Philosophy: Logic and Reasoning 1
A study by Dennis Sexton and Roy Goldman has important implications for the hight school curriculum. Their research, reported in the journal of educational Psychology, shows that the success of students in college is unrelated to the number of classes in English, mathematics, science, history, and foreign language taken in high school. The subjects were students attending the University of California, Riverside, during the winter quarter. The registrar's office maintains class standing broken down by enrollment in the five colleges of the campus. A fixed percentage (25%) [which equals 429] of the students was sampled randomly from the junior and freshman classes in each college. Most of the college GPA's were based on at least two quarters of college work. Among the students in the group studied , college success as measured by class rank was unrelated to the number of classes in English, mathematics, science, history and foreign language taken in high school.
invalid
"It is a base only if it is bitter" is true...
it is a base is sufficient for it is bitter
An argument is valid if and only if
it is impossible for the argument to have all true premises and a false conclusion
Which of the following is true about logic?
logic is the study of good versus bad reasoning
Logic studies: m) what works in persuasive argument n) how to determine the strength of an argument o) the criteria for differentiating sound arguments from unsound arguments p) strategies of creative thought q) valid vs. invalid reasoning
n, o, q
Given that r it s, which of the following must be true?
s only if r
The fallacy in which one of the premises logically presupposes that the conclusions is true.
Begging the question
Which of the following is true about an argument from sample?
It cannot be valid
Which of the following is true?
None of the above
"If it is a painting by Picasso, then it is a work by an Impressionist. It is a work by an Impressionist. Therefore, it is a painting by Picasso."
The conclusion could be true or false
"If it is x, then it is y. it is not y. Therefore, it is not x. and given that its premises are all true, which of the following is true?
The conclusion must be true
The following statement, " An argument is valid if and only if it has a valid form," is:
True
"If it is an acid mixed with sulfide salts, then it is toxic. It is not toxic. Therefore, it is not an acid mixed with sulfide salts."
Valid
A premise is:
a proposition in an argument that provides support for the conclusion
"All ballads are music. Some ballads are not poetry. So, some music is not poetry"
valid
"Don't you realize that he is a unrepentant liberal?"
Ad Hominem
"If you are in Billings then you are in Montana; you are in Montana; therefore you are in Billings."
Affirming the consequent
Which of the following pairs are contraries?
All babies are adorable/ no baby is adorable
You shouldn't say such things against the mayor's political campaign? if your boss heard what you were saying, you'll lose your job. So, you had just better learn to accept the mayor's political views."
Appeal to force
of course, Bush's invasion of Iraq was wrong. Don't you realize that practically everyone now agrees that it was wrong
Appeal to majority
I am positive that i will become the winner of the Meg-Jackpot lottery this Friday. I called Miss. Cleo, the fortune-teller, this morning and she told me that I would win.
Commits the fallacy of appeal to false authority
Given that "if a, then b" and "a" are both true, which of the following is true?
Definitely b
Given that, "if you are in Brussels, then you are in Belgium" and "you are not in Belgium" are both true, which of the following is true?
Definitely you are not in Brussels
Given that (1) p and q are two propositions and (2) p is true unless q is true, which of the following must be true?
If q is not true, then p is true
"That the rock is obsidian is sufficient for the rock being made from magma."
If the rock is obsidian, then the rock is made from magma
Given that (1) p and q are two propositions and (2) p is true is necessary for q being true, which of the following must be true?
In order for q to be true, p must be true
"If you are looking at "Wheatfields with Crows", then you are looking at a painting by Van Gogh" and "you are not looking at "Wheatfields with Crows" and are both true
It cannot be determined that you are looking at a painting by Van Gogh or that you definitely are not looking at a painting by Van Gogh
Given that a particular argument is invalid, which of the following must be true?
It is possible for the premises to all be true, and the conclusion is false
Which of the following is true about logic
Logic is the academic discipline that studies how to prove that an argument is valid
Which of the following is a form of a categorical proposition?
Some S are P
Given the argument, "If you are in Cork, then you are in Ireland. You are not in Cork. Therefore, you are not in Ireland," and given that its premises are all true, which of the following is true?
The conclusion could be either true or false
A study of McIntyre and Smolinsky has important implications for your longevity. There research reported in the Journal of Medicine, shows that the quantity of red wine consumed each day is directly related to how long people live. The subjects were patients in 27 nursing homes in MA, during '06-'09. A fixed percentage(74%) [which equals 298] patients was sampled randomly from among all of the patients in these nursing homes. Among the patients in the group studied, those who consumed between two or four glasses of red wine daily for at least seven years lived at least ten years longer than those who did not.
an argument by sample
I am positive that i will become the winner of the Meg-Jackpot lottery this Friday. I called Miss. Cleo, the fortune-teller, this morning and she told me that i would win.
appeal to false authority
You shouldn't say such things against the mayor's political campaign! If your boss heard what you were saying, you'll lose your job. So, you had just better learn to accept the mayor's political view."
appeal to force
"If it is dunun then it is a percussion instrument; it is not a dunun; therefore, it is not a percussion instrument,"
denying the antecedent
The fallacy in which the meaning of a word is changed in the course of the argument in the attempt to justify
equivocation
When my friends headed up to Boston last weekend, we drove around for an hour looking for a place to park. Eventually, when we were on Boylston St. we saw a sign that said "Fine for parking here anytime,' Since it was fine, we parked there for the whole day.
equivocation
"All basketball players are conditioned athlete; some conditioned athletes are not marathon runners; therefore, some marathon runners are not basketball players."
invalid
"If the sculpture is one of Duchamp's "Readymades", then it is postmodern art. The sculpture is not one of Duchamp's "Readymades". Therefore, it is not postmodern art."
invalid
"No mangoes are vegetables. No tomatoes are mangoes. Therefore no tomatoes are vegetables".
invalid
"No students are giraffes. Some female are students. Therefore, all females are giraffes".
invalid
"Some kiwis are not spoiled fruits. No spoiled fruits are tasty. Therefore, some kiwis are tasty".
invalid
Lowering the tax rates does not enhance the economy. Four years ago the congress lowered the rates. Since then, we have one of the worst recessions in history. Clearly quite the opposite occurred: The tax decrease caused the recession.
post hoc ergo propter hoc
"All sunny days are warm. All May days are sunny days. Therefore, all May days are warm.
valid
"If it is a acid mixed suffice salts, then it is toxic. It is not toxic. Therefore, it is not an acid mixed with sulfide salts".
valid
'"If it is not a micro-invertebrate, then it is not a coral. It is not a micro-invertebrate. Therefore, it is not a coral."
valid
All sunny days are warm. All May days are sunny days. Therefore all May days are warm".
valid
This fiscal year, our administration has a choice: either we cut education funding or we live with a huge deficit. We can't live with a huge deficit. Therefore, we'll have to cut education funding this year.
valid; fallacy of false dilemma
This fiscal year, our administration has a choice: either we cut education funding or we live with a huge deficit. We can't live with a huge deficit. Therefore, we'll have to cut education funding this year.
valid; false dilemma
A categorical syllogism is an argument
which has exactly three terms
