Phil ch 4
84. One implication of Ackerman's "lost children" example is that researchers should be given incentives to follow research strategies which have only a small chance of success. F
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67. According to Kuhn, the scientists who turn out to be right are those whose theories best explain the available data. T
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68. Kuhn's views were intended only to describe science in the 20th century. F
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69. Kuhn shows us that there's no such thing as "normal science." F
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70. Kuhn holds that textbooks play no meaningful role in science. F
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71. Bacon tells us how science ought to be conducted, rather than how it actually is. T
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72. Kuhn says nothing about how science ought to be conducted. F
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73. Kuhn says that it's good for a paradigm to leave a number of unsolved problems. T
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74. In periods of normal science, scientists are primarily puzzle-solvers. T
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75. According to Kuhn, research under a paradigm will inevitably lead to the abandonment of that paradigm. T
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76. According to Kuhn, it is impossible to conduct research in the absence of a paradigm. F
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77. It is impossible for a scientist who has been educated, trained, and conducted research under one paradigm to fully shift to another. F
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78. The process of paradigm change involves a struggle between two opposed paradigms. T
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79. Kuhn denied the existence of any scientific facts. F
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80. Kuhn deliberately portrayed scientific change as an irrational, subjective process. F
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81. Kuhn showed that paradigm change always takes place within a larger, more inclusive paradigm. T
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82. A scientist's performance can best be judged by the results of his or her research. F
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83. Ackerman's "lost children" example shows that scientists should organize themselves to research as a group, rather than as individuals. T
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85. Ackerman's example of the search for the lost children suggests that an effective research program must be centrally organized. F
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86. According to Popper, no scientific theory can ever be conclusively falsified. T
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87. According to Popper, no scientific theory can ever be conclusively verified. T
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88. Popper views scientific theories as provisionally true. T
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89. Popper thinks all observation is selective and not theory-neutral. F
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90. Most contemporary thinkers consider all scientific knowledge merely a matter of convention. F
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97. There are no black swans. F
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98. The Pope and the Archbishop of Canterbury reject evolution. F
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99. According to Ken Ham, evolution is a religion. T
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63. Bacon and Kuhn agree that scientific observations must be theory-neutral.. T
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64. Newton used Bacon's methods in deriving the laws of celestial and terrestrial motion. F
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65. The word "experiment" comes from a Latin term meaning "to try." T
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66. Bacon's gathering of observations into Tables was what rationalists would call an experiment. T
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55. According to Bacon, the first step in a scientific investigation is to carefully define the true nature of the "form" being studied. T
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56. According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are "forms." T
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57. The composition of Tables of Presence and Absence must be guided by a clear understanding of the form under investigation. F
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58. According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are characteristics of things readily apparent to the unaided senses. F
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59. Bacon says a muster of instances must be made "in the manner of a history." T
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60. A theory-neutral observation would never need to be thrown out by later scientists. T
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61. If there are theory-neutral observations, then science should show steady progress. T
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50. Bacon held that careful logical analysis was more important than mere observation. F
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100. Creationists maintain that the world was created by evolution. F
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45. The four most influential modern thinkers were all scientists. F
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46. Copernicus was the first thinker to publicly assert that the earth was not the center of the solar system. F
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47. Bacon contributed more to the development of scientific method than to the accumulation of scientific fact. T
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49. Bacon really didn't take sides in the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists. T
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30. According to Kuhn, a progressive accumulation of knowledge takes place:
B. during paradigm shifts.
35. Kuhn says that paradigm change:
A. is an irrational process.
33. The period of time between a scientist's rejection of one paradigm and his acceptance of another:
A. is the only time theory neutral observations are possible.
43. Ken Ham denies that evolution is a fact because:
A. it is not observable.
26. An important characteristic of a paradigm is that is:
A. it must be original enough to attract adherents.
28. According to Kuhn, a scientific revolution:
A. occurs when the old paradigm is proved false.
23. Kuhn denies that:
A. science is progressive.
5. An organon is a (n)
A. system of scientific investigation.
39. According to Popper, all observation is:
A. theory neutral.
34. If Kuhn is correct, then:
A. what counts as a fact is socially determined.
1. According to the author, the most influential of the 19th century social thinkers was:
B. Karl Marx.
38. For Popper, science can be distinguished from pseudo-science:
B. because the former is falsifiable.
27. A pre-requisite for the conduct of Normal Science, Kuhn tells us, is:
B. constant questioning of fundamental assumptions.
24. Kuhn's view is that science:
B. gives the truth about nature and isn't progressive.
36. The point of Ackerman's "lost children" example is to:
B. illustrate Kuhn's theory.
21. Kuhn's view is that:
B. scientific development consists of long periods of calm, punctuated by occasional periods of sudden forward progress.
18. In an experiment:
B. some observations are relevant, and others aren't.
42. What percentage of Americans reject evolution, believing instead that all of life was created by God within the last 10,000 years?
C. 40
13. Which of the following would Bacon not have considered suitable for scientific study?
C. Atoms
25. Which of the following would Kuhn say was a paradigm?
C. Newtonian physics
40. Which of the following criteria are not standardly applied when evaluating competing scientific theories?
C. Plausibility
22. Which of the following is not a technical term of Kuhn's view?
C. Scientific revolution
7. Bacon was a:
C. empiricist.
29. Kuhn says a paradigm succeeds when:
C. enough evidence accumulates in its favor.
17. Newton's derivation of the laws of planetary and terrestrial motion from a single set of axioms was a (n):
C. important success of the rationalist approach to science.
44. Richard Dawkins argues that evolution is a fact because:
C. it is the best inference from the evidence.
31. The discovery of a counter-instance to a paradigm:
C. provokes a crisis.
3. According to Marx, "scientific" is a (n)
C. term of high praise for any theory.
41. Which Philosopher argues for a "success" criterion in evaluating scientific theory?
D. Phillip Kitcher
4. Bacon is best known for:
D. laying the foundations of scientific method.
11. In Bacon's method, the next step after making Tables of Presence and Absence is to:
D. make guesses about the form and check them against the Tables.
6. Bacon believed the key to scientific investigation was:
D. observation.
16. According to a rationalist approach to science:
D. the collection of empirical data must be guided by theory.
8. Bacon believed that the scientists before him:
D. were using the same method in science that they used in mathematics.
32. According to Kuhn, a scientific theory is rejected:
D. when it produces severe anomalies and an alternative view is available.
37. The efforts of a particular scientific researcher should be judged by:
E. A scientist's efforts can't be judged.
19. If you were a scientist planning a research project, Kuhn's theory would tell you that you should:
E. Kuhn says nothing about what we "should" do.
2. Science became a dominant force in our lives:
E. during the last century.
9. Bacon would agree that:
E. empiricism is the best approach to science.