Philosophy 1030

The Intellect

the faculty of reasoning and understanding objectively, especially with regard to abstract or academic matters.

Forms

the visible shape or configuration of something.

Rational aspect

It means a commitment to the principle that all of one's convictions, values, goals, desires and actions must be based on, derived from, chosen and validated by a process of thought. Ayn Rand. Rationality is the habit of acting by reason, which means in accordance with the facts of reality.

Apatheia

in Stoic philosophy refers to a state of mind where one is not disturbed by the passions. It is best translated by the word equanimity rather than indifference.

The Good

or more literally "the idea of the good," in his dialogue the Republic (508e2-3), speaking through the character of Socrates. Plato introduces several forms in his works, but identifies the Form of the Good as the superlative. This form is the one that allows a philosopher-in-training to advance to a philosopher-king. It cannot be clearly seen or explained, but once it is recognized, it is the form that allows one to realize all the other forms.

Logos

plural logoi, in Greek philosophy and theology, the divine reason implicit in the cosmos, ordering it and giving it form and meaning. ... In the first chapter of The Gospel According to John, Jesus Christ is identified as "the Word" (Greek logos) incarnated, or made flesh.

Recollection

the action or faculty of remembering something.

Politics

the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power.

Dualism

the division of something conceptually into two opposed or contrasted aspects, or the state of being so divided.

Determinism

the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will. Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.

Materialism

the doctrine that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.

Hylomorphism

the doctrine that physical objects result from the combination of matter and form.

Teleology

the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.

Hedonism

the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence.

Metempsychosis

the supposed transmigration at death of the soul of a human being or animal into a new body of the same or a different species.

Matter

physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit; (in physics) that which occupies space and possesses rest mass, especially as distinct from energy.

Evil

profoundly immoral and malevolent.

Actuality

actual existence, typically as contrasted with what was intended, expected, or believed.

First Mover

advantage, or FMA, is the advantage gained by the initial ("first-moving") significant occupant of a market segment. It may be also referred to as Technological Leadership.

Socrates

was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato."

Anaximander

Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales.

Anaximenes

Anaximenes of Miletus was an Ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC. One of the three Milesian philosophers, he is identified as a younger friend or student of Anaximander.

Aristotle

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece.

Augustine

Augustine of Hippo was an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius, located in Numidia.

Crito

Crito is a dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It depicts a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito regarding justice, injustice, and the appropriate response to injustice.

Cosmos

Cosmology is the science of the origin and development of the universe.

Democritus

Democritus was an influential Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace, around 460 BC, although, some thought it was 490 BC.

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek-speaking Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life.

Epicurus

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300 written works remain.

Evagrius of Pontus

Evagrius Ponticus, also called Evagrius the Solitary, was a Christian monk and ascetic. One of the most influential theologians in the late fourth-century church, he was well known as a thinker, polished speaker, and gifted writer.

Hesiod

Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.

The Swerve

Greenblatt tells the story of how Poggio Bracciolini, a 15th-century papal emissary and obsessive book hunter, saved the last copy of the Roman poet Lucretius's On the Nature of Things from near-terminal neglect in a German monastery, thus reintroducing important ideas that sparked the modern age.

Justice

Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. The concept of justice differs in every culture. An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic.

Leucippus

Leucippus is reported in some ancient sources to have been a philosopher who was the earliest Greek to develop the theory of atomism—the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms.

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. Marcus Aurelius was the last of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Meno

Meno is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. It appears to attempt to determine the definition of virtue, or arete, meaning virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance.

Origen

Origen, or Origen Adamantius, was a scholar, ascetic, and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.

Pythagoras

Phocylides, Greek gnomic poet of Miletus, contemporary of Theognis of Megara, was born about 560 BC.

Phaedo

Phædo or Phaedo, also known to ancient readers as On The Soul, is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the Republic and the Symposium.

Plato

Plato was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

Plotinus

Plotinus was a major Greek-speaking philosopher of the ancient world. In his philosophy there are three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition.

Porphyry

Porphyry of Tyre was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre, in the Roman Empire. He edited and published the Enneads, the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus.

Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas O.P., was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

Irascible aspect

Scholastic philosophical term for the sense faculty that is aroused to resist an impending danger. The passion of anger.

Thales

Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek/Phonecian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor. He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece.

Enneads

The Six Enneads, sometimes abbreviated to The Enneads or Enneads, is the collection of writings of Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student Porphyry. Plotinus was a student of Ammonius Saccas and they were founders of Neoplatonism.

Summa Theologica

The Summa Theologiæ is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas. Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature."

Theogony

The Theogony is a poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 700 BC. It is written in the Epic dialect of Homeric Greek.

Anthropomorphism

The attributing of human characteristics and purposes to inanimate objects, animals, plants, or other natural phenomena, or to God.

The One

The concept of "Τὸ Ἕν" in Hellenistic philosophy God Monad (philosophy) Absolute (philosophy) A concept in Neo-Platonism The All Henosis Homeostasis Soulmate

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Hellenistic thinker from Citium, Cyprus, and probably of Phoenician descent. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC.

Manichaeism

a dualistic religious system with Christian, Gnostic, and pagan elements, founded in Persia in the 3rd century by Manes ( c. 216- c. 276). The system was based on a supposed primeval conflict between light and darkness. It spread widely in the Roman Empire and in Asia, and survived in eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang) until the 13th century.

Potentiality

a quality that can be developed to make someone or something better. : a chance or possibility that something will happen or exist in the future.

Republic

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Virtue

behavior showing high moral standards.

Apology

by Plato, is the Socratic dialogue that presents the speech of legal self-defence, which Socrates presented at his trial for impiety and corruption, in 399 BC.

Faculty of Judgement

is a 1790 philosophical work by Immanuel Kant. Sometimes referred to as the third Critique, the Critique of Judgment follows the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and the Critique of Practical Reason (1788).

Ataraxia

is a Greek term used by Pyrrho and subsequently Epicurus for a lucid state of robust equanimity, characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry. The ancient Greek author Sextus Empiricus gave this definition: "ataraxia is an untroubled and tranquil condition of the soul."

Apeiron

is a Greek word meaning "(that which is) unlimited," "infinite", or "indefinite."

Arche

is a Greek word with primary senses "beginning", "origin" or "source of action".

Atom

is a natural philosophy that developed in several ancient traditions. The atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental principles: atom and void. Unlike their modern scientific namesake in atomic theory, philosophical atoms come in an infinite variety of shapes and sizes, each indestructible, immutable and surrounded by a void where they collide with the others or hook together forming a cluster. Clusters of different shapes, arrangements, and positions give rise to the various macroscopic substances in the world.

Cosmological Argument

is an argument in which the existence of a unique being, generally seen as some kind of god or demiurge is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it.

Nicomachean Ethics

is the name normally given to Aristotle's best-known work on ethics. The work, which plays a pre-eminent role in defining Aristotelian ethics, consists of ten books, originally separate scrolls, and is understood to be based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum. The title is often assumed to refer to his son Nicomachus, to whom the work was dedicated or who may have edited it (although his young age makes this less likely). Alternatively, the work may have been dedicated to his father, who was also called Nicomachus.

Appetitive aspect

is the part of the soul by which we experience carnal erotic love, hunger, thirst and in general the desires opposed to the logistikon

The World-Soul

is, according to several systems of thought, an intrinsic connection between all living things on the planet, which relates to our world in much the same way as the soul is connected to the human body.

Meditations ("To Himself")

iterally "[that which is] to himself") is a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD, recording his private notes to himself and ideas on Stoic philosophy.

Aponia

means the absence of pain, and was regarded by the Epicureans to be the height of bodily pleasure.