[PHILO] The Human Person in the Environment
Ecocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) Devoted to preserving the totality of the Earth's biodiversity and the functioning of its life-supporting system
Ecocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) Looking at created reality with the same intrinsic value as that of humans
Anthropocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) Only humans have intrinsic values. Hence, other beings are just instrumental to further the former's ends
Anthropocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) The domination of humanity is linked to the domination of nature
Ecocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) The ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides meaning of our morals and values
Anthropocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) The unfair and unjust utilization of the environment result to ecological crisis.
Anthropocentric Model
(Pre-Socratic concept on the Origin of the Universe) humans are superior and central to the universe
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) "All species have the right to exist for their own sake regardless of their usefulness to humans"
Ecofeminism
(Theories on the Environment) Branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature.
Anaximander
(Thinker) He held an evolutionary view of living things
Moral Law
a system of guidelines for behavior
to act out of duty
we should act from respect for the moral law
Social Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest.
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) Everything that has life has values independent from concerns of human beings
Social Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures.
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) It is a new paradigm (world view) that opens a solution to the environmental crisis on this planet a crisis that has been brought about by industrial civilization and the scientific world view.
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) It was conceptualized in Scandinavia, the result of discussions between Næss and his colleagues Sigmund Kvaløy and Nils Faarlund
Ecofeminism
(Theories on the Environment) Superior-inferior relationship must be abolished
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature.
Ecofeminism
(Theories on the Environment) The human desire to experience union with others is one of the strongest motivations of human behavior and the other is the desire for survival.
Social Ecologists
(Theories on the Environment) They call for small-scale societies, which recognize that humanity, is linked with the well-being of the natural world in which human life depends
Deep ecologists
(Theories on the Environment) They encourage humanity to shift away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.
Ecofeminism
(Theories on the Environment) This theory, ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance. In this view, whatever is "superior" is entitled to whatever is "inferior".
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism
Deep Ecology
(Theories on the Environment) environmental philosophy and social movement based in the belief that humans must radically change their relationship to nature from one that values nature solely for its usefulness to human beings to one that recognizes that nature has an inherent value.
Ecofeminism
(Theories on the Environment) this philosophy emphasizes the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal (or male-centered) society.
Immanuel Kant
(Thinker) According to him, all specific moral requirements are justified by this principle, which means that all immoral actions are irrational because they violate the Categorical Imperative (CI)
Immanuel Kant
(Thinker) According to him, we must ignore any practical motives or inclinations that we have and instead contemplate the object without being distracted by our desires
Pythagoras
(Thinker) He appears to have believed that Earth is at the center of the universe (geocentric).
Immanuel Kant
(Thinker) He argued that the supreme principle of morality is a standard of rationality, and he referred to it as "The Categorical Imperative"
Immanuel Kant
(Thinker) He believes that the orderliness of nature and the harmony of nature with our faculties guide us toward a deeper religious perspective
Anaximander
(Thinker) He boldly asserts that the earth floats free in the center of the universe, unsupported by water, pillars, or whatever.
Pythagoras
(Thinker) He described the universe as living embodiment of nature's order, harmony, and beauty.
Anaximander
(Thinker) He employed the term "boundless" to convey the further thought that nature is indeterminate - boundless in the sense that no boundaries between the warm and cold or the moist and dry regions are originally present within it
Immanuel Kant
(Thinker) He expresses that beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality
Pythagoras
(Thinker) He sees our relationship with the universe involving biophilia and cosmophilia
Pythagoras
(Thinker) The first person to call the universe a kosmos
Herbert Marcuse
(Thinker) There can only be change if we will change our attitude towards our perception of the environment
George Herbert Mead
(Thinker) We are not only citizens of the community but how we react to this community and in our reaction to it, change it.
George Herbert Mead
(Thinker) We do not have only rights but duties
Herbert Marcuse
(Thinker) humanity had dominated nature
Paradigm Shift
A change from the mythical explanation of the origins of the cosmos to a more rational explanation.
Erich Fromm
According to him, human beings have biological urge for survival that turns into selfishness and laziness as well as the inherent desire to escape the prison cell of selfishness to experience union with others.
Biospheric Egalitarianism
All living things are alike and have value in their own right, independent of their usefulness to others
Cosmogony
Anaximander's sketch of the genesis of the new world
Anaximander and Pythagoras
Ancient Thinkers
Exhaustible natural resources
Are natural resources which are present in limited quantity and can be completely used up by human activities
> Burning of fuel which releases sulfur dioxide > Factories that discharge carbon monoxide > Household cleaning products that emit toxic chemicals
Causes of air pollution
> excessive mining > overcrowded landfills > urbanization
Causes of land pollution
> wastes from factories > sewage from domestic households > solid waste dumping
Causes of water pollution
Air Pollution
Contamination of air
> Cardiorespiratory problems > Acid rain > Global warming
Effects of air pollution
> animal extinction > soil erosion > flooding
Effects of land pollution
> skin diseases > cancer > reproductive problems > stomach ailments > soil erosion > flooding
Effects of water pollution
generation of opposites
Evolution of the world begins with the _______________________ in a certain region of Nature that eventually burst and formed the universe.
ecofeminists
For the ______ freeing nature and humanity means removing the superior vs. inferior in human relations.
Françoise d'Eaubonne
French feminist who coined the term ecofeminism in 1974
tao
Happiness lies in his conformity with nature
Erich Fromm
He believed that humanity ought to recognize not only itself but also the world around it.
Erich Fromm
He proposed a new society that should encourage the emergence of new human beings that will foster prudence and moderation or frugality toward environment
Doctrine of Virtue
In this book, Immanuel Kant holds that human beings have duties "regarding" flora and non-human animals
The Chinese cosmic conception
It is based on the assumption that all that happens in the universe is a continuous whole like a chain of natural consequences.
Taking care of nature
It is everyone's task
Ecocentrism
It sees the natural environment as one giant ecosystem wherein all parts are interconnected with each other
Immanuel Kant, Herbert Marcuse and George Herbert Mead
Modern Thinkers
Rationalism
Organisms are best understood as "knots" in the biospherical net
> Production of wind energy, especially for wind farms in coastal areas > Cooling effects > It helps the river systems by flushing out silt, carving out new channels > Transport heat from the equator towards the poles.
Positive effects of typhoon/tropical cyclones
kosmos
The Greek term, which is the root of the word cosmetic, refers to an equal presence of order and beauty
Rationalism
The identity of a living thing is essentially constituted by its relations to other things in the world, especially its ecological relations to other living things
Deontological Moral Theory
The rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty
socio-ecological
The search for the meaning of life must explore not just our own survival but calls for a new ________________ order.
direct duty
These duties regarding nature arise from a ___________ a human being has to themselves
Typhoon
They are part of the perfection of the universe. We cannot imagine a world without them as they complete nature's cycle
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
They represent the first intellectual and scientific attempt to understand the origins of the universe
Scarcity of natural resources
This happens due to the growing population that creates pressure on the utilization of the natural resources as people exploit them for their own use
to act out of inclination
To do something because it makes you feel good or because you hope to gain something from it
indifferent; masters of creation
We have become _____________ and made ourselves ________________ instead of being stewards of it
Ecological Conscience
We need to develop ____________________ based on individual responsibility.
will is good
When it acts out of duty, not out of inclination
Human activity
______ has continued to produce damaging effects on the environment in general
Eco-philosophy
__________ based on the idea that all life is of value in itself (intrinsic) irrespective of its value to humans.
Higher intrinsic value
________________ was assigned to human beings which leads to exploitation of resources
Environmental Degradation
any change or disturbance to the environment that is undesirable
Water Pollution
contamination of natural water bodies due to inflow or deposition of pollutants directly or indirectly to water systems
Land Pollution
degradation or destruction of Earth's surface and soil, directly or indirectly due to human activities
direct duty
duty to increase her own moral perfection
Intrinsic Value
ends in themselves regardless whether they are useful as means to other ends
Universe
is a cosmos because the phenomena of nature embody geometrical form and proportion.
cosmophilia
love of other living beings
biophilia
love of other living things
Instrumental Value
means for some end (value is conditional)
Ecological crisis
occurs when changes to the environment of a species or population destabilizes its continued survival
The Milesians
regarded Nature as spatially without boundaries, that is, as infinite or indefinite in extent
harmonia
the "fitting together" of opposites, a union which is accomplished through the principle of logos or proportion
apeiron
the "infinite," "unlimited," or "indefinite"
Carbon Footprint
the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community
Environmental Sustainability
the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
Eastern Sages
they probed nature's depths intuitively through the eyes of spiritual sages
Greek Thinkers
they viewed nature through cognitive and scientific eyes
Ecological Conscience
to adopt a lifestyle that honors and protects nature.