PHI

3. The difference between validity and soundness is that:

A valid argument's conclusion is certainly true, whereas a sound argument's conclusion may or may not be true. A sound argument's conclusion is certainly true, whereas a valid argument's conclusion may or may not be true. A valid argument provides greater formal support for its conclusion than a sound argument. A sound argument provides greater formal support for its conclusion than a valid argument.

5. Determine whether the following argument is most plausibly inductive or deductive arguments, and if it is deductive, whether it is valid or invalid: If someone is a human, they have moral rights. Undocumented people are human. Therefore, undocumented people have moral rights.

Inductive Deductive Invalid Valid

8. Euthyphro proposes that piety is that which all the gods love. Socrates identifies and ambiguity in this definition and proposes an interpretive dilemma. What is the dilemma?

Whether (a) the gods love something because it is pious or (b) something is pious because the gods love it. Whether we can know what the gods love or not. Whether something is pious because the gods love it, or pious because we love it. Whether the gods love legal cases being made against one's family members or not.

9. Thrasymachus claims that justice is what is in the interest of the stronger. Socrates poses a dilemma for this conception of justice. What produces the dilemma?

Whether the stronger(the ruling class) can make mistakes. Whether people approve of this conception of justice. Whether any societies actually are just. Whether people can live up to the standards set by this conception of justice.

4. If X is a necessary condition for Y, then one of the following is true. Which one?

X could only obtain if Y obtained. If Y obtains, then X obtains. If X obtains, then Y obtains. If Y does not obtain, then X does not obtain.

3. An argument is valid if and only if:

all the premises are true and the conclusion is true if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. if all the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true. The premises must be true, and the conclusion may be true.

6. Suppose that you are told that A is a necessary condition for B. *Only one* of the following is a counterexample to this. Which one?

A and B A and not B B and not A Not A and not B

1. An argument is:

A disagreement between two or more parties. A structured set of sentences that contain premises, or reasons, given in support of a conclusion, or thesis. The articulation of an opinion. A verbal attack on someone.

7. Suppose that you are told that F is a sufficient condition for G. *Only one* of the following is a counterexample to this. Which one?

F and G F and not G G and not F Not F and not G.

2. Select the statement that is descriptive:

Healthy children are preferable to unhealthy children War is only justified when it minimizes harm. The economic policy provided tax breaks for the wealthy while increasing taxes on the poor. Garfield is really admirable.

2. The difference between an inductive and a deductive argument is that:

Inductive arguments always proceed from particular to general, whereas deductive always proceed from general to particular. Inductive arguments always proceed from general to particular, whereas deductive always proceed from particular to general. Inductive arguments aim to provide partial support for their conclusion, whereas deductive arguments aim to provide total support for their conclusion. Inductive arguments aim to provide total support for their conclusion, whereas deductive arguments aim to provide partial support for their conclusion.

10. Socrates claims that there are three forms of payment, and that the incentive for the truly just person to rule is the following:

Money Honor The absence of a penalty for refusing Existential bliss and psychological pleasure

What is the difference between normative and descriptive statements?

Normative statements are false, whereas descriptive statements are true. Normative statements are about immaterial things, whereas descriptive statements are only about material things. Descriptive statements involve claims about how the world is, was, or will be, whereas normative statements are concerned with how the world ought to be. Descriptive statements are contingently true, whereas normative statements are necessarily true.

1. Select the statement that is normative:

Only valid arguments are good. The introduction of tariffs will increase the price of consumer products. Reece scored eight points in the basketball game. There were many people in the crowd.

5. A sufficient condition for [X] is a condition which:

must occur in order that [X]. must occur in order that not [X]. if it occurs guarantees that [X]. if it occurs guarantees that not [X].

4. If an argument is not valid:

then the premises may be true, but the conclusion is false. even if the premises are true, the conclusion may be false. then the premises and the conclusion are false. then the conclusion is false.

11. Which of the following accurately captures the classes of the just society and their corresponding virtues?

{<Guardians, Bravery>, <Soldiers, Spirit>, <Producers and Merchants, Appreciation of Art>} {<Guardians, Wisdom>, <Auxiliaries, Courage>, <Producers and Merchants, Temperance>} {<Guardians, Temperance>, <Soldiers, Bravery>, <Producers and Merchants, Prudence>} {<Guardians, Courage>, <Auxiliaries, Temperance>, <Producers and Merchants, Loyalty>}