PHIL Exam 1

What fallacy is committed if the meaning of a term or phrase changes in the course of an argument?

(A) Equivocation

Discussions of God's existence and nature would belong primarily to which standard branch of philosophy?

(A) Metaphysics

"Every time I wear this red cap before playing a home game we win - I'm going to keep wearing it so we won't lose" commits which fallacy?

(A) Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Fallacies that incorrectly assesses the strength of the evidence are fallacies of

(A) generalization

A proposition which runs contrary to either reason itself or general experience is

(A) irrational

The conclusion of a sound argument is

(A) necessary

What fallacy is committed if one's opponent in a position where the opponent cannot reply?

(A) poisoning the well

"Clinton is a loser with pasty white thighs - don't believe anything he says!" commits which fallacy?

(B) Ad hominem abusive

"Since there is no evidence against God's existence He must exist" commits which fallacy?

(B) Appeal to ignorance

"Im using this Lean Mean Fat Grilling Machine because George Formen says its the best there is" commits which fallacy?

(B) Appeal to unqualified authority

Aesthetics belongs to which standard branch of philosophy

(B) Axiology

"Every player on the football team is good, therefore the team as a whole is good" commits which fallacy?

(B) Composition

"Either you side with the Republicans or you side with the Democrats" commits which fallacy ?

(B) False dilemma

"The beard does not the philosopher make" implies

(B) Philosophers are not determined by looks credentials or education - all are philosophers to some degree

Which of the following is NOT a subfield of axiology?

(B) Second-order studies

What fallacy is committed if one attacks the supposed hypocrisy of one's opponent rather than their position?

(B) Tu quoque

"Euthanasia is moral because the majority of Americans support it" commits which fallacy?

(C) Appeal to the crowd

"Homosexuality is immoral because it's always been considered immoral" commits which fallacy?

(C) Appeal to tradition

"Are you still cheating off of your neighbor's exam?" commits which fallacy?

(C) Complex question

"You'll either receive an 'A' or a 'B' in this course" commits which fallacy?

(C) False dilemma

"I spoke with three people in Chattanooga and they all owned Hondas, everyone in Chattanooga must own Hondas"

(C) Hasty induction

Which of the following is NOT one of the Three Laws of Thought?

(C) Law of Equivocation

"We should not legalize marijuana because if we do we'll have to legalize all drugs" commits which fallacy?

(C) Slippery slope

Inductive arguments

(C) are often used by scientists

The modern period in philosophy

(C) dealt largely with issues in epistemology

Epistemology

(C) is the study of knowledge

Misconstruing the important of a term or phrase is the

(C) misplaced accent fallacy

The claim "This is a four-sided triangle" is

(C) necessarily true

Cogent arguments

(D) All of the above - A) are all strong arguments, B) are associated with inductive reasoning, C) have true premises

Metaphysics discusses the existence and nature of

(D) All of the above - God, Universe, and Humanity

"Since the majority of Americans believe in aliens they must exist" commits which fallacy?

(D) None of the above

What fallacy is committed if one draws a conclusion before it's warranted by the evidence?

(D) None of the above

Which historical period is distinguished by emphasizing issues in epistemology?

(D) None of the above

Deductive arguments

(D) all of the above - a) are made up of premises, a conclusion, and inference b) are either valid or invalid, c) often begin with universal claims and conclude with a specific claim

"A bachelor is an unmarried male" is

(D) none of the above

"Every straw in the haystack is light, therefore the haystack is light" commits which fallacy?

(D) none of the above

"My wife has had nine girls in a row - the next one has to be a boy!" commits which fallacy?

(D) none of the above

"Uncle Jimmy says that i should quit drinking beer because it's not good for me but he drinks beer all the time!" commits which fallacy?

(D) none of the above

A valid argument

(D) none of the above

Ascribing characteristics of the parts to the whole they make up is the

(D) none of the above

Fallacies that unfairly favor one's own position belong to which category of fallacies?

(D) none of the above

The four standard branches of philosophy are

(D) none of the above

What fallacy is committed if one assumes the conclusion that is to be proven?

(D) none of the above

What fallacy is committed when one incorrectly concludes that something is the sole cause of an effect when in reality it is a collection of causes?

(D) none of the above

Metaphysics

(D) none of the above - It is the study of reality

Second-order studies

(D)all of the above - are studies about studies, involve meta questions, would include examples like 'philosophy of science'

Socratic Method

Dialogue and Questioning

Essay 1) What is Philosophy? Describe the four standard branches of philosophy. Explain in detail the kinds of issues and questions addressed by each field. What is the relationship between the branches?

Philos - means "love" and Sophos - means "wisdom" The definition is the study of fundamental issues (life's important questions) The four standard branches of philosophy are: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology and Logic. Metaphysics - the study of reality. It is concerned with the existence and nature of an object. It asks "Does God exist?" "What is the nature of the universe?" and "What am I?" Epistemology - The study of knowledge. It asks "What can I know?" "How do I know?" "What is the truth?" Axiology - the study of value. It asks "What is valuable (actions, thoughts, artwork, systems, etc) Logic - The study of reasoning. It asks "How should I think?" "What is rational?"

Socrates

Philosopher famous for the phrase "the examined life is not worth living"; the teach of Plato

Ancient philosophers would include thinkers

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Axiology

Study of Value

Ontology

Term used synonymously with the word metaphysics

Aristotle

The founder of logic; pupil of Plato

Argument

The name for a group of proportions where one is said to follow from others

Fallacy

The name for a mistake in reasoning.

Self-contradictory

The name for a necessarily false proposition

Tautology

The name for a necessarily true proposition

Contigent

The name for a proposition which may or may not be true

Proposition

The name for any statement that can be evaluated as true or false

Philosophy

The study of fundamental issues

Logic

The study of reasoning

Detectives, Doctors and meteorologists

all reason abductively

The link between the premises and conclusion

is inference or entailment.

Oftentimes a metaphysical issue

will have consequences for issues in epistemology