PHI205 exam 1 Bauer

Identify the fallacy: a normal human embryo, with 46 chromosomes, is genetically human. This implies that a human embryo is a human being.

Ambiguity

Identify the fallacy: we should build a wall, brick by brick, 10 meters high and 2000 kilometers long in order to secure our border. Therefore, we must build a wall.

Begging the question

The issues being debated between Locke and Berkeley include which of the following?

Both A & B (Whether the difference between PQs and SQs is real or verbal, whether external objects exist)

Berkley's author of nature is posited mainly to do what?

Control your involuntary ideas

Which statement best contrasts Descartes' and Locke's views regarding what it takes to have knowledge of the external world?

Descartes claims that we need certainty; Locke claims that we only need probability

How does Berkley argue that external, material objects do not exist

He forms the 'master argument'

According to Locke, which of the following is best interpreted as an SQ

Warmth

We mistakenly say that warmth is in the flame, but in fact warmth is in us. By contrast, Locke claims that

We don't mistakenly say the pain the flame can cause is in the flame

which of the following arguments is an example of the black or white fallacy?

You're with us or you're with the terrorists

There are multiple racial classification schemes used around the world

true

Which of the following correctly states Locke's distinction between primary qualities and secondary qualities?

Ideas of SQs do not resemble SQs, whereas ideas of PQs do resemble PQs

Which of the following arguments is an example of the slippery slope fallacy?

If we take down these confederate monuments, a civil war will start.

What is the main problem with the Cartesian Circle?

It begs the question

Which of these statements best describes how the witch example is used in the discussion of race?

It is used to show that some kinds of people once believed to exist do not actually exist

Suppose that you are having the experience of sitting by a fire: you see the flames, hear the crackle, feel the warmth, and smell the smoke.

On Locke's view, there probably is a fire in the external world

Assume Locke's theory of PQs/SQs is correct. In the claim "It is 75 degrees Fahrenheit in this room" the actual, physical temperature referred to is a

PQ.

According to plato's theory of knowledge, what conditions are required for a person, S, to know that P is the case?

S has a justified, true belief that p is the case

What is Alexander's dictum?

Something exists if and only if it has causal powers

Consider this argument: If dinosaurs really existed, there must be fossil evidence of their existence. There is fossil evidence of dinosaurs' existence. Therefore, dinosaurs really existed.

The argument is invalid (If A, then B. B. A.)

Which of the following directly challenges the argument from relativity, which argues against the claim that race is biologically real?

The biological theory of cladistics

Which statement accurately describes an inference to the best explanation (IBE)

There are often multiple competing explanations of the data

According to calculations discussed in class, there is approximately a 25% chance you are dreaming right now

false

Affirming the consequent is an informal fallacy

false

All of these terms are conclusion indicators: thus, therefore, since, as a result, so

false

Berkley's master argument concludes that material objects are real

false

If an inductive argument is cogent, then the conclusion is guaranteed to be true

false

Inductive arguments can be sound

false

Social constructivism about race holds that racial kinds should be eliminated

false

If an argument is sound, then

it is valid and has true premises

Berkeley claims that ideas of motion and shape are relative to the observer

true

In a proof by contradiction, the arguer assumes the opposite of what they aim to prove, and then shows that this assumption leads to a contradiction

true

Locke contends that knowledge does not require certainty

true

The following is a valid argument form: If A, then B. Not B. Not A.

true