient must maintain a high-protein diet for the duration of treatment. Nearly all of each dose of the drug is free and active. Absorption and excretion of the drug will occur rapidly.
Dosages of the drug must be large in order to be effective.
How does knowledge of a drug's adverse effects impact the care provided by the nurse? (Select all that apply.) Drug teaching can address signs and symptoms the client should be alert for. Assessments include monitoring for expected or common adverse effects. Baseline can be established to help identify adverse effects that occur. Decisions can be made about whether or not to administer the drug. Adverse effects can be avoided through interventions made before giving the drug.
Drug teaching can address signs and symptoms the client should be alert for. Assessments include monitoring for expected or common adverse effects. Baseline can be established to help identify adverse effects that occur.
Age-related changes in the GI tract of an older adult can alter oral drug availability or affect bioavailability, as evidenced by a decrease in the systemic availability of which drug type? Highly fat-soluble drugs Highly water-soluble drugs Drugs that are highly protein bound Drugs that require an acidic environment
Drugs that require an acidic environment
A client comes to the clinic reporting tinnitus and difficulty hearing. What medication in the client's current regimen should the nurse suspect as causing the symptoms? Hydrochlorothiazide Insulin Erythromycin Acetaminophen with codeine
Erythromycin
A nursing instructor is teaching the nursing process to a group of nursing students. The instructor determines that the session was successful when the students choose which as a phase of the nursing process? Select all that apply. Evaluation Documentation Analysis Assessment Planning
Evaluation Analysis Assessment Planning
A group of students are reviewing information about the natural sources of drugs. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which as a drug derived from inorganic compounds? thyroid hormone ferrous sulfate codeine castor oil
Ferrous sulfate
A nurse determines a nursing diagnosis of Altered Health Management is appropriate for a client. Which factors would the nurse point out as supporting this nursing diagnosis? Select all that apply. Financial difficulty in obtaining the medication Lack of information about the drug therapy Ability to follow the prescribed medication schedule Ability to remember to take the drug regimen No therapeutic effect seen by client
Financial difficulty in obtaining the medication Lack of information about the drug therapy No therapeutic effect seen by client
At the end of a Phase II study, which would not be a reason for removal from further investigation? Has a high benefit-to-risk ratio. Is less effective than anticipated. Produces unacceptable adverse effects. Is no more effective than other drugs on the market.
Has a high benefit-to-risk ratio.
What is the benefit of effective communication between all health care providers and nursing staff when considering medication safety for the client? Keep everyone in the loop. Help prevent medication errors. The health care provider can answer family questions. Help prevent adverse effects. Help promote a safe and effective medication regimen.
Help prevent adverse effects. Help prevent medication errors. Help promote a safe and effective medication regimen.
The nurse is preparing to administer antineoplastic medication to a client with cancer who has been receiving these medications for several days. When monitoring for potential adverse effects of this medication, the nurse should perform what assessments? (Select all that apply.) Inspect the client's mucous membranes. Monitor the client's blood cell counts. Monitor the client's potassium levels. Check the client's blood glucose level every six hours. Monitor the client's urine output.
Inspect the client's mucous membranes. Monitor the client's blood cell counts. Monitor the client's potassium levels.
Regulatory control over drug testing and evaluation by the FDA resulted from which legislation? Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962
Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962
Which legislative act allowed the FDA to tighten control over the quality of drugs and required that safety and efficacy standards be established? Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962
Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962
The birth defects associated with thalidomide (Thalomid) resulted in legislation known as the: Controlled Substances Act. Pure Food and Drug Act. Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962. Durham-Humphrey Amendment.
Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962.
A client arrives at the health care clinic and reports taking several pills for a headache and severe cough without relief. Which adverse effect should the nurse be aware may develop from this combination? Gastrointestinal bleeding Breathing difficulties Liver damage Anaphylaxis
Liver damage
The nurse knows that which medication prescription as written has the potential to cause a medication error? (Select all that apply.) Amoxicillin 10 mL PO every 6 hours for 10 days MS 10 mg IM every 4-6 hours for pain Ensure 240 cc every 5 hours per feeding tube Hydromorphone 2 mg IV @ 3 PM Digoxin 0.25 mg PO every AM
MS 10 mg IM every 4-6 hours for pain Ensure 240 cc every 5 hours per feeding tube Hydromorphone 2 mg IV @ 3 PM
A client has been prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant and the nurse recognizes the client's associated risk for anticholinergic effects. What should the nurse teach the client about preventing and managing these adverse effects? (Select all that apply.) Maintain good oral hygiene to minimize dry mouth. Void before taking the medication so urinary hesitation is less problematic. Avoid situations where bruising or lacerations are a possibility. Eat several small meals daily rather than three larger meals. Use caution in situations where it may be possible to become overheated.
Maintain good oral hygiene to minimize dry mouth. Void before taking the medication so urinary hesitation is less problematic. Use caution in situations where it may be possible to become overheated.
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with a respiratory condition for which drug therapy has been prescribed. What would the nurse need to address when developing appropriate expected outcomes related to the drug therapy? Amount of time the client will take to recover fully Number of drugs the client will require during the treatment Possible adverse reactions that could occur during the therapy Maximum level of wellness reasonably attainable for the client
Maximum level of wellness reasonably attainable for the client
A client is being treated with phenytoin for treatment of seizures. What should the nurse monitor to prevent toxic reactions to drugs in a client? Monitor the seizure activity. Monitor client's blood level of the drug. Monitor urination frequency. Monitor blood pressure.
Monitor client's blood level of the drug.
The nurse on a busy medical floor is caring for several clients whose medication regimens vary widely. What action best addresses a client's risk for adverse effects related to primary actions? Monitoring the international normalized ratio (INR) of a client taking warfarin Checking the potassium level of a client who is taking a loop diuretic Assessing the nausea of a client with cancer who is receiving chemotherapy Encouraging a client with osteoporosis to remain sitting upright after taking a bisphosphonate
Monitoring the international normalized ratio (INR) of a client taking warfarin
When preparing a teaching plan for a group of nursing students about drug administration and the nursing process, the instructor expects to include information about the most frequently used nursing diagnoses associated with drug administration. Which diagnoses would the instructor most likely include? Select all that apply. Noncompliance Ineffective Coping Deficient Knowledge Health-Seeking Behavior Altered Health Management
Noncompliance Deficient Knowledge Health-Seeking Behavior Altered Health Management
An instructor is describing a specific area on a cell membrane where most drugs are thought to act. The students demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify this area as what? Lock Enzyme system Receptor site Agonist
Receptor site
After receiving a prescribed medication, the nurse notes on assessment: heart rate 58 and thready; blood pressure 142/96; respirations 28 with wheezing and gasping; itchy, small red splotches on the arms and legs; and swollen eyelids, lips, and mouth. Which findings should the nurse prioritize for treatment? Select all that apply. Heart rate 58 and thready Blood pressure 142/96 Respirations 28, gasping and wheezing Small red splotches on arms and legs Swollen eyelids, lips, and mouth
Respirations 28, gasping and wheezing Small red splotches on arms and legs Swollen eyelids, lips, and mouth
When reviewing the Drug Enforcement Agency schedules of controlled substances, the nurse would understand that the schedule with limited abuse potential is: schedule II. schedule III. schedule IV. schedule V.
Schedule V
The nurse is administering medications and knows that there is a longer distribution time when the drug is intended for what area? heart skin liver kidney
Skin
A nursing student is learning about disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The student learns that these drugs have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties as well as what? Decrease the client's sedimentation rate. Improve joint deformity. Slow tissue damage. Eliminate pain.
Slow tissue damage.
What information from the Kardex is likely to have the greatest implication in educating the client about antihistamine administration? The client's age The client's smoking habit The client's profession The client's medical history
The client's profession
How would the dosage of a partly protein-bound drug be altered if another drug having a higher attraction to albumin than the first drug is administered? The dosage of the first drug may have to be decreased. The dosages of both the first and the second drugs should be reduced equally. The dosage of the first drug may have to be increased. The dosage of the second drug may have to be increased.
The dosage of the first drug may have to be decreased.
A nurse, preparing to administer a Schedule II medication, should provide what information to the client? The drug has very limited medical use. The drug carries a high potential for abuse. The drug must be administered by two nurses. The drug can be purchased over the counter (OTC).
The drug carries a high potential for abuse.
What characteristic may allow a drug to cross the blood-brain barrier? The drug is water soluble. The drug has a transport system. The drug is available for intravenous administration. The drug is metabolized by the central nervous system (CNS).
The drug has a transport system.
When drugs are bound to proteins in the blood, they can be transported to different areas of the body. The protein-drug complex is relatively large and cannot enter into capillaries and into tissues to react. What must occur for drugs to do their job in the body? The protein-drug complex must break itself into smaller pieces to enter the capillaries. The binding site on the protein must pick up another chemical to interact with the drug to make it soluble in the serum. The drug must be freed from the protein-binding site. The drug must be dissolved in the plasma so it can enter the capillaries and then the tissues.
The drug must be freed from the protein-binding site.
During phase I drug testing, a drug has been found to be therapeutic at concentrations of between 2.5 and 2.9 mEq/L with toxicity occurring at 3.1 mEq/L. What consequence of this finding should the nurse anticipate? Phase I testing will be repeated with a larger pool of participants. The drug will likely not proceed to phase II testing. The drug's patent will dictate the need for frequent laboratory testing. Phase II testing will proceed with caution.
The drug will likely not proceed to phase II testing.
A client on a multimedication therapy regimen is demonstrating elevated liver enzymes that suggest hepatotoxicity. What is the most likely explanation for the elevation of the client's liver enzymes? The liver is exposed to relatively large concentrations of ingested drugs or other potentially toxic substances due to the hepatic anatomy. The liver is always the first organ of the body to be affected by any toxic substance. The cells in the liver filter, concentrate, and eliminate toxic as well as nontoxic materials, increasing the chances of damaging the organ. The liver cannot metabolize hepatotoxic drugs and paradoxical reactions occur.
The liver is exposed to relatively large concentrations of ingested drugs or other potentially toxic substances due to the hepatic anatomy.
A drug was introduced to the market, where it was well received, and the nurse has learned that generic equivalents will soon be released. The nurse should understand what implication of this fact? The manufacturer's patent on the drug has recently expired. The drug has recently completed phase 3 testing. The drug was previously an orphan drug, with limited supply. The drug is facing increased competition from OTC drugs.
The manufacturer's patent on the drug has recently expired.
A nurse has administered a dose of a drug that is known to be highly protein bound. What are the implications of this characteristic? The client must consume adequate protein in order to achieve a therapeutic effect. The molecules of the drug that are bound to protein are inactive and do not affect body cells. Increased levels of serum protein will increase the effect of the drug. Each molecule of the drug must bind to a protein molecule to become effective.
The molecules of the drug that are bound to protein are inactive and do not affect body cells.
The nurse is assessing a diverse group of clients, all of whom are being treated with medications. Which clients are experiencing adverse effects related to the primary actions of their medications? (Select all that apply.) a client whose diuretic causes episodes of dizziness a client whose benzodiazepine causes sedation a client who experiences nausea after taking an oral antibiotic a client who finds that a hypnotic causes an unpleasant metallic taste a client whose vitamin B supplement changes the color of his urine
a client whose diuretic causes episodes of dizziness a client whose benzodiazepine causes sedation
What client is most likely to be vulnerable to the effects of impaired drug absorption? a client who has the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a client with irritable bowel syndrome a client who receives peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury a client with ischemic heart disease
a client with irritable bowel syndrome
Some clients are excessively responsive to either the primary or secondary effects of a drug. This is known as hypersensitivity, and it may result from a pathological or underlying condition. Which is an example of hypersensitivity? (Select all that apply.) a client who reports difficulty breathing and hives soon after taking an antibiotic a pregnant client who needs to take antiseizure medication and is at risk for her fetus developing defects a client with kidney problems who may not be able to excrete the drug, which may accumulate in the body, resulting in toxicity a client with an enlarged prostate who takes an anticholinergic drug and may develop urinary retention or even bladder paralysis when the drug's effects block the urinary sphincters
a client with kidney problems who may not be able to excrete the drug, which may accumulate in the body, resulting in toxicity a client with an enlarged prostate who takes an anticholinergic drug and may develop urinary retention or even bladder paralysis when the drug's effects block the urinary sphincters
What factors should the nurse include when discussing age-related gastrointestinal (GI) track changes that affect the absorption of oral medications in the older adult? Select all that apply. a decrease in gastric acidity an increase in the gastric pH a decrease in blood flow to the GI tract a decrease in GI surface area an increase in medication receptors in the GI mucosa
a decrease in gastric acidity an increase in the gastric pH a decrease in blood flow to the GI tract a decrease in GI surface area
Relatively few drugs act by mechanisms other than combination with receptor sites on cells. What drugs do not act on receptor sites? (Select all that apply.) antacids salicylates osmotic diuretics purines NSAIDs
antacids osmotic diuretics purines
Preoperative atropine belongs to what classification of drugs? cholinergic anticholinergic benzodiazepine diuretic
anticholinergic
Which drug classification is used to treat superinfections? antibiotics antifungals antimalarials antihistamines
antifungals
Which medication classifications have the potential to cause dyscrasias? (Select all that apply.) diuretics antibiotics antihistamines antineoplastics anticholinergics
antineoplastics antibiotics
The collection of subjective and objective data is completed during which step of the nursing process? assessment analysis implementation planning
assessment
The nurse administers chloroquine to a client to treat rheumatoid disease. The client has been taking this medication for several years. What assessment should the nurse prioritize? hearing ability potassium levels assessment for anticholinergic effects assessment of visual acuity
assessment of visual acuity
A client with complex health needs takes a large number of medications. In order to reduce the likelihood of drug-food interactions, the nurse should encourage the client to: eat several smaller meals daily rather than three larger meals. avoid drinking grapefruit juice. avoid food that is high in sodium or potassium. avoid foods that contain high levels of tyramine.
avoid drinking grapefruit juice.
The blood-brain barrier protects the central nervous system against anything perceived as an invader. This includes drugs that are not lipid soluble. Most antibiotics fall in this class of drug. Knowing this, for antibiotics to be used to treat an infection in the central nervous system, an infection must: be severe enough to alter the blood-brain barrier. include the brain part of the blood-brain barrier. alter the lipid cells in the central nervous system. spread outside the central nervous system.
be severe enough to alter the blood-brain barrier.
The nurse is caring for a client receiving an antineoplastic medication who reports fever, chills, sore throat, weakness, and back pain. The nurse should recognize the possibility of what adverse effect? dermatologic reaction blood dyscrasia electrolyte imbalance superinfection
blood dyscrasia
What information does a drug label contain? (Select all that apply.) client's social security number brand name of the drug generic name of the drug expiration date of the medication special drug warnings
brand name of the drug generic name of the drug expiration date of the medication special drug warnings
What physiologic changes related to aging affect metabolism? (Select all that apply.) increase in size of liver decrease in circulation to the liver increased number of hepatic enzymes decreased ability to remove metabolic by-products decrease in mass of liver
decrease in circulation to the liver decreased ability to remove metabolic by-products decrease in mass of liver
The nurse is preparing to give an older adult client an IM injection. How will this client's history of heart failure affect the administration of this medication? (Select all that apply.) decreased absorption of the medication lipodystrophy at the injection site edema at the injection site abnormal blood concentrations of the medication increased incidence of pulmonary difficulties
decreased absorption of the medication abnormal blood concentrations of the medication
The nurse understands that when administering drug therapy to older clients there are normal age-related absorption changes. How is absorption affected in the older client? (Select all that apply.) decreased glomerular function decreased blood flow decreased absorption surface decreased gastrointestinal (GI) motility increased gastric pH
decreased blood flow decreased absorption surface decreased gastrointestinal (GI) motility increased gastric pH
The nurse is administering medications that are metabolized in the liver to a 68-year-old. What normal age-related changes to metabolism may alter the dose a client will be prescribed? (Select all that apply.) decreased glomerular filtration decreased cardiac output decreased hepatic mass decreased hepatic blood flow decreased total body water
decreased hepatic mass decreased hepatic blood flow
The nurse assigned a 49-year-old client diagnosed with acute colitis, has just completed gathering data concerning core drug knowledge and core client variables. What will the nurse do next to best manage the client's drug therapy needs? evaluate the outcome of the drug therapy. devise strategies to maximize the therapeutic effects of the drug. implement planned nursing actions. assess for data that will indicate interactions between core drug knowledge and core client variables.
devise strategies to maximize the therapeutic effects of the drug
The nurse administers a medication and the client has an immediate anaphylactic reaction following injection. What symptoms assessed by the nurse would indicate anaphylaxis? (Select all that apply.) difficulty breathing increased blood pressure diaphoresis constricted pupils slow heart rate
difficulty breathing increased blood pressure diaphoresis
What physiological factors in older adults contribute to alterations in distribution of medications? (Select all that apply.) diminished cardiac output increased body fat increased body mass decreased body fluid increased serum albumin
diminished cardiac output increased body fat decreased body fluid
When describing the pharmaceutic phase of drug activity to a class, the nursing instructor would describe which event as occurring? drug dissolution drug transport drug biotransformation drug elimination
drug dissolution
The nurse is researching a new drug's pharmacokinetics in the nursing drug guide. What information should the nurse read about? (Select all that apply.) drug half-life timing of peak effect duration onset of action receptor antagonism selective toxicity
drug half-life timing of peak effect duration onset of action
After teaching a group of students about the responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) related to drugs, the instructor determines that the students need additional teaching when they identify what as a major responsibility? enforcement of control of substances with high abuse potential assignment of a pregnancy category for each new drug enforcement of standards for testing drug toxicity setting of standards for efficacy and safety
enforcement of control of substances with high abuse potential
Which prescribed medications should the nurse administer to an adult having an anaphylactic reaction? norepinephrine atropine epinephrine histamine
epinephrine
When assessing a client who has developed a serum sickness reaction, which would the nurse expect to find? hives difficulty breathing decreased white blood cell count facial edema
facial edema
What serves to protect the public by ensuring the purity of a drug and its contents? American Pharmaceutical Association United States Adopted Names Council nursing drug guides federal legislation
federal legislation
A client is receiving antibiotics for treatment of infection. The nurse should assess for what potential indications of superinfection? Select all that apply. fever glossitis joint pain difficulty swallowing epistaxis
fever glossitis
The nurse is aware that the most relevant way in which aging affects the pharmacokinetic process of drug administration is decreased: affinity to receptor sites for medication. function of vital organs. function of the beta-receptor system. cellular biochemical reactions.
function of vital organs.
A nurse is involved in a phase II study. The nurse should perform what action? collaborating with researchers to test on laboratory animals giving the drug to clients with the disease that drug is designed to treat giving the drug to volunteers to test its effect on humans giving oversight to a large number of clients receiving the drug under close observation and monitoring.
giving oversight to a large number of clients receiving the drug under close observation and monitoring.
A nurse is involved in a phase II study. The nurse should perform what action? collaborating with researchers to test on laboratory animals giving the drug to clients with the disease that drug is designed to treat giving the drug to volunteers to test its effect on humans giving oversight to a large number of clients receiving the drug under close observation and monitoring.
giving the drug to clients with the disease that drug is designed to treat
Which diagnostic result should the nurse review to best determine the medication excretion function of an older adult client? blood urea nitrogen (BUN) creatinine glomerular filtration rate ultrasound of kidneys
glomerular filtration rate
A client who reports joint pain is being seen in the rheumatology clinic. The nurse understands that which element is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? aluminum iron gold fluorine
gold
Many drugs that reach the developing fetus or embryo can cause death or congenital defects. What are examples of congenital defects? Select all that apply. skeletal abnormalities central nervous system alterations birth at 40 weeks' gestation heart defects limb abnormalities
heart defects limb abnormalities skeletal abnormalities central nervous system alterations
When reviewing the medication list of a client being seen in the clinic, the nurse notes that the client is receiving glipizide. Based on the nurse's understanding, this drug can cause: hypokalemia. hyperkalemia. hypoglycemia. hyperglycemia.
hypoglycemia.
A client asks a nurse whether over-the-counter drugs have any disadvantages. What would the nurse cite as potential disadvantages? (Select all that apply.) inaccurate self-diagnoses choosing an incorrect drug delaying treatment by a health care provider developing adverse drug reactions running up high costs
inaccurate self-diagnoses choosing an incorrect drug delaying treatment by a health care provider developing adverse drug reactions
The nurse is caring for a client with renal disease and knows that this client will have the potential for which difficulties related to drug excretion? (Select all that apply.) increased drug half-life lack of adequate amount of drug in the body increased chance of drug toxicity increased frequency of drug dosing decreased incidence of adverse effects
increased drug half-life increased chance of drug toxicity
There are many sources of drug formulation. What is not an advantage of a synthetic drug over a natural drug? fewer side effects increased tolerance of the drug increased stability of the drug increased potency of the drug
increased potency of the drug
As the nurse caring for a client who has been diagnosed with hypoalbuminemia, which effect will occur if the nurse administers a drug that is highly protein bound? increased rate of distribution of the drug, leading to toxicity increased rate of absorption of the drug, leading to toxicity decreased rate of metabolism, which will delay the onset of the drug increased rate of excretion of the drug, causing the drug to be less effective
increased rate of distribution of the drug, leading to toxicity
Which drug may be derived from an animal source? digitalis opium morphine insulin
insulin
Which substance would most likely inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme system? nicotine alcohol ketoconazole cortisone
ketoconazole
A client has been brought to the emergency department (ED) following a cold water incident. Which would be a potential effect of medication absorption from this clinical manifestation? toxic effect of the drug less than therapeutic effect more than therapeutic effect no effect on medication absorption
less than therapeutic effect
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 regulates what actions in regards to drugs classified as controlled substances? (Select all that apply.) manufacturing elimination distribution formulation dispensing
manufacturing dispensing distribution
The nurse is caring for an adult client of Asian descent. When considering safe dosing and risk reduction for this client, which aspect of pharmacokinetics will be of greatest concern? absorption distribution metabolism route of administration
metabolism
A client exhibiting Parkinson-like syndrome would be expected to have which manifestation upon assessment? hyperactivity dry mouth muscular tremors flaccidity
muscular tremors
Many drugs can affect the functioning of the nerves in the periphery and central nervous system. Which are examples of potential neurologic effects of drugs? (Select all that apply.) teratogenicity neuroleptic malignant syndrome Parkinson-like syndrome atropine-like (anticholinergic) effects
neuroleptic malignant syndrome Parkinson-like syndrome atropine-like (anticholinergic) effects
The nurse is reviewing the medical history of an older adult client. What aspect of the history negatively impacts the effectiveness of medications prescribed to this client? Select all that apply. obesity spanning the last 10 years major loss of muscle mass in the legs due to arthritis-related immobility impaired renal function related to chronic, uncontrolled hypertension chronic dysphagia resulting in low body weight diagnosis of legal blindness for the last 20 years
obesity spanning the last 10 years major loss of muscle mass in the legs due to arthritis-related immobility impaired renal function related to chronic, uncontrolled hypertension chronic dysphagia resulting in low body weight
The nurse is researching a medication by its generic name. What is another term for a drug's generic name? (Select all that apply.) official nonproprietary trade brand chemical
official nonproprietary
Some older adults are at risk for medication-related problems. Which group(s) are at highest risk for these problems? (Select all that apply.) adults age 60 to 65 years adults older than 85 years older adults in long-term care facilities older adults who take one or more medications or more than 12 doses of medication per day older adults with six chronic medical conditions
older adults who take one or more medications or more than 12 doses of medication per day older adults with six chronic medical conditions adults older than 85 years
Which is not a factor that influences the drug's distribution? drug's lipid ionization drug's lipid solubility oxygenation of the reactive tissue perfusion of the reactive tissue
oxygenation of the reactive tissue
A nurse has looked up a new drug in a drug guide and is reviewing characteristics of its absorption. Which processes may be involved in this drug's absorption? (Select all that apply.) distribution passive diffusion active transport filtration protein-binding
passive diffusion active transport filtration
What factors can potentially contribute to a hypersensitivity reaction? (Select all that apply.) pathological condition unique receptors and cellular responses age-related changes infrequent administration of a drug creation of antibodies
pathological condition unique receptors and cellular responses age-related changes
A hospital nurse works on a unit specializing in neurological problems and frequently provides care to elderly clients who have undergone spinal surgery. The nurse assesses that the client at highest risk for a medication-related problem: is 76 years old. prescribed metoprolol, pantoprazole, and docusate. determined to have a GFR greater than 90 mg/dL. has an elevated blood pressure.
prescribed metoprolol, pantoprazole, and docusate.
The Food and Drug Administration assigns newly approved drugs to which categories? (Select all that apply.) nutraceuticals noncontrolled substance prescription nonprescription controlled substance
prescription nonprescription controlled substance
What nursing interventions are used in drug therapy? (Select all that apply.) provision of comfort drug administration client education identification of a problem collection of data
provision of comfort drug administration client education
What issues is gentamycin, a potent antibiotic, associated with? (Select all that apply.) liver toxicity neurotoxicity renal toxicity ototoxicity respiratory
renal toxicity ototoxicity
Drugs can produce a wide variety of effects in addition to the desired pharmacological effect. Sometimes the drug dose can be adjusted so that the desired effect is achieved without producing undesired secondary reactions. Which are examples of this secondary action? (Select all that apply.) spontaneous bleeding after taking warfarin (Coumadin) reports of dizziness after starting amlodipine (Norvasc) reports of drowsiness after taking an diphenhydramine (Benadryl) diarrhea after taking cefuroxime (Ceftin)
reports of drowsiness after taking an diphenhydramine (Benadryl) diarrhea after taking cefuroxime (Ceftin)
Knowing that an older adult has received a lipid-soluble anesthetic, the postanesthesia unit nurse will be particularly attentive to which of the client's assessment data? heart rate respiratory rate temperature deep reflexes
respiratory rate
The nurse administers doxycycline, a drug known to cause gastritis. When the client reports abdominal discomfort after taking the medication, the nurse should classify this discomfort as what type of adverse effect? primary action secondary action hypersensitivity reaction allergic reaction
secondary action
Which would the nurse identify as a factor in the distribution of a drug? Select all that apply. solubility protein binding blood flow metabolite formation half-life
solubility protein binding blood flow
One of the most common occurrences in drug therapy is the development of adverse effects from simple overdose. In such cases, the client suffers from effects that are merely an extension of the desired effect. Which are examples of this primary action? (Select all that apply.) spontaneous bleeding after taking an anticoagulant dizziness after starting an antihypertensive drowsiness after taking an antihistamine diarrhea after taking an antibiotic
spontaneous bleeding after taking an anticoagulant dizziness after starting an antihypertensive
The nurse is preparing to administer medications to the clients on the unit. Which action should the nurse prioritize in this process? medications are given as prescribed there is efficient and effective care provided provides adequate client education about each medication the facilities policies are correctly followed
there is efficient and effective care provided
What would the nurse expect the prescribing health care provider to order for a client with a delayed allergic reaction? epinephrine antipyretic anti-inflammatory topical corticosteroid
topical corticosteroid
A 79-year-old client is not having significant results from drug therapy. Tests indicate that there may be a problem with absorption. The person eats a lot of red meat, smokes regularly, and is frequently constipated. Recently, the client also reported sleeplessness. Based on this information, what should the nurse specifically question? dietary patterns unreported health problems, if any use of laxatives Smoking habits
use of laxatives
A nurse has collected all the relevant data and is now clustering the information to determine the client's needs. The nurse is involved in which phase of the nursing process? Assessment Analysis Planning Implementation
Analysis
A nurse is assessing a client and notes the client has developed swelling of the eyelids and lips after administration of a prescribed medication. What does the nurse interpret this finding to specifically indicate? Mild allergic reaction Anaphylactic shock Angiedema Drug idiosyncrasy
Angiedema
A nurse taking a client's blood pressure prior to administering a drug could be considered what type of action? (Select all that apply.) Assessment Implementation Subjective data Objective data Analysis
Assessment Objective data
The nurse is assessing an older client's response to various medications the client is taking. The nurse knows that which body systems require close assessment for impairment? (Select all that apply.) Cardiovascular Hepatic Renal Pulmonary Lymphatic
Cardiovascular Hepatic Renal
What is the primary role of protein binding on drug action? Increasing the medication's speed of action Decreasing the medication's speed of action Increasing the rate of the medication's excretion Averting the risk of adverse effects posed by the medication
Decreasing the medication's speed of action
The nurse determines that the client has a "knowledge deficit." The nurse is performing what step of the nursing process? assessment evaluation implementation diagnosis
Diagnosis
Which article of legislation specified that drugs must carry the label "may not be distributed without a prescription." Pure Food and Drug Act Controlled Substances Act Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962 Durham-Humphrey Amendment
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
Clark's rule would be used to determine a child's body surface area for dosage calculation. True False
False
The nurse knows that application of a topical drug on an infant's skin may result in what drug response? Greater concentration of drug in the infant's tissues, due to decreased body water content. Faster absorption of the drug because of greater surface area. Increased serum levels of drugs caused by decreased renal mass and glomerular filtration rate. Delayed and decreased metabolism of the drug caused by decreased blood flow to the liver.
Faster absorption of the drug because of greater surface area.
A client is experiencing anxiety related to drug therapy. Which factors would the nurse establish as possibly influencing the client's level of anxiety? Select all that apply. Fear Severity of illness Client's knowledge level Good comprehension of information Nonadherence to the plan
Fear Severity of illness Client's knowledge level
A nurse is preparing to lead a community discussion related to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). Which factors concerning the Act should the nurse be prepared to include in the discussion? Select all that apply. Allows for DEA enforcement of the act. Gives the FDA power to enforce the laws governed by the act. Permits general health claims. Permits curative health claims. Defines specific substances as "dietary supplements"
Gives the FDA power to enforce the laws governed by the act. Permits general health claims. Defines specific substances as "dietary supplements"
Which are advantages of over-the-counter (OTC) medications? Select all that apply. Greater autonomy to choose a medication Convenience to access the medications Less visits to the pharmacy or supermarket to obtain the medication Cost to consumers is reimbursed by insurance companies Known adverse drug reactions
Greater autonomy to choose a medication Convenience to access the medications
What would the nurse expect to assess if a client develops neuroleptic malignant syndrome? mental confusion hypothermia hypertension hyperactive reflexes
Hypertension
Which effects may occur with the ingestion of large amounts of licorice? hyperkalemia hypokalemia hypercalcemia hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Which are disadvantages of over-the-counter (OTC) medications? Select all that apply. Inaccurate self-diagnosis Development of adverse drug reactions and interactions Few visits to the pharmacy or supermarket to obtain the medication Cost to consumers is reimbursed by insurance companies Earlier resumption of activities of daily living
Inaccurate self-diagnosis Development of adverse drug reactions and interactions
An otherwise active 72-year-old client with a history of type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes has been diagnosed with an infection involving the great toe on the left foot. What associated age-related complication is this client most at risk for developing? Increased falls risk Deep vein thrombosis related to immobility Increased risk of antibiotic resistant infections Uncontrolled serum glucose levels related to infection
Increased risk of antibiotic resistant infections
A nurse should stress what characteristics as being benefits of synthetic drugs? (Select all that apply.) Increased standardization of chemical characteristics Decreased cost for medication Improved consistency in therapeutic effects Decreased risk of allergic reactions Reduction in length of treatment time
Increased standardization of chemical characteristics Improved consistency in therapeutic effects Decreased risk of allergic reactions
A nurse working for a drug company is involved in phase I drug evaluation studies. Which of the following might the nurse be responsible for during this stage of drug development? Working with animals who are given experimental drugs Monitoring drug effects in patients who are selected to participate in a study, who have the disease that the drug is meant to treat Administering investigational drugs to patients Informing healthy, young volunteer participants of possible risks that could occur from taking an experimental drug
Informing healthy, young volunteer participants of possible risks that could occur from taking an experimental drug
After a discussion about the half-life of a drug, a nursing instructor concludes further teaching is necessary when nursing students choose which facts as true? Select all that apply: It can be decreased in clients with renal disease. It can help determine dosing frequency. It does not change throughout a client's life. Liver disease can increase half-life. It is the measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body.
It can be decreased in clients with renal disease. It does not change throughout a client's life.
When administering drug therapy for a client, how can the nurse ensure beneficial outcomes? (Select all that apply.) Make sure the client can explain about the drug classifications. Maximize therapeutic effects. Minimize adverse effects and drug interactions. Order laboratory studies to determine effectiveness of drug therapy. Provide appropriate drug education for the client and family.
Maximize therapeutic effects. Minimize adverse effects and drug interactions. Provide appropriate drug education for the client and family.
What term is used to describe the physiological process of absorption, distribution, and elimination of a drug in the body? pharmacokinetics drug synergy systemic effects drug distribution
Pharmacokinetics
A drug has been tested on laboratory animals and is now ready for the next phase. What is the next step? phase I study phase III study phase II study preclinical trial
Phase 1 study
A nurse working for a drug company is taking part in administering investigational drugs to patients in a broad clinical market. What type of drug evaluation study is the nurse participating in conducting? Phase I Phase II Phase III Preclinical phase
Phase III
The nursing instructor is preparing to teach about various sources used for developing medication. Which sources should the instructor include in the discussion? Select all that apply. Plants Synthetic sources Mold Minerals Animals
Plants Synthetic sources Minerals
An elderly client with high blood pressure has been prescribed a single dose of aspirin for intermittent joint pain but it does not seem to be effective. What is the most likely reason for this? decreased efficiency of liver decreased body mass poor excretion of drug prolonged absorption of drug
Prolonged absorption of the drug
A nursing instructor is preparing to teach a group of students about the Orphan Drug Program. The instructor determines the class is successful after the students choose which points as relating to the program? Select all that apply. Encourages the development and marketing of products to treat rare diseases. Grants provisional approval with a written commitment from the drug company to formally demonstrate client benefits. Provides for incentives, such as research grants, protocol assistance, and special tax credits, to develop products to treat rare diseases. Grants 7 years of exclusive marketing rights to the manufacturer if approved. Accelerates approval of drugs based on preliminary evidence before formal demonstration of client benefits.
Provides for incentives, such as research grants, protocol assistance, and special tax credits, to develop products to treat rare diseases. Grants 7 years of exclusive marketing rights to the manufacturer if approved. Encourages the development and marketing of products to treat rare diseases.
A nurse is performing the following activities. What is the proper sequence of the steps as suggested by the nursing process? Obtaining the client's weight and vital signs Questioning the client about medications and health history Identifying if the client is at risk for skin breakdown Instructing the client to take the medication with meals Analyzing for changes in the client's condition
Questioning the client about medications and health history Obtaining the client's weight and vital signs Identifying if the client is at risk for skin breakdown Instructing the client to take the medication with meals Analyzing for changes in the client's condition
The nurse is preparing a medication that is new to the market and cannot be found in the nurse's drug guide. How should the nurse obtain the most reliable information about this medication? Read the package insert. Consult a clinical nurse specialist or an experienced nurse. Consult the FDA website. Consult the member of the care team who prescribed the drug.
Read the package insert.
A client with a history of schizophrenia has developed severe drug-induced parkinsonism from treatment with antipsychotic medications. What nursing diagnosis should the nurse identify? Risk for aspiration related to impaired swallowing Impaired memory related to brain atrophy Risk for self-directed violence related to personality changes Impaired spontaneous ventilation related to medullary hypoxia
Risk for aspiration related to impaired swallowing
A nurse is teaching a caregiver of a client diagnosed with AD about the medications. What are necessary to include in the teaching about rivastigmine? Select all that apply. Use alcohol to clean the site. Rotate sites to a dry area daily. Take the medication with a full 8oz of fluid. Document the placement of the medication. Place the medication on an area where the client will not pick at or remove.
Rotate sites to a dry area daily. Document the placement of the medication. Place the medication on an area where the client will not pick at or remove.
Which schedule drugs have high abuse potential and no accepted medical use? Schedule I Schedule II Schedule III Schedule IV
Schedule I
A client is believed to be developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome. What is the nurse's assessment priority? Oxygen saturation Deep tendon reflexes Cognition Temperature
Temperature
Which would be a reason for a drug to enter a phase III study? Test the potential drug on healthy human subjects. Test the potential drug on clients with the disease the drug is designed to treat. Test drugs in the clinical setting to determine any unanticipated effects. Test the potential drug on laboratory animals.
Test drugs in the clinical setting to determine any unanticipated effects.
The nursing student is aware that the action of a drug can be predicted by its classification; which is determined by which factors? Select all that apply. The chemical type of the drug's active ingredient The way the drug is used to treat a specific condition The generic name of the drug The trade name of the drug The nonproprietary name of the drug
The chemical type of the drug's active ingredient The way the drug is used to treat a specific condition
What statement should the nurse include in a discussion to a community group about patent drugs? A patent is effective until the manufacturer voluntarily allows the protection to lapse. The drug may be manufactured or sold by other companies but only under it's generic name. The patent prevents other drug manufacturers from making or selling that drug Manufacturers can not develop, manufacture or sell a drug similar to one protected by a patent
The patent prevents other drug manufacturers from making or selling that drug
Drugs are classified according to what features? name therapeutic uses side effects actions
Therapeutic uses
For what reason is the creatinine level alone not a good indicator of renal function in the older adult? The decreased blood flow to the kidneys will produce a lower creatinine level. There is a decline in overall muscle mass, which produces a lower creatinine level. The increased glomerular filtration rate leads to lower creatinine levels. Increased renal tubular secretion of creatinine causes abnormally low levels in the blood.
There is a decline in overall muscle mass, which produces a lower creatinine level.
Which are true of nonprescription drugs? (Select all that apply.) They require a prescription to obtain. They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs. They can be taken without risk to the client. They have certain labeling requirements. They should be taken only as directed on the label.
They have certain labeling requirements. They should be taken only as directed on the label. They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs.
A nurse needs to know the difference between trade (brand) and generic names of medication. Which statements best point out the difference? Select all that apply. Trade name is usually capitalized. Generic name is located under the trade name. A client can refuse any brand name medication. Generic versions can be dispensed to reduce the cost to the client. Companies that make trade name medications do not put the generic name on the package.
Trade name is usually capitalized. Generic name is located under the trade name. Generic versions can be dispensed to reduce the cost to the client.
A public warning has been issued about medication errors involving sound-alike drug names. This warning will be coordinated by what organization? U.S. Pharmacopeia Food and Drug Administration Joint Commission Institute for Safe Medication Practices
U.S. Pharmacopeia
An older adult comes to the clinic with several medication bottles. The nurse is concerned about one of the medications that the client is taking and identifies that it may inappropriate for an older adult. What can the nurse do to find if this is not a medicine that the client should be taking? Use the Beers Criteria. Use the Nurses' Reference Guide. Use the Facts and Comparison. Use the Davis Drug Guide.
Use the Beers Criteria.
A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed IM medication to a 72-year-old client weighing 98 lb. The nurse integrates knowledge of which factors that could influence the drug response? Select all that apply. Age Socioeconomic status Weight Sex Disease
Weight Sex Disease Age
In clinical practice, measurement of serum drug levels is useful in what circumstances? (Select all that apply.) When drugs with a narrow margin of safety are given, because their therapeutic doses are close to their toxic doses When the medication used is experimental To document the serum drug levels associated with particular drug dosages, therapeutic effects, or possible adverse effects To document drug interactions To monitor unexpected responses to a drug dose, such as decreased therapeutic effects or increased adverse effects When a drug overdose is suspected
When drugs with a narrow margin of safety are given, because their therapeutic doses are close to their toxic doses To monitor unexpected responses to a drug dose, such as decreased therapeutic effects or increased adverse effects When a drug overdose is suspected To document the serum drug levels associated with particular drug dosages, therapeutic effects, or possible adverse effects
A nurse is alert for any adverse effects of a medication on a client. This alertness in assessment is essential in providing for: increase in non-compliance. decrease in effectiveness of medication. client safety. decrease in effectiveness of the drug regimen.
client safety.
A nurse working for a drug company is involved in phase III drug evaluation studies. What might the nurse be responsible for during this stage of drug development? working with animals who are given experimental drugs monitoring drug effects in clients who are selected to participate in a study, who have the disease that the drug is meant to treat collecting records of symptoms that participants experience while taking a drug and determining whether they are caused by the disease or the drug informing healthy, young volunteer participants of possible risks that could occur from taking an experimental drug
collecting records of symptoms that participants experience while taking a drug and determining whether they are caused by the disease or the drug
What factors does the nurse take into account that may influence the rate of absorption of medication? (Select all that apply.) route of administration half-life of the medication solubility of the medication biotransformation of the medication condition of the body tissues
condition of the body tissues solubility of the medication route of administration
What function is associated with metabolism? converting fat-soluble drugs into water-soluble forms inhibiting cell function by occupying receptor sites aiding in the absorption of a drug initiating the process of digestion
converting fat-soluble drugs into water-soluble forms
