Philosophy 300

What two truths does Descartes use as the foundation of his new philosophy?

"I think, therefore I am"

What does it mean to read adjudicatively?

...

What are the six ways to read a philosophical work?

1.) Reading for Conclusions 2.) Read for Arguments 3.)Read Dialectical setting 4.)Read Critically 5.)Read Adjudicatively 6.)Read Critically

What is determinism?

A Church belief that every event is determined by past events and the laws of nature.

What is atomism?

A belief that the Universe consists of empty space and small things combine to create objects.

What is the main purpose and call of feminists regarding empiricism?

A deeper, more rigorous application of empiricism.

What is the theory of "the ghost in the machine?"

A human being is a fusion of body+mind but self is pure mind, immortal soul.

What is the Turing test and why does Searle disagree with it?

A method to conclude that machines are intelligent. A computer processes symbols by physical properties, people process symbols by meaning.

For Kant, knowledge of experience is not a passive recording, but an ___.

A priori

Why does Hume believe that all theological and metaphysical propositions are worthless?

All claims of world must be traced back to sense experience. Theo and meta are not linked to sense experience. They are meaningless

Parmenides basic interest in philosophy was to ___.

Argue that being=existence by reasoning

____ is the study of values.

Axiology

Aesthetics studies the nature of ___.

Beauty and art

___ coined the phrase "to be is to be perceived."

Bishop Berkeley

In human epistemology, there is no sense impression that corresponds to ___.

Causality

Contemporary analytic philosophers focus on ___.

Conceptual analysis

Logic studies the nature of ___.

Correct reasoning

What is the double aspect theory?

Double & mental events are 2 aspects of same thing. Mind = private aspect of person. Body = Public aspect of person.

The ___ notion of the mind presents it as passive and receptive.

Empiricist

The term meaning the study of knowledge is ___.

Epistemology

____ is the study of knowledge.

Epistemology

___ is the study of morals in human conduct.

Ethics

Why does Eve Cole believe that the dominant knowledge practices disadvantage women?

Excludes them from inquiry, deny them epistemic authority.

As an atheist, Berkeley has no need for God in his explanation of reality and knowledge. T/F?

F, he concludes that God is the perceiver of all things.

___ focuses on the existence of matter in his writings and does not believe that it can be proven.

Gilbert Ryle

What guarantees the existence of the world while we sleep or fall unconscious is __ , the "perpetual perceived" according to Berkeley.

God

What are the "things" a good argument must have?

God premises for believing that conclusion is true.

What is the importance of Descartes statement, "I think' therefore, I am."

He developed a Rationalistic theory of knowledge

What did Borges "man" understand about himself at the end of the story?

He was also an illusion, someone else was dreaming him.

What is dualism?

Human is composed of a Body and a Mind. Body is Material while the Mind is non-material.

What is logical behavioralism?

Idea that mental states are dispositions to behave in particular ways in certain circumstances.

According to Plato, the lowest degree of reality is found in these objects:___

Illusions; shadows, images, reflections.

What are the differences between Hume's ideas and impressions?

Impressions are our lively perceptions, ideas are faint images of impressions.

For Hume, those perceptions of the mind with the greatest force and vivacity are called ___, while those with lesser force and vivacity are called ___ or ideas.

Impressions, thoughts

Locke rejects the notion of ___.

Innate ideas

Philosophy has both intrinsic and ____ value.

Instrumental

Some religious philosophers believe that an ____ of faith is required to live life at the highest level of human existence.

Irrational leap

Explain the importance of John Locke's tabula rasa.

It forms the basis of most empiricism, we are born with no ideas.

The philosopher whose ideas include the concept of primary and secondary qualities is ___

John Locke

___ wished to clear the "metaphysical rubbish" from philosophical inquiry.

John Locke

Epistemology studies the nature of ___.

Knowledge

The lower and higher forms belong to the intelligible world of ____.

Knowledge

Wisdom is not the same thing as ___ or intelligence.

Knowledge

What is Plato's theory of ....... knowledge?

Knowledge = justified true belief.

What are a priori principles?

Knowledge gained prior to sense experience.

David Hume's radical skepticism had been described as a ___.

Liberator of dogmatic slumber

___ is the study of reasoning.

Logic

Aristotle's immanent forms are: ___

Material cause, Efficient cause, Formal cause, Final cause

Explain Aristotle's four causes.

Material; out of what is an object? Efficient; who/what made it? _ _ Formal; What is it that is being made? Final; For what purpose is object being made?

Three beliefs of Pythagoras are:

Math, everything composed of dots, all living things have a soul

What is the dual aspect theory?

Mental and physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on the same substance.

The branch of philosophy which studies ultimate and transcendent reality is ___.

Metaphysics

For Descartes, knowledge is to be achieved through the combined mental operations of intuition and ___.

Methodological doubt

What is Gilbert Ryle's "category mistake?"

Mistaking one use of language that refers to another.

What is epiphenomenalism?

Notion that mental properties do not cause anything but accompany physical processes.

What are Hume's sense impressions and why are they important?

Our lively perceptions, hear, see, love, hate, desire, will. All knowledge is derived from sense impressions.

Unlike John Locke, who agreed with Descartes that primary qualities belong to the object, Bishop Berkeley locates them in the ___.

Perceiver

What are the basic differences between Aristotle's Theory of forms and Plato's Theory of forms?

Plato's Forms are found in Ideas, have characteristics. Aristotle; connected to the Material World (Changeable)

What are the differences between Plato's ideal forms and the forms of Aristotle?

Plato's ideal forms are static while Aristotle forms are changing

For Locke, ___ are found in the object, whereas ___ are located in the subject perceiving them.

Primary qualities, Secondary qualities

According to Descartes the essential attribute of mind is ___.

Rational intuition

The most significant ___ of the 17th century is Rene Descartes.

Rationalist

What are the differences between empiricism and rationalism?

Rationalists; more open to the infinite, faith on logic and reason. Empiricists; hostile to the infinite, rely on senses and experience.

Ethics studies the nature of ___.

Right and wrong , responsibility and conduct

How do Socrates interests differ from those of the sophists?

Socrates encourages the "truth" Sophists manipulate the "truth"

What is Chalmer's zombie argument against the identity theory?

That consciousness is not physical, Materialism is false.

Why does Borges dreaming man require a wizard to complete the task he, the man, had started?

The God of Fire instructed him to teach his son religious rites in order to awaken the son. The man pretends to be a wizard instead of a father to the son.

The ___ captures the fact that most of us confuse transitory appearances with ultimate reality.

The allegory of the cave

What are Gilbert Ryle's linguistic confusions?

The category mistake of the mind-body problem.

What is synthetic a priori knowledge?

The crucial case, only they can provide information that is true.

Explain Kant's noumena.

The objects that exist in the World.

What is the principle of induction?

The presumption that events of past will repeat the same as future.

According to Socrates, why is the unexamined life a tragedy?

The purpose of human life is personal and spiritual growth.

What is Ned Block's absent qualia argument?

The theory leaves out conscious experience, essential feature of mind.

Metaphysics studies the nature of ___.

The universe and things in it

Normative questions in philosophy ask about ___.

The value of something/ what should be

What is the identity theory?

The view that mental states are identical to physical brain states.

What is Cartesian dualism?

The view that mind and body are completely independent of one another .

What is functionalism?

The view that the mind is the functions that the brain performs.

What is the role of God in Berkeley's beliefs concerning reality and perceptions of reality?

The world reflects the laws of nature as perceived by God.

What is the basic argument on the feminist perspective on knowledge?

They want to address the disparagement of women in epistemology.

Kant's epistemology can be seen as a ___ between rationalism and empiricism.

Third path to knowledge

What are the misconceptions about philosophy?

Useless, no progress, no social usefulness

For Thames the basic structure of all things is ___.

Water

Descartes ___ prove to him that the senses cannot provide the certainty he seeks .

Wax Example

What is Humes argument against the principle of induction?

We are not justified in believing the principle of induction because to be justified it has to be an a priori or a posteriori fact.

Philosophers belonging to the ____ are curious, detached, objective, and critically minded.

Western Rational Tradition

Philosophy means the love of

Wisdom

According to Hume, what we call the ___ is nothing more than a steady stream of consciousness.

World

The study of philosophy can ____ one from ethnocentrism and subjective bias.

liberate

According to Husserl, reality is found in ___

pure consciousness, not thinking of thinking.