PHI-103 Quiz 1 GCU
An adequate definition for Philosophy is:
All of the above "Simply thinking hard about things that matter. Philosophy is a second order discipline that analyzes, evaluates, critiques and/or justifies the assumptions, concepts, inferences and arguments made by first-order disciplines. Etymologically, philosophy is the love of wisdom."
______________ is an unjustified and uncharitable attribution of repugnant belief to another person as a result of fallaciously concluding that because someone believes P, then that person must also believe Q.
Assailment-by-entailment Fallacy
The primary purpose(s) of an argument is _________.
Both to persuade others to share our views, and to discover the truth about something.
"The Russians have a natural talent for ballet, as you can see by watching Maya Plisetskaya perform."
Composition
"Either the 'eye for an eye' principle is interpreted literally, or it is interpreted figuratively. If it is interpreted literally, then the state should torture torturers, maim maimers, and rape rapists. If the 'eye for an eye' principle is interpreted figuratively, then it does not necessarily demand death for murderers. So, either the state should torture torturers, maim maimers, and rape rapists, or the 'eye for an eye' principle does not necessarily demand death for murderers."
Constructive Dilemma
"If God cannot prevent suffering, then God is not omnipotent. If God does not want to prevent suffering, then God is not perfectly good. But either God cannot prevent suffering or God does not want to prevent suffering. So, either God is not omnipotent or God is not perfectly good."
Constructive Dilemma
"Either Williams will win the election or Johnson will win it. If Williams wins the election, then recycling will become mandatory. If Johnson wins the election, then universal garbage collection will become mandatory. So, either recycling or universal garbage collection will become mandatory."
Constructive dilemma
P v Q If P, then R If Q, then S So, R v S
Constructive dilemma
This view of truth says that a statement is true if and only if it corresponds to reality.
Correspondence view of truth
"I get rejected by everyone. Just the other day I asked Jamie is she wanted to go out for some coffee. she said, 'No thank you. I have other plans.' No one wants to be with me. No one likes me."
Dichotomous thinking/All-or-nothing thinking
P v Q Not-Q So, P
Disjunctive Syllogism
The argument "The Independent Party is wealthy, so Luke Van Horn is wealthy" commits the fallacy of ___________.
Division
One of the famous objections leveled against the JTB or Tripartite account of knowledge comes from ___________.
Edmond Gettier's counterexamples (otherwise known as Gettier-Type counterexamples)
Sound arguments are different from cogent arguments because sound arguments can have conclusions that can still be false whereas cogent arguments must have true conclusion.
False
Sound arguments can have false conclusions.
False
A sound argument is one that is valid and ________.
Has all true premises
If P, then Q If Q, then R So, if P, then R
Hypothetical Syllogism
One thing virtually all epistemologists agree upon regarding knowledge is that ___________.
Knowledge and luck are incompatible-that is, one should not be attributed with knowledge if the true belief was the result of dumb luck or accident.
"Look at how Smith just looked at me while walking to class. I know he thinks I'm a loser and that he is constantly making things up about me and telling other people."
Mind reading
If P, then Q P So, Q
Modus Ponens
If P, then Q Not-Q So, not-P
Modus Tollens
The coherence view of truth says p is true if and only if ______________.
P coheres well with the entire set of one's beliefs
If S believes in God (as opposed to merely believing that God exists), then ______________.
S's belief has content, S assents to that content, and S trusts in that content
From the fact that Smith believes P, it doesn't follow Smith also believes Q despite the fact that (i) you believe P entails Q or (ii) P does entail Q. The reason why is this. Even though Smith believes P, Smith may also hold one of the following propositional attitudes:
Smith could hold to any one of the four attitudes listed above.
Seeing well is necessary to be a good driver but it is not __________.
Sufficient
A worldview is a set of assumptions, commitments, sets of norms, standards, and principles that filter the evidence and information we process when forming beliefs about the nature of reality.
True
Epistemic doubt towards P is caused by defeating, disclosable evidence that suggests P is false
True
The cognitive distortion called 'discounting positives' is when one claims the positive things one does or others do are trivial and inconsequential. This way one can maintain a negative attitude about oneself or others. E.g., if you did well at something and you continue to tell yourself that it wasn't special and that anyone could have done it.
True
The cognitive distortion known as catastrophizing is when one focuses on some of the worst possible outcomes and believes those outcomes are likely to occur.
True
The cognitive distortion known as emotional reasoning is when one allows feelings to guide one's interpretation of reality.
True
The JTB or "Tripartite" account of knowledge has three conditions that need to be satisfied in order to know. They are the following:
Truth condition, belief condition, justification condition
The following is which account of knowledge? S cows that p if and only if (1) p is true (2) S believes that p (3) S believes the truth because S's belief is produced by intellectual ability
Virtue account or Agent reliability account
The problem with the following argument is that it's ____________. "Religion is the opiate of the people. Therefore, religion is like a drug that can be used tome people forget or ignore the miserable conditions they live in."
a circular argument
An argument form is __________.
a pattern of reasoning.
Grilling meat is _________ for cooking it, but it is not _________-. You can decide to sear it or pan fry it.
sufficient, necessary