pharmacy calculations
Which of the following is the correct way to express 0.0025 mg/mL as a 'mg%'? 0.0025 mg% 2.5 mg% 0.025 mg% 0.25 mg%
0.25 mg%
Calculate the creatinine clearance (mL/min) for a 31 y.o. male who weighs 87 kg, stands 6"1', and has a serum creatinine of 1.1 mg/dL. Round to the nearest tenth, and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
(108, 109, 110, 111, 112)
Calculate the CrCl (mL/min) for a 44 y.o. male who weighs 200 lbs and has a height of 6'1". His most recent SCr of 0.8 mg/dL. Round to the nearest whole number and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
(133, 132, 131)
What is the osmolarity (milliosmoles/L) of a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate (MW = 84)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
(2 milliosmoles/mmole SB) x (1 mmole SB/84 mg SB) x (1000 mg/g) x (4 g SB/100 mL) x (1000mL/L) = 952 milliosmoles/L.
The pharmacist receives a prescription to prepare 180 mL of 6% (w/v) lidocaine HCl. How many grams of lidocaine HCl are required? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
11
If 78 mL of a 20% (w/v) solution of drug Z are used in preparing 100 mL of a product, calculate the percentage strength of drug Z in the final product. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
16
The ratio strength (w/v) of a solution made by dissolving five tablets each containing 2.25 g of sodium chloride in enough water to make 1800 mL is 1: ____. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
160
From the following formula, how many grams of miconazole is required to make 1.5L of the formulation? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Miconazole 2% w/v Tolnaftate 1 gram Polyethylene glycol 100mL
30
How many grams of antihistamine should be used in compounding the prescriptions? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Solution loratadine 20% (w/v) 150 ml
30
If the nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is 30 mg%, how many mg of nonprotein nitrogen is in 100 mL of the blood? 0.030 0.30 3.0 30
30
A drug displays first-order one-compartment kinetics. A dose of 500 mg IV push is administered to a patient, and the following concentrations result at the indicated times below. What is the volume of distribution in L? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Plasma concentration (mg/L) Time after dose (hours) 7.5 2 3.7 4 1.9 6
32----
Determine the serum concentration of a drug (mg/L) 10 hours after a peak serum concentration of 50 mg/L if the half-life is 7 hours. Round to the nearest whole number and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
20----
From the following formula, how many grams of petrolatum are required to make 500 grams of the powder? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Boric acid 5 grams Starch 20 grams Petrolatum 50 grams
333
A patient is receive atenolol 25mg twice daily. How many mL of the drug should the patient receive for a 7 day supply of the solution contains 50mg/10mL? (Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
70
What is the mean of the following numbers? Round to the nearest whole number 67 87 54 99 78
77
How many grams of sucrose must be added to 475 grams of drug X to make a 1:60 (w/w) gel? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
8
A prednisone suspension of 7.5mg/tablespoon is required. How many 10mg prednisone tablets are needed to make 150mL of suspension? (Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
A prednisone suspension of 7.5mg/tablespoon is required. How many 10mg prednisone tablets are needed to make 150mL of suspension? (Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
Determine the serum concentration of a drug (mg/L) 8 hours after a peak serum concentration of 75 mg/L if the half-life is 14 hours. Round to the nearest whole number and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER
___50___
A trial (n = 49) reports that the average dose of a drug needed to prevent a bone fracture is 28 mg with a standard deviation (SD) of 7 mg. Which one of the following is the standard error of mean (SEM) associated with this result? Round to nearest whole number. DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
(-1, 0, 1, 2)
You want to make 1.5% hydrocortisone cream, but all you have available are 1% hydrocortisone cream and 2.5% hydrocortisone cream. How many grams of 1% hydrocortisone cream should be mixed with 15 g of 2.5% hydrocortisone cream to form a 1.5% cream? 7.5 grams 15 grams 30 grams 45 grams
0.01(x) + 0.025 (15) = .015 (x+15)x=30g
If a two milliliter blood sample was found to contain 0.016 mg of creatinine, what is this concentration as mg%? 3.2 1.3 0.8 1.2
0.8
A pharmacist starts with 200 mL of 10% w/v NaCl solution and dilutes it with water to a total of 2 liters. What is the new percentage concentration? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS.
1
If 150 mL of polyethylene glycol 400 weigh 170 g, what is its specific gravity? 1.133 11.33 19.4 2.08
1.133
A 2-year randomized, controlled trial is conducted comparing pantoprazole to placebo for prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices. What is the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) for pantoprazole to prevent one bleeding event? Round up to the nearest whole number. bleed No bleed pantoprazole 18 83 placebo 28 72 total 46 154
10
If 500 mL of a 35% w/v solution are diluted to 1.75 L, what would be the resulting percentage strength. Do not include % in your answer.
10
The ratio strength of three tablespoons containing 4.5 g of antiseptic is 1: ______. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
10
How many grams of phenol should be used to prepare 240 grams of a 5% w/w solution in water? 12 g 120 g 60 g 2.4 g
12 g
Determine the serum concentration of a drug (in mg/L) 25 hours after a peak serum concentration of 60 mg/L if the half-life is 11 hours. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer
12----------
You need to make 100 mL of 3% NaCl solution by diluting 23.4% NaCl solution with sterile water for injection. How many mL of a 23.4% NaCl solution must you use as you QS to 100 mL with sterile water? Round your answer to the nearest TENTH of a mL, and do not include units in your answer
12.8
You want to make 3% sodium chloride solution. How many mL of 23.4% sodium chloride solution must you dilute with water to make 100 mL of 3% sodium chloride? Round to the nearest tenth, and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
12.8
The usual pediatric dose of drug G is 3mg/kg every 8 hours. How many mg of drug G would you give in 1 day if the child weighs 31lbs? (Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
127
A person weighing 132 lbs must receive 2 mg of sodium chloride per kg of body weight. The source of sodium chloride is a sterile saline solution (0.9% w/v NaCl). How many mL of sodium chloride should be administered to the patient? 13.3 16.0 17.0 24.8 26.2
13.3
From the following formula, how many grams of glycerin is required to make 5lbs (454 grams = 1 pound) of the powder? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Bismuth salicylate 8 parts Glycerin 15 parts Magnesium oxide 2 parts
1362
A patient who weighs 147 lbs is to receive a loading dose of aminophylline at 5mg/kg. How many mL of a drug solution are needed if drug is available as a 100mg per 5mL ampule. ( Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
17
How many millimoles of sodium bicarbonate are contained in a 1,985 mg tablet (MW of NaHCO3 = 84)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
1985mg/tablet X 1mmol/84mg = 23.63 mmol/tablet
A lab value is expressed as 2.3 mg%. This could be equivalently expressed as which of the following? 2.3 mg/L 2.3 mg/dL 2.3 mcg/dL 2.3 mcg/L
2.3 mg/dL
A patient is to receive 20g of a 15% gel. If the peak serum concentration is 150 mg/L. What is the volume of distribution of the drug (L)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
20
How many mL of water must be added to 300 mL of 70% alcohol solution to make a 40% alcohol solution? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
225
What is the Absolute Risk Reduction of migraines compared to drug A with 8 hours of sleep (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number and don't include %. migraines No migraines total Drug A 20 20 40 8 hrs of sleep 24 16 40 total 44 36 80
24/40 - 20/40 = 0.1 = 10%
A 600 mL dextrose solution of 20% (w/v) is needed. Using a 50% dextrose solution, how many mL are needed to prepare the 20% solution? Round to the nearest whole number and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
240
How many grams of benzalkonium chloride are needed to prepare 1 liter of a 1:40 solution? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
25
What is the Absolute Risk Reduction of migraines compared to drug A with 8 hours of sleep (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number and don't include %. migraines No migraines total Drug A 20 20 40 8 hrs of sleep 25 15 40 total 45 35 80
25/45 - 20/40 = 0.13 = 13%
How many mg of salicylate should be used in compounding the following prescriptions? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Salicylate 1:80 Ophthalmic base ad 20 grams
250
A trial (n = 64) reports that the average dose of a drug needed to decrease blood pressure was 150mg with a standard deviation (SD) of 24 mg. What is the SEM associated with this result? Round to the nearest whole #
3
How many grams of sennosides should be used in preparing 150 suppositories, each weighing 2 grams and containing 1% of sennosides? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
3
What is the mode of the following numbers? Round to the nearest whole number 3, 1, 6, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5, 6, 7, 2, 3, 8, 8, 1, 2, 9, 9, 4, 3, 1, 4, 3, 0, 0, 3, 9, 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 7
3
What is the elimination half-life of the drug (hours), based on the information provided below? Assume a one-compartment model. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Dose = 100 mg @ 0730 infused over 30 minutes Serum concentration = 64 mg/L @ 1200 Serum concentration = 32 mg/L @ 1500
3------------
A child weighing 35 lbs requires a ciprofloxacin suspension compounded at a dose of 3 mg/kg per dose to be taken twice daily for 5 days. What is the total mg of ciprofloxacin required to compound this course of therapy? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
3mg/kg x 2doses x 5 days x 1kg/2.2lbs x 35lbs = 477.27mg=477 mg
The adult dose of a liquid medication is 0.2mL/kg of body weight to be administered as a single dose. How many teaspoonfuls should be given to a person weighing 220lbs? (Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.)
4
If 50 ml of 1: 20 w/v solution are diluted to 1000 ml, the ratio strength (w/v) is 1: ____. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
400
If an IV injection contains 20% (w/v) of mannitol, how many mL of the injection should be administered to provide a patient with 80g of mannitol? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
400
A hospital pharmacist plans to prepare 1000 mL of normal saline (0.9%) from a 20 % sodium chloride injection and sterile water for injection. How many mL of the 20% sodium chloride injection are needed? (assume volumes are additive) 45 111 200 448 900
45
Drug X follows a one-compartment model, and 250 mg are administered IV push to a patient. If the serum concentration taken shortly after administration is 5.4 mcg/mL, what is the volume of distribution in L? Round to the nearest whole number, and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
46 Cpeak = dose/Vd → 5.4 mcg/mL = 250 mg/Vd To make things easier, mcg/mL is the same as mg/L. So with rearrangement we get: Vd = (250 mg) / (5.4 mg/L) = 46.3 L
A prefilled syringe contains 500 mg of llidocaine HCl per 10 mL of injection. What is the w/v percentage concentration of the drug in the injection? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
5
A dose of 100 mg/kg is administered IV push to 60 kg patient and the following concentrations result at the indicated times below. What is the estimated volume of distribution in L? Assume a one-compartment model. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer Plasma concentration (mg/L) Time after dose (hours) 700 2 400 4
5------
A drug dose of 100 mg is administered to a patient and the following concentrations result at the indicated times below. Assume a one-compartment model. What is the half life? Please round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Plasma concentration (mg/L) Time after dose (hours) 774 2 527 4 408 6
5--------
A dose of 1000 mg of a drug is administered to a 75 Kg patient IV push, and the following concentrations result at the indicated times below. What is the estimated volume of distribution (L)? Assume a one-compartment model. Plasma concentration (mg/L) Time after dose (hours) 120 2 8 4
5.6 Step 1: ke = ln(120/80)/2 = 0.203 Step 2: C(2) = C(0)e-ket → 120 = C(0)e-0.203(2) → C(0) = 180.1 Step 3: Cpeak = dose/Vd → Vd = dose/Cpeak = 1000/180.1 = 5.6 L
A prescription calls for 5 mg of atropine sulfate. The source is a 10% (w/w) of atropine sulfate in lactose. How many mg of the trituration is needed? 10 20 40 50 60
50
A formula for an antifungal shampoo contains 2% w/v ketoconazole. How many grams of The drug would be needed to prepare 25 liters of the shampoo? Round to the nearest whole number. Do not include units in your answer.
500
Levaquin® injection contains 5 mg/mL of levofloxacin and 5% dextrose. What is the mg% of the levofloxacin in this injection? 5 10 100 500
500
Determine the serum concentration of a drug (mg/L) 10 hours after a peak serum concentration of 100 mg/L if the half-life is 11 hours. Round to the nearest whole number and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
53----
A Rx calls for an elixir that contains 45% alcohol. On hand, you have 10% alcoholic elixir and a 75% alcoholic elixir. How many mL of the 75% elixir must be combined to make 1000 mL of 45% alcoholic elixir? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
538
The following formula for polyethylene glycol suppositories is sufficient to prepare 50 suppositories. Calculate how much polyethylene (grams) is needed to prepare 300 suppositories. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Polyethylene 91 grams Sodium stearate 9 grams Purified water 5 grams
546
CLOBEX lotion contains 0.05% w/v of clobetasol propionate in 118 mL containers. What is the mg content of the drug in each container? Round to the nearest whole number. 6 9 12 19 59
59
How many grams of antipyrine should be used in preparing the following prescription? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Antipyrine 7.5% Glycerin ad 80 mL
6
A lab value is expressed as 6.2 mg%. This could be equivalently expressed as which of the following?
6.2 mg/dL
A dose of 1000 mg of a drug is administered to a patient IV push, and the following concentrations result at the indicated times below. What is the estimated volume of distribution (L)? Assume a one-compartment model. Plasma concentration (mg/L) Time after dose (hours) 100 2 67 4 45 6
6.7 Step 1: ke = ln(100/67)/2 = 0.200 Step 2: C(2) = C(0)e-ket → 100 = C(0)e-0.2(2) → C(0) = 149.2 mg/L Step 3: Vd = dose/Cpeak = (1000 mg)/(149.2 mg/L) = 6.7 L Step 4: We would also want to check that indeed first-order/linear kinetics are present since that was not a stated assumption. Using a different set of concentrations, ke = ln(67/45)/2 = 0.199 h-1 so this is consistent.
For a drug that has an initial plasma concentration of 82 mg/L and a half-life of 14 hours, what would be the plasma concentration 4 hours after the initial concentration? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
67----------
For an insulin blood lab value of 140 mg%, how many mg of insulin would be in a blood sample of 5 mL? 14 7 140 70
7
If 400 grams of an ointment containing 6% (w/w) sulfur is combined with 120 grams of a 10% (w/w) hydrocortisone ointment, what is the strength of the mixture (%w/w) that results? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
7
Plasma ethanol concentration denoted as 0.8 mg% can also be written as: 8 mg/L 8 mg/dL 0.8 mcg/dL 8 mcg/L
8 mg/L
What is the median of the following numbers?Round to the nearest whole number 85, 90, 30, 44, 80, 46, 93
80
How many milliliters of a 1:400 w/v stock solution should be used to make 4 liters of a 1 : 2000 w/v solution? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
800
How many mL of 30% dextrose solution must be combined with a 10% dextrose solution to prepare 3500 mL of a 15% w/v solution? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
875
A trial (n = 144) reports that the average dose of a drug needed to decrease blood pressure was 150mg with a standard deviation (SD) of 108 mg. What is the SEM associated with this result? Round to the nearest whole #
9
How many grams of triamcinolone are contained in 60 grams of 15% (w/w) ointment? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
9
How many liters of a 1:1250 (w/v) solution can be made by dissolving 7.2 grams of potassium chloride in water? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
9
What is the Absolute Risk Reduction of pain using a new pain medication compared to APAP? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number & don't include the % sign. migraines No migraines total Drug A 8 12 20 APAP 11 9 20 total 19 21 40
ARR = (11/20) - (8/20) = 0.15 = 15%
What is the Absolute Risk Reduction of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole # & don't include the % sign. Increased BP goal BP total Drug A 8 42 50 diet+exercise 30 20 50 total 38 62 100
ARR = (30/50) - (8/50) = 0.44 = 44%
A 3-year randomized, controlled trial (n=200 for both groups) is conducted comparing a new anticoagulant to warfarin (an old anticoagulant). What is the number needed to harm (NNH) to produce one additional major bleeding event over 3 years? Round your answer UP to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. major bleeds no major bleeds new anticoagulant 35 165 warfarin 20 180 total 55 345
ARR = (35/200) - (20/200) = 0.075, NNH = 1/ARR = 13.3333 → round up to 14
What is the Absolute Risk Reduction of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answers as percentages. Round to the nearest whole # & don't include the % sign. fungus no fungus total Drug A 20 55 75 placebo 37 38 75 total 57 93 150
ARR = (37/75) - (20/75) = 0.227 = 23%
A 3-year randomized, controlled trial (n=50 for both groups) is conducted comparing the rate of cancer recurrence between pembrolizumab and placebo. What is the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 recurrence over 3 years? Round your answer UP to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. recurrence no recurrence Pembrolizumab 2 48 placebo 6 44 total 8 92
ARR = (6/50) - (2/50) = 0.08, NNT = 1/ARR = 12.5 → round up to 13
A 2-year randomized, controlled trial (n=400 for placebo and treatment groups) is testing a new antiplatelet medication to prevent recurrent stroke. Researchers find the rate of recurrent strokes in the treatment group to be 10%, compared with a rate of 32% in the placebo group. What is the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one stroke over 2 years? Round your answer UP to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
ARR = 0.32 - 0.10 = 0.22, NNT = 1/ARR = 4.545 → round up to 5
In a multi-national, multi-center, double-blind trial, the efficacy of HPV vaccine was studied. Six thousand women were randomized in a 1:1 ratio between a 3-dose HPV vaccine regimen and a 3-dose placebo regimen. Patients were followed for a 5-year period after completion of the regimens. The primary outcome (endpoint) was the difference in the proportion of women who were subsequently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Results: Treatment Group: 60 Control Group: 100 Difference (p<0.01) Calculate the ARR (absolute risk reduction) with HPV vaccination.
ARR = 100/3000 - 60/3000 = 0.013
A 2-year randomized, controlled trial is conducted comparing pantoprazole to placebo for prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices. What is the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) for pantoprazole to prevent one bleeding event? Round up to the nearest whole number. bleed no bleed pantoprazole 18 82 placebo 28 72 total 46 154
ARR = CER - EER = 28/100 - 18/100 = 0.1 NNT = 1/ARR = 1/0.1 = 10
Drug A has a volume of distribution of 38 L while Drug B has a volume of distribution of 63 L. The clearances of both drugs are identical and both drugs are administered at the identical i.v. bolus dose. Which of the following statements are true? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Drug A is more extensively distributed into organs and tissues Drug B will have the longer half-life Drug A will have a higher plasma concentration immediately after the i.v. bolus dose Drug A will have the longer half-life.
Drug B will have the longer half-life Drug A will have a higher plasma concentration immediately after the i.v. bolus dose Recall that ke = Cl/Vd, and that t1/2 = 0.693/ke. Therefore, Vd is proportionally related to half-life, meaning increases in Vd will increase half-life. Since clearance is identical for both drugs, the drug with the larger Vd (drug B) will have the longer half-life. Larger Vd also means that drug B distributes into organs and tissues to a greater degree than drug A. This means that it will have a lower plasma concentration than drug A after it is administered.
A new medication has the following pharmacokinetic properties: clearance (Cl) = 12 L/h, volume of distribution (Vd) = 48 L, elimination rate constant (ke) = 0.25 h-1. A drug interaction is found to decrease the Cl to 8 L/h. Which of the following is expected to occur? Vd will decrease to 32 L Vd will increase to 72 L ke will increase to 0.38 h-1 Half-life will increase to 4.2 h
Half-life will increase to 4.2 h Recall that ke = Cl/Vd, and that t1/2 = 0.693/ke. Cl and Vd are independent parameters that determine the ke and half-life. So a change in Cl will not affect Vd. On the other hand, ke is directly proportional to Cl and half-life is inversely proportional to Cl. So if Cl is decreased to 8 from 12 (factor of 0.67), then the reciprocal change (factor of 1.5) will happen to half-life, i.e. 1.5*0.693/0.25 = 4.2 h-1
A 3-year randomized, controlled trial is conducted comparing a new cholesterol drug to atorvastatin for prevention of myocardial infarction (MI). What is the Relative Risk (RR) of MI using the new medication compared to the atorvastatin? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include the % sign in your answer. MI no MI new drug 15 185 atorvastatin 20 180 total 35 365
RR = (15/200) / (20/200) = 0.75 = 75%
What is the Relative Risk and Relative Risk Reduction of migraines compared to drug A with 8 hours of sleep (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include the % sign in answer. migraines No migraines total Drug A 20 20 40 8 hrs of sleep 25 15 40 total 45 35 80
RR = (20/40) / (25/40) = 0.8 = 80%
What is the Relative Risk of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answers as percentages. Round to the nearest whole # & don't include the % sign. fungus no fungus total Drug A 20 55 75 placebo 37 38 75 total 57 93 150
RR = (20/75) / (37/75) = 0.54 = 54%
What is the Relative Risk Reduction of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answers as percentages. Round to the nearest whole # & don't include the % sign. fungus no fungus total Drug A 20 55 75 placebo 37 38 75 total 57 93 150
RR = (20/75) / (37/75) = 0.54 = 54% RRR = 1-RR = 0.460 = 46%
What is the Relative Risk Reduction of pain using a new pain medication compared to APAP? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number & don't include the % sign. migraines No migraines total Drug A 8 12 20 APAP 11 9 20 total 19 21 40
RR = (8/20) / (11/20) = 0.727 RRR = 1 - RR = 0.273 = 27%
What is the Relative Risk of pain using a new pain medication compared to APAP? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include the % sign in answer. migraines No migraines total Drug A 8 12 20 APAP 11 9 20 total 19 21 40
RR = (8/20) / (11/20) = 0.727 = 73%
What is the Relative Risk of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole number & don't include the % sign. Increased BP goal BP total Drug A 8 42 50 diet+exercise 30 20 50 total 38 62 100
RR = (8/50) / (30/50) = 0.267 = 27%
What is the Relative Risk Reduction of blood glucose compared to drug A with diet and exercise (control)? Please give your answer as a percentage. Round to the nearest whole # & don't include the % sign Increased BP goal BP total Drug A 8 42 50 diet+exercise 30 20 50 total 38 62 100
RR = (8/50) / (30/50) = 0.267 = 27% RRR = 1-RR = 0.733 = 73%
A 2-year randomized, controlled trial (n=121 for placebo and control groups) is testing a new pain medication for patients with neuropathy. Researchers find the occurrence of severe pain (rated as 8/10 or higher) in the treatment group to be 12%, compared with a rate of 34% in the control group. What is the relative risk reduction (RRR) in this trial? Round the percentage (%) to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
RRR = 1 - RR = 1 - (12/34) = 0.647 = 65%
A solution contains 117 mmol/L of KCl and 10 mmol/L of NaCl. How many grams of NaCl are required to prepare 5 L of the solution (MW of NaCl = 58.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate how many grams of NaCl per liter needed 10mmol/L X 58.5mg/1 mmol X 1g/1000mg = 0.585g/L Step 2: Calculate how many grams of NaCl in 5 L 0.585g/L X 5L = 2.93 grams =3 g
A patient has a sodium deficit of 100 mEq. How many mL of 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride solution should be administered to replace the deficit (MW NaCl = 58.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate how many grams of sodium needed100mEq x 58.5mg/1mEq x 1g/1000mg = 5.85grams needed Step 2: Calculate how many mLs of 0.9% NaCl needed0.9g/100mL = 5.85g/"X"X = 650mL
How many mg of NaCl are needed to prepare 30 mL of a 2% (w/v) of pilocarpine nitrate isotonic solution? The E value for pilocarpine nitrate is 0.14. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate how many total grams of NaCl in 30mL isotonic solution0.009g X 30mL = 0.27 grams of NaCl Step 2: Calculate grams of pilocarpine needed2g/100mL = "X" g/30mL = 0.6g pilocarpine Step 3: Multiple total pilocarpine amount by sodium chloride equivalent (E-value)0.6g X 0.14 = 0.084g Step 4: Calculate grams of NaCl needed0.27-0.084 = 0.186g of NaCl needed Step 5: Convert grams to mg0.186g X 1000mg/1g = 186mg of NaCl=186 mg
The pharmacist is to prepare 30 mL of an ophthalmic isotonic solution of 3% tetracaine HCl. How many mg of boric acid are needed? The E value of tetracaine HCl is 0.18 and the E value for boric acid it is 0.52. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate how many total grams of NaCl in 30mL isotonic solution0.009g X 30mL = 0.27 grams of NaCl Step 2: Calculate grams of tetracaine needed3g/100mL = "X"/30mL X = 0.9g Step 3: Multiple total tetracaine amount by sodium chloride equivalent (E-value)0.9g X 0.18 = 0.162g Step 4: Calculate grams of boric acid needed0.27g - 0.162 = 0.108/0.52 = 0.208 grams Step 5: Convert grams to mg0.208 grams X 1000mg/1g = 208mg=208.0 mg
How many mg of sodium chloride should be used in compounding the following prescription? The E value for dextrose is 0.18. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Dextrose 1% Sodium chloride q.s. Distilled water ad 50 mL Sig: Make isotonic solution
Step 1: Calculate how many total grams of NaCl in 50mL isotonic solution0.009g X 50mL = 0.45 grams of NaCl Step 2: Calculate grams of dextrose needed1g/100mL = "X"/50mL X = 0.5g Step 3: Multiple total dextrose amount by sodium chloride equivalent (E-value)0.5g X 0.18 = 0.09g Step 4: Calculate grams of NaCl needed0.45 grams - 0.09 grams = 0.36 grams Step 5: Convert grams to mg0.36 grams X 1000mg/1g = 360mg=360 mg
How many grams of NaCl would be used in compounding the prescription below (E value of ephedrine sulfate = 0.2, isotonic solution = 0.9%). Round to the nearest tenth and do not include units in your answer. Ephedrine sulfate 1.875g Sodium Chloride qs Purified water qs 75.0 mL Make isoton. Sol
Step 1: Calculate how many total grams of NaCl in 75mL isotonic solution0.009g X 75mL = 0.68 grams of NaCl Step 2: Calculate sodium chloride equivalent amount from 1.875 g of ephedrine sulfate 1.875g X 0.2 = 0.375g NaCl equiv Step 3: Calculate grams of NaCl needed0.675 grams - 0.375 grams = 0.3 grams NaCl=0.3g
What is the creatinine clearance for a 67 year old female who is 5'4", weighs 135 lbs and has a SCr of 1 mg/dL? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW), and adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in kilograms IBW for a female: 45.5 + 2.3 (4) = 54.7kg ABW = 135 pounds/2.2 pounds = 61.4kg AdjBW = 54.7 + 0.4 (61.4-54.7) = 57.4kg Step 2: Assess which weight to use 120% x 54.7kg = 65.6kg 120% IBW > ABW > IBW Use IBW Step 3: Calculate creatinine clearance [(140-67) x 54.7]/72 (1) = 55.46ml/min Step 4: Multiply creatinine clearance by 0.85 factor because patient is a female 55.46 X 0.85 = 47.14mL/min
What is the creatinine clearance for an 80 year old female who is 5'5", weighs 115 lbs and has a SCr of 2.1 mg/dL? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW), and adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in kilograms IBW for a female: 45.5 + 2.3 (5) = 57kg ABW = 115 pounds/2.2 pounds = 52.27kg AdjBW = 57 + 0.4 (52.27-57) = 55.1kg Step 2: Assess which weight to use ABW< IBW Use ABW Step 3: Calculate creatinine clearance [(140-80) x 52.27]/72 (2.1) = 20.74ml/min Step 4: Multiply creatinine clearance by 0.85 factor because patient is a female 20.74 X 0.85 = 17.63mL/min
What is the creatinine clearance for a 75 year old female who is 5'8", weighs 185 lbs and has a SCr of 0.9 mg/dL? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW), and adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in kilograms IBW for a female: 45.5 + 2.3 (8) = 63.9kg ABW = 185 pounds/2.2 pounds = 84.1kg AdjBW = 63.9 + 0.4 (84.1-63.9) = 71.98kg Step 2: Assess which weight to use120% x 63.9kg = 76.7kg ABW > 120% IBW > IBW Use Adj BW Step 3: Calculate creatinine clearance[(140-75) x 71.98]/72 (0.9) = 72.09ml/min Step 4: Multiply creatinine clearance by 0.85 factor because patient is a female72.09 X 0.85 = 61.28mL/min
What is the creatinine clearance for a 53 year old male who is 6'2", weighs 225 lbs and has a SCr of 1.1 mg/dL? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW), and adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in kilograms IBW for a male: 50 + 2.3 (12) = 77.6kg ABW = 225 pounds/2.2 pounds = 102.3kg AdjBW = 77.6 + 0.4 (102.3-77.6) = 87.48kg Step 2: Assess which weight to use 120% x 77.6kg = 93.1kg ABW > 120% IBW > IBW Use Adj BW Step 3: Calculate creatinine clearance [(140-53) x 87.48]/72 (1.1) = 96.1ml/min
What is the creatinine clearance for a 35 year old male who is 5'9", weighs 165 lbs and has a SCr of 0.8 mg/dL? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate ideal body weight (IBW), actual body weight (ABW), and adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in kilograms IBW for a male: 50 + 2.3 (9) = 70.7kg ABW = 165 pounds/2.2 pounds = 75kg AdjBW = 70.7 + 0.4 (75-70.7) = 72.42kg Step 2: Assess which weight to use 120% x 70.7kg = 84.8kg 120% IBW> ABW> IBW Use IBW Step 3: Calculate creatinine clearance [(140-35) x 70.7]/72 (0.8) = 128.89ml/min
Calculate the osmolarity (mOsmol/L) of sodium in a 8% hypertonic sodium chloride solution (MW of NaCl = 58.5)?Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate mmol/L of hypertonic sodium chloride. Make sure to convert grams to mg. 8g/100mL x 1000mg/1g X 1mmol/58.5mg x 1000mL/1L = 1367.52 mmol/L Step 2: Calculate mOsmol/L. Please note NaCl disassociates to 1 Na ion and 1 Cl ion. 1367.52 mmoL/L X 2 disassociated ions = 2735.04 mmoL/L =2735 mmoL/L
What is the osmolarity (mOsm/L) of a 7.5% hypertonic sodium chloride solution? (Molecular weight of sodium chloride is 58.5) 256 1282 2564 3076
Step 1: Calculate mmol/L of hypertonic sodium chloride. Make sure to convert grams to mg.7.5g/100mL x 1000mg/1g X 1mmol/58.5mg x 1000mL/1L = 1282.05 mmol/L Step 2: Calculate mOsmol/L. Please note NaCl disassociates to 1 Na ion and 1 Cl ion.1282.05 mmoL/L X 2 disassociated ions = 2564.10 mmoL/L=2564 mmoL/L
A patient is given 275 mg of phenytoin sodium (MW of C15H11N2NaO2 = 274) three times a day. How many millimoles of phenytoin sodium are in the total daily dose?Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Calculate total daily dose 275mg X 3 doses per day = 825mg per day Step 2: Calculate mmoL in total daily dose 825mg X 1mmol/274mg = 3.01 mmoL =3 mmoL
A patient is receiving D5 ½ NS. You receive an order to add 30 mEq of KCl to the next 1 L bag of fluids. How many mL of a 14.9% KCl solution would you need to use (MW KCl = 74.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Convert 14.9% w/v to mEq/mL using the MW of KCL 14.9g/100mL X 1000mg/1g X 1mEq/74.5 mg = 2 mEq/mL Step 2: Calculate mL using mEq/mL concentration30mEq of KCL X 1mL/2mEq = 15mL needed of 14.9% KCL solution
How many mEq of ammonium (NH4) are represented in 1 liter of 3.2% (w/v) NH4Cl solution (MW NH4Cl = 53.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Convert 3.2% w/v to mEq/mL using the MW of NH4Cl3.2g/100mL X 1000mg/1g X 1mEq/53.5mg = 0.598mEq/mL Step 2: Calculate how many mEq there are 1 liter0.598mEq/mL X 1000ml = 598 mEq of NH4
A person is to receive 2 mEq of NaCl per kg. If a patient weighs 150 lbs, how many mL of 0.9% NaCl should be administered (MW NaCl = 58.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Convert pounds to kg150 lbs x 1kg/2.2lbs = 68.18kg Step 2: Calculate how many mEq of NaCl if patient is to receive 2mEq/kg and MW of NaCl is 58.51mEq/58.5mg = 2mEq/XX = 117mg or 0.117g Step 3: Calculate how many grams needed68.18kg x 0.117g/2mEq x 2mEq/kg = 7.98 grams needed Step 4: Calculate how many mL of 0.9% NaCl needed0.9g/100mL = 7.98g/XX=886.67 mLX=886 mL
If a pharmacist wished to prepare 100 mL of a solution containing 63 mOsmol of magnesium chloride, how many grams of magnesium chloride would be needed? (MW of MgCl2 = 95).Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Determine how many particles in MgCl2 to calculate how many mOsmol/mmol Mg= 1 particle Cl2 = + 2 particles/3 particles total which equals 3 mOsmol/mmol Step 2: Calculate grams of magnesium chloride needed 63 mOsmol X 1mmol/3 mOsmol X 95mg/1mmol X 1g/1000mg = 1.995grams =2 g
How many mg of NaCL would be used in compounding the prescription below (E value of ephedrine = 0.23, isotonic solution = 0.9% w/v)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Ephedrin sulfate 0.3g Sodium chloride qs Purified water ad 30 mL Sig: Make isotonic solution
Step 1: Multiple total ephedrine amount by sodium chloride equivalent (E-value)0.23 X 0.3g = 0.069 grams Step 2: Calculate how many total grams of NaCl in 30mL isotonic solution0.009g X 30mL = 0.27 grams of NaCl Step 3: Calculate grams of NaCl needed0.27-0.069 = 0.201 grams needed Step 4: Convert grams to mg0.201 grams X 1000mg/1g = 201mg needed=201 mg
How many mEq of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, MW = 53.5) are represented in 500 mL of a 21.4 mg/mL solution? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
Step 1: Set up as a proportion1mEq/1mmol NH4Cl x 1mmol NH4Cl/53.5 mg x 21.4/mg/mL x 500mL = 200 mEq =200 mEq
A patient is taking magnesium oxide 400 mg by mouth once daily. How many mEq of magnesium is the patient receiving with each 400 mg dose (for MgO: MW = 40.3 g/mol)? Round to the nearest tenth, and DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
Step 1: Set up as a proportion2mEq/1mmole x 1mmole/40.3mg x 400mg = 19.85 =19.9
A pharmacist plans to use a sodium phosphate injection to fill an order for 30 mmoles of phosphate. How many mEq of sodium will be administered if the injection has 3 mmole of phosphate and 4 mEq of sodium per mL?
Step 1: Set up as a proportion4mEq/3mmole x 30mmoles = 40mEq=40mEq
How many mg of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, molecular weight = 120) should be added to 1000 mL of IV solution to provide a magnesium concentration 6 mEq/L? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Set up as a proportion6mEq/L x 120mg/2mEq x 1000 mL x 1L/1000mL = 360 grams=360 g
How many grams of NaCl should be used in preparing 50 liters of a solution containing 78 mEq/L (MW NaCl = 58.5)? Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer.
Step 1: Set up as a proportion78mEq/L x 58.5mg/1mEq x 1g/1000mg x 50L = 228.15 grams=228 g
From the following formula for an electrolyte solution, calculate (mEq) of sodium required to prepare 240mL of the solution. Round to the nearest whole number and do not include units in your answer. Sodium 45 mEq Potassium 20 mEq Chloride 35 mEq Dextrose 25 grams Water ad 1000 mL
Step 1: Set up ratio/proportion45 mEq sodium/1000mL = X mEq sodium needed/240mLX = 10.8 sodium neededX= 11
A drug follows first-order one-compartment kinetics. Under normal circumstances, the clearance of the drug is Cl = 6 L/h, the elimination rate ke = 0.2 h-1, and volume of distribution Vd = 30 L. A drug interaction causes the Vd to increase to 45 L. What change would occur? ke would increase to 0.3 h-1 ke would decrease to 0.13 h-1 Cl would decrease to 4 L/h Cl would increase to 9 L/h
ke would decrease to 0.13 h-1
Calculate the sodium chloride equivalent of a 1% solution of zinc chloride. Round to the nearest tenth decimal and do not include units in your answer.
zinc chloride: MW = 136, dissociates into 3 ions, i factor = 2.6 sodium chloride: MW = 58.5, dissociates into 2 ions, i factor = 1.8 58.5/1.8 X 2.6/136 = 0.62=0.6