PHI 115 Exam 2, Ethics chapter 18 capital punishment
(Q004) As of April 2017, the number of prisoners on death row in the United States was
2,843.
As of April 2017, the number of prisoners on death row in the United States was
2,843.
(Q006) Each year, about how many people die in the United States due to lack of health coverage?
45,000
(Q005) In 2016, not counting China, what percentage of total worldwide executions took place in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Pakistan combined?
87 percent
In 2016, not counting China, what percentage of total worldwide executions took place in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Pakistan combined?
87 percent
(Q006) Which of the following thinkers accepts retributivism?
Immanuel Kant
Which of the following thinkers accepts retributivism?
Immanuel Kant
(Q013) David Degrazia, an advocate for moderate gun control, argues primarily against which premise of common anti-gun-control arguments?
In present-day circumstances in the United States, adequate self-defense requires that competent adults have the option of gun ownership.
(Q008) Which of the following countries has officially abolished, or stopped using, the death penalty?
Mexico
Which of the following countries has officially abolished, or stopped using, the death penalty?
Mexico
(Q004) Spoken or written words used to insult, disparage, or attack people based on their social or ethnic group are called
hate speech.
capital punishment
punishment by execution of someone officially judged to have committed a serious, or capital, crime
(Q015) Those who support the death penalty are called
retentionists.
Those who support the death penalty are called
retentionists.
(Q005) Justice concerning fair punishment for wrongdoing is known as
retributive justice.
(Q013) The main nonconsequentialist argument for the death penalty is based on what theory of punishment?
retributivism
The main nonconsequentialist argument for the death penalty is based on what theory of punishment?
retributivism
(Q010) Some critics of Garrett Hardin's view insist that the lifeboat metaphor is simplistic and that it ignores some hard facts about rich and poor nations. One such fact is that
rich nations have been taking advantage of poor ones and therefore bear some of the responsibility for their predicament.
Libetarian theories of justice
say that the advantages and disadvantages of society must be allowed in a way that does not curtail personal liberty
(Q007) Consequentialist arguments against speech codes claim that
speech codes cause more harm than good.
hate speech
spoken or written words used to insult, disparage, or attack people based on their social or ethnic group
(Q008) Singer says that giving money to famine relief is
a duty.
(Q013) According to the latest estimates, the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is about
1.2 billion.
(Q003) According to Mill, why is free speech essential for a democratic government?
Democratic elections require the freedom to debate and criticize policies.
(Q016) A Kantian is likely to argue that more net happiness is created in society by decriminalizing marijuana than is found under the current drug policies.
False
(Q016) Garrett Hardin contends that the rich should aid the poor and hungry but not to the level of marginal utility.
False
(Q017) A Kantian is likely to argue that sentencing murderers to life in prison without parole creates more net happiness in society than executing murderers would.
False
(Q017) The avoidance of topics that are distractingly controversial is one of the moral goods that is crucial to higher education.
False
(Q018) A utilitarian abolitionist is likely to argue that the death penalty is wrong because it violates basic moral principles.
False
(Q018) Harm reduction is primarily focused on reducing the number of drug users.
False
(Q018) If free speech is viewed as a universal, nonconsequentialist right, then it is wrong to limit free speech unless there is compelling evidence of harm arising from a narrowly defined class of speech.
False
(Q018) The health care debate is primarily about individual actions and decisions.
False
(Q019) Someone who takes a paternalistic viewpoint on drug use would argue that possessing and using drugs should be illegal because drug users are a drain on society.
False
(Q019) Those who criticize speech codes believe that no harm comes from hate speech.
False
(Q020) An equal right to health care necessitates equal access to all available health care resources. Question options:
False
(Q020) Peter Singer says that whether one deserves help is an important factor when deciding whether to give food to the hungry.
False
(Q020) The fact that the courts have decided that speech codes are unconstitutional proves that speech codes are immoral.
False
A Kantian is likely to argue that sentencing murderers to life in prison without parole creates more net happiness in society than executing murderers would.
False
A utilitarian abolitionist is likely to argue that the death penalty is wrong because it violates basic moral principles.
False
(Q015) A 2015 survey showed that the majority of the current generation of students would opt for censorship of offensive speech, racist speech, and hate speech.
True
(Q016) A campus environment that protects and respects the learning experiences of all students is one of the moral goods that is crucial to higher education.
True
(Q017) As of 2016, more than half of the U.S. population supports legalization of marijuana.
True
(Q017) John Arthur says you are not obligated to give away your kidney because it is part of your body. You have a right to it, and that weighs against whatever duty you have to help.
True
(Q017) The fundamental moral issue involved in the health care debate is justice.
True
(Q018) Peter Singer says that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.
True
(Q019) Abolitionists have argued that even if the death penalty is a more severe punishment than life in prison, that does not mean the death penalty deters murderers better.
True
(Q019) Peter Singer believes that we should not discriminate against those who are geographically far removed from us when aiding the needy.
True
(Q019) Some egalitarians contend that health care should be distributed equally, even if this means taking resources away from the wealthy to give to the less well-off.
True
(Q020) One of the questions about interpreting the Second Amendment is whether it protects a collective right related to militia service or an individual right.
True
(Q020) Retentionists say that the death penalty protects society from repeat criminals better than any other form of punishment.
True
Abolitionists have argued that even if the death penalty is a more severe punishment than life in prison, that does not mean the death penalty deters murderers better.
True
Retentionists say that the death penalty protects society from repeat criminals better than any other form of punishment.
True
(Q016) What is a common retentionist reply to the abolitionist claim that if the death penalty discriminates against blacks, it is unjust?
Unjust administration of a punishment does not entail the injustice of the punishment itself.
What is a common retentionist reply to the abolitionist claim that if the death penalty discriminates against blacks, it is unjust?
Unjust administration of a punishment does not entail the injustice of the punishment itself.
right
a claim or entitlement to something; a moral demand that obligates others honor it
drug dependence
a condition in which is discontinuing the use of a drug is extremely difficult, involving psychological or physical symptoms
harm reduction
a drug policy aimed at reducing the harm that arises from drugs and drug laws
(Q009) Some argue that we must aid the needy people of other lands because we have
a duty of beneficence.
(Q003) Garrett Hardin uses the lifeboat metaphor to argue that if the rich help the poor, the result will be
a greater tragedy than that which would result by ignoring the immediate needs of the poor.
(Q003) According to Norman Daniels, claiming a moral right to health care includes the claim that society has a duty to provide
a just allocation of different types of health care services.
advanced directive
a legal document allowing physicians to withhold or withdraw treatments if a patient becomes terminally ill and unable to express his or her wishes
(Q009) A commonplace slight or insult conveyed intentionally or unintentionally by words or actions to disadvantaged groups is
a microaggression.
duty of beneficence
a moral obligation to benefit others
drug
a nonfood chemical substance that can affect the functions or makeup of the body
negative right
a person's right that obligates others not to interfere with that person's obtaining something
positive right
a person's right that obligates others to help that person obtain something
(Q013) According to Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman, a reasonable explanation for the recent support among students of censorship includes
a strong urge to protect others against hateful speech.
egalitarian theory of justice
a theory of justice holding that justice requires equal distribution of goods and social benefits among all persons
libertarian theory of justice
a theory of justice that emphasizes individual liberties and negative rights and rejects positive rights as a violation of personal freedom
(Q014) Those who wish to eliminate capital punishment are called
abolitionists.
Those who wish to eliminate capital punishment are called
abolitionists.
decriminalization
allowing people to use drugs without being liable to criminal prosecution and punishment
(Q015) John Rawls argues in his A Theory of Justice that people are entitled to
an equal chance to acquire the basic goods of society.
drug addiction
an intense craving for a drug and compulsive, uncontrolled use of the drug despite harm done to the user or other people
(Q012) Laws and policies designed to restrict the possession, use, and availability of firearms
are called gun control.
(Q008) Why do some proponents of decriminalization believe that utilitarianism is the wrong way to approach issues surrounding drug policy and law?
because utilitarianism views these issues in terms of harm, but the more important concern is justice
(Q002) An intense craving for a drug and compulsive, uncontrolled use of the drug despite harm done to the user or other people is called
drug addiction.
(Q005) Speech codes are
campus regulations that ban hate speech.
speech codes
campus regulations that ban the use of language or symbols thought to embody hate speech
(Q007) Louis Pojman, in supporting the idea of the death penalty as a form of deterrence, appeals to
common sense.
Louis Pojman, in supporting the idea of the death penalty as a form of deterrence, appeals to
common sense.
(Q011) One criticism of libertarianism is that it conflicts with
commonsense morality.
supererogatory actions
conduct that is "above and beyond" duty; not required, but praiseworthy
(Q010) The argument against speech codes that they do more harm than good is an appeal to which moral theory?
consequentialism
(Q006) Permitting people to use drugs without incurring criminal penalties is called
decriminalization.
(Q001) Utilitarian retentionists can argue for the death penalty by claiming that it brings about a greater net happiness through
deterrence of future crime.
Utilitarian retentionists can argue for the death penalty by claiming that it brings about a greater net happiness through
deterrence of future crime.
euthanasia
directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person's sake
(Q013) Broad questions about who should get health care, who should provide it, and who should pay for it are ultimately questions about what kind of justice?
distributive
(Q007) Since 1980, drug-related deaths have
doubled.
(Q014) The states with the largest increases in gun ownership also have the largest
drops in violent crimes.
(Q015) Those who believe that the world's food should be shared equally by everyone are known as
egalitarians.
(Q005) The egalitarian view of justice holds which of the following values as MOST important?
equality
active euthanasia
euthanasia performed by taking a direct action to cause someone's death; "mercy killing"
involuntary euthanasia
euthanasia performed on a person against his or her wishes
non voluntary euthanasia
euthanasia performed on a person who is not competent to decide the issue and has left no instructions regarding end of life preferences. In such cases, family or physicians usually make the decision
voluntary euthanasia
euthanasia performed on a person with his or her permission
(Q012) The egalitarian theory of justice begins with the idea that
everyone is of equal value and worthy of equal moral consideration.
(Q014) Theories of distributive justice involve questions regarding a distribution of goods that is
fair.
(Q004) Natural law theory supports the use of some mind-altering drugs for recreational purposes.
false, because all mind-altering drugs force the mind into an unnatural state
(Q009) Some utilitarian views hold that illicit drug use is morally permissible even if it causes more overall harm than good.
false, because utilitarianism holds that only those actions that cause more good than harm are morally permissible
(Q010) Medicaid is a health insurance program funded by
federal and state governments together.
(Q012) The act of killing (1) with premeditation; (2) while performing a major crime (felony) such as armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape; or (3) involving particular egregious circumstances such as the deaths of several people or of a child or police officer is generally known as
first-degree murder.
The act of killing (1) with premeditation; (2) while performing a major crime (felony) such as armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape; or (3) involving particular egregious circumstances such as the deaths of several people or of a child or police officer is generally known as
first-degree murder.
(Q006) The right to express your opinions or ideas without burdensome restraints from government or society is called
free speech.
(Q002) According to Supreme Court rulings, what kind of speech does the First Amendment protect?
hate speech
(Q006) Libertarian theories of justice emphasize
individual liberties and negative rights.
passive euthanasia
is allowing the patient to die by withholding or withdrawing life sustaining measures
(Q003) A legal moralist would argue against drug use by claiming that drug use
is immoral.
(Q014) Some have argued that the term "microaggression" is inappropriate because
it needlessly increases tension between often well-intentioned persons and the aggrieved persons.
distributive justice
justice concerning the fair distribution of society's benefits and costs (such as income, taxes, jobs, and public service)
retributive justice
justice concerning the fear use of punishment of wrongdoing
gun control
laws and policies designed to restrict the possession, use, and availability of firearms
(Q011) The doctrine that the government is justified in restricting people's freedom in order to force them to obey moral rules is called the
legal moralism principle.
(Q004) If you believe that you have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world and that you are not obligated to share your resources with those less fortunate, then your view is consistent with
libertarianism.
(Q004) The libertarian view of justice holds which of the following values as MOST important?
liberty
Egalitarian theories of justice
maintain that because every person is of equal value and is worthy of equal moral consideration, the only just way to distribute society's benefits and burdens is equally.
legalization
making the production and sale of drugs legal that is making their sale and production no longer a punishable crime
criminalization
making the use (and possession) of drugs a criminal offense
(Q001) A type of health insurance in which providers contract with an HMO, PPO, or POS to offer health care to a group of patients at discounted costs is called Question options:
managed care.
(Q001) A person's right that obligates others not to interfere with that person's obtaining something is called a
negative right.
(Q008) With regard to health care, someone who believes that there are only negative rights would hold that
no one is obligated to help a person acquire health care.
(Q001) The view that holds that free speech is a moral right that is not justified by its outcomes is the
nonconsequentialist perspective.
(Q016) Norman Daniels claims that, to ensure equal opportunity, a just society must ensure that its citizens maintain
normal species functioning.
(Q007) One area of health care in which the United States falls behind other developed countries is in
number of physicians per capita.
abolitionist
one who's wishes to abolish capital punishment
retentionist
one who's wishes to retain the death penalty
(Q009) Someone who believes that health care is a positive right would hold that
others are obligated to help a person acquire health care.
Medicare is an insurance program whose coverage includes
people 65 and older.
John Rawls believes that
people are entitle not to equal shares of basic goods of society, but to an equal chance to acquire them. A society is just when it ensures "fair equality of opportunity" to obtain available benefits
(Q012) The general notion of justice refers to
persons getting what is fair or what is their due.
(Q002) A person's right that obligates others to help that person obtain something is called a
positive right.
(Q009) The two primary forms of justification for punishment are
that one deserves the punishment and that it will bring about good consequences for society.
The two primary forms of justification for punishment are
that one deserves the punishment and that it will bring about good consequences for society.
(Q002) "Obamacare" is a name used to refer to
the Affordable Care Act.
punishment
the deliberate and authorized causing of pain or harm to someone thought to have broken a law
legal moralism
the doctrine that the government is justified in curbing people's freedom to force them to obey moral rules
(Q002) An abolitionist response to the claim that the death penalty deters future crime might be that
the evidence for deterrence is very weak.
An abolitionist response to the claim that the death penalty deters future crime might be that
the evidence for deterrence is very weak.
(Q015) The principle that says that authorities are justified in restricting some people's freedoms to prevent harm to others is called
the harm principle.
(Q014) The part of the Affordable Care Act that was eliminated by Congress in 2017 was
the individual mandate requiring individuals, with some exceptions, to have basic health insurance.
physician assisted suicide
the killing of a person by the person's own hand with the help of a physician
(Q003) In Ernest van den Haag's argument that the death penalty is an acceptable punishment even without clear evidence that it deters future crime, he claims that it is better to risk
the lives of convicted murderers than those of innocent people.
In Ernest van den Haag's argument that the death penalty is an acceptable punishment even without clear evidence that it deters future crime, he claims that it is better to risk
the lives of convicted murderers than those of innocent people.
justice
the morality of persons eating what is fair or what is their due
(Q005) What is the fundamental right from which most arguments for gun ownership are derived?
the right to self-defense
harm principle
the view that authorities are justified in restricting some people's freedom to prevent harm to others
paternalism principle
the view that authorities are sometimes justified in limiting people's freedom to prevent them from harming themselves
retributivism
the view that offenders deserve to be punished, or " paid back," for their crimes and to be punished in proportion to the severity of their offenses
(Q001) According to the paternalism principle, authorities are justified in restricting some people's freedom to prevent harm to
themselves.
(Q012) Courts in the United States have often found speech codes to be
too vague to be useful.
(Q010) Supporters of harm-reduction strategies believe that the total amount of harm that drugs cause in our society might actually decrease, even if drug usage increases.
true, because current drug policies and laws lead to more harm than benefit
(Q010) The Supreme Court declared that mandatory death sentences are
unconstitutional.
(Q011) The Supreme Court has held that the execution of mentally disabled persons is
unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court declared that mandatory death sentences are
unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court has held that the execution of mentally disabled persons is
unconstitutional.
(Q007) Singer's argument is based in what moral theory?
utilitarianism
(Q008) According to Catherine Rampell, a columnist for the Washington Post, if speech is violence, it justifies what kind of response?
violence
(Q011) Some have argued that speech critical of an identity group or speech that upsets people in such a group is a form of
violence.
