Philosophy 101 Final: Fill in the blank questions

Pre-determinism differs from determinism because...

-Pre-determinism claims no matter how the universe unfolded, X would have occurred -Determinism just claims that each state of the universe is completely determined by the previous state.

The hard determinist accepts the control condition and which of the following claims...

1 & 3. Every action has a determining cause we don't control. Some actions are free

The libertarian about free will endorses the control condition and the claim that...

If an action has a determining cause we don't control, it isn't free. Some actions are free

Name the logical form of the following argument: P1: If there is widespread moral disagreement, then there is no objective moral truth. P2: There is widespread moral disagreement. C1: So, there is no objective moral truth.

Modus Ponens

What is a proposition?

Premises and conclusions, typically expressed by declarative sentences, can be true or false.

What is an argument?

Set of statements, the truth of some of which, called premises, support for the truth of others, called conclusions.

In one of his objections to Libet's argument that we lack free will, Mele claims that Libet is unjustified in his claim that the RP onset at -550ms before wrist flexion should be characterized as a _____________ _______________.

Sufficient condition

What are the three ways of evaluating a deductive argument?

Validity, soundness, begging the question

What way of evaluating a deductive argument concerns its pattern of reasoning?

Validity.

A deductive argument attempts to provide a ____________ ____________ of the truth of its conclusion.

absolute explanation

To call the problem of free will a paradox means that

all the conditions can't be true

The Milgram Experiments demonstrate that our control over our actions can be influenced by the presence of...

authority figures/or perceived authority figures.

The control condition claims that if an action has a _____________, then it isn't free

choice/control

Epictetus claims that living well requires us to distinguish what is within our __________ and what is not.

control

Mele characterizes "mid-grade free will", the kind of free will which Libet aims to undermine, as the ability to ____________, holding fixed ____________ and ____________.

doing otherwise / all other facts / the laws of nature

And abductive argument attempts to provide the best _____________ of a given body of _____________.

explanation, statements

Strawson claims that we are morally responsible for what we do only if we are responsible for...

how we are mentally speaking (beliefs, desires, motivational profiles).

Libet takes his experiments to show that we _________ free will

lack

Determinism is the claim that each state of the universe is completely determined by the previous state of the universe, together with the _________ of nature

laws

A non-deductive argument attempts to establish that its conclusion is _________________________

most likely true.

Strawson argues that we are morally responsible at all only if we can be held responsible in a way that would make sense of eternal...

punishment so much as make sense

Mele objects to the Libet's interpretation of his experiment by claiming that Libet has failed to demonstrate the RP onset at -500ms is a ___________ condition on the subsequent wrist flexion.

sufficient

Premises are...

the propositions of an argument which provide support

Strawson claims that it is no more just to hold people morally responsible for their actions than it is to hold them responsible for...

their hair color or the shape of their face

An argument is valid when it is ________ for that argument to have all true premises and a true conclusion

true

An inductive argument draws a conclusion about ___________ cases on the basis of ___________ cases.

unobserved, observed

What is an inductive argument attempts to show that a conclusion about ________________ cases can be supported by premises stating ________________ cases.

unobserved, observed

And argument is sound if and only if it is ___________ and has ___________.

valid, all true premises

When he says "What we do is determined by how we are", Strawson means that our actions are determined by...

your beliefs, desires and character