Phases/States of Matter

Matter is made up of __________ or __________________

- Atoms - Molecules

Melting

- Change of state from a solid to a liquid - As the temperature of a solid increases, the particles of the solid move faster. When a certain temperature is reached, the solid will melt. The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is the melting point, or melting temperature, of the substance. - Melting ice

Additionally phases of matter:

- Colloids: Mixtures that contain two separate phases of matter - Bose-Einstein Condensate: it is created in labs

Solid; Shape/Volume

- Definite shape and volume

Liquid; Shape/Volume

- No definite shape - Definite volume

Gas; Shape/Volume

- No definite shape or volume

Plasma; Shape/Volume

- No definite shape or volume

How are plasmas different from gasses?

- Plasmas conduct electric current, but gasses do not. - Electric and magnetic fields affect plasmas but do not affect gasses.

Condensation:

- The change of state from a gas to a liquid - The condensation point of a substance is the temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid. The condensation point is the same temperature as the boiling point at a given pressure. For a gas to become a liquid, large numbers of particles must clump together. Particles clump together when the attraction between them overcomes their motion keeping them apart. For this to happen, energy must be removed from the gas to slow the movement of the particles. - Breath making contact with a cold surface

Evaporation and Boiling:

- The change of state from a liquid to a gas - Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas, throughout the liquid. The temperature at which this change happens is the boiling point of the liquid. When liquid water is heated to temperatures of 100°C, molecular motion increases until large groups of water molecules overcome the attractive forces between them. Bubbles of water vapor escape from the liquid water as the water boils. Difference between Boiling and Evaporating: - Boiling: This happens in a liquid at its boiling point. As energy is added to the liquid, particles throughout the liquid move faster. When they move fast enough to break away from other particles, they evaporate and become a gas. - Evaporating: This can happen in a liquid below the boiling point. Some particles at the surface of the liquid move fast enough to break away from the particles around them and become a gas. - Steam rising out from a tea kettle

Freezing

- The change of state from a liquid to a solid - For a liquid to freeze, the attractions between a liquid's particles must overcome the motion of the particles. Then, the particles will become closely locked in position. This is accomplished by removing energy or decreasing the temperature - Freezing water in a cooler

Deposition:

- The change of state in which a gas turns directly into a solid - For a gas to change directly to solid, the particles of the substance must go from being spread far apart to being very tightly packed. The substance must remove energy for this change to occur. - Hail stones form

Sublimation:

- The change of state in which a solid turns directly to a gas - For a solid to change directly to a gas, the particles of the substance must go from being very tightly packed to being spread far apart. So, the attractions between the particles must be completely overcome. The substance must gain energy for the particles to overcome their attractions. - Dry ice

What three factors affect the state of matter?

- The type of element/substance - The amount of energy (heat) the substance has - Pressure

More than ______ of all matter in the universe is plasma.

99 percent

Decreased Pressure = ___________________________

Decreased heat

Decreasing heat energy = ____________________________

Decreased pressure

Increased Pressure = _______________________

Increased heat

Adding heat energy = ___________________________

Increased pressure

Plasma examples:

Natural: - Lightning - Fire Artificial: - Fluorescent lights - Plasma balls

Liquid; Particle descripition

The particles are more loosely connected and collide with and move past one another.

Gas; Particle description

The particles are spread far apart. The particles move independently and collide frequently.

Solid; Particle descripition

The particles have a strong attraction between them. The particles are closely locked in and can only vibrate.

What determines the state of matter for a certain substance?

The way particles interact with each other and the motion of particles helps determine the state of matter.

True or False?: The particles in a liquid have more energy than the particles in a soild.

True

Changes in state of matter are ______________ changes not chemical changes since it only the changes the physical form of it, rather not the molecular structure.In other words, the identity of the substance does NOT change.

physical

Change of State:

the change of a substance from one physical form to another