PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM

According to Craig, Hume thought our reasons for believing a miracle did not occur are always stronger than believing that a miracle did happen. True False

True

According to Jennifer Nagel, "knowledge that" pertains to factual knowledge and appears to be a universal concept. True False

True

Berkeley held that only minds and ideas exist, and that we can explain the persistence of things around us by positing that things continue to exist in the mind of God, or are perceived by God, even when we are not perceiving them True False

True

Both Darwin and Alfred Wallace were influence by an essay on populations by Thomas Malthus, which allowed them to make the connection between the environment, in which food resources were limited, and the selective reproduction of populations. True False

True

Confucius taught that living well involves showing respect to the dead, and not just the living. True False

True

Craig holds that it is legitimate to treat the ideas of someone long dead as relevant to a current debate. True False

True

Darwin believed that the individuals who were better at surviving would be the ones to reproduce, and in this way would pass on any traits that had helped them survive. True False

True

European philosophers, such as John Locke (17th C), thought that indigenous peoples in the Americas lived in a state of nature. True False

True

Examples of ontological emergence are rare. True False

True

Julia Markovits points out that Jeremy Bentham, a proponent of utilitarianism, defended many liberal reforms, such as the right to divorce and the decriminalization of homosexuality. True False

True

Living an examined life means, in part, that one can explain why the things they consider important are important. True False

True

Nietzsche held that great men would have some qualities that are bit disturbing, but would be interested in the salvation of mankind through culture. True False

True

On the memory account of personal identity, total amnesia would mean the death of a person, even if their body lives on. True False

True

On the narrative view of the self, selves are actively and continuously constructed. True False

True

Pragmatism is an American school of thought which evaluates ideas in terms of their consequences or usefulness for action. True False

True

Robert Nozick held that there is no injustice in one person having more stuff (wealth) than another, as long as the wealthier one acquired her stuff justly (i.e., without stealing it). True False

True

The Chinese philosopher Xunzi taught that we should focus less on what we naturally are, and instead on what we can become--something different and far better than what we think we were naturally born to be. True False

True

The defensive approach to skepticism argues that skepticism looks appealing because it is anchored in our generally helpful ability to suspend judgment and double-check our thinking, but that skepticism carries this good thing too far in a way that is self-destructive. True False

True

The gradient theory of personhood holds that being a person is matter of degree. True False

True

Understanding how we identify persons, and whether persons persist over time, is important because our expectations about what obligations we have, what we are responsible for, or the promises we or others have made, depend on understanding these things. True False

True

Whether an argument is valid or not has nothing to do with whether the premises are true. True Fale

True

the nature of the good life and right action, beauty

Value Theory

Descartes argued that even if I am deceived by an evil genius about most things I think I know, a) I cannot doubt that I am doubting or thinking, and therefore that I exist as a thinking subject b) I cannot doubt that God exists, and therefore that at least one mind exists c) I cannot doubt that my body exists, and therefore that I exist as a physical object d) none of the above or below

a) I cannot doubt that I am doubting or thinking, and therefore that I exist as a thinking subject

In "The Moral Hazard of Drones," John Kaag and Sarah Kreps define a "moral hazard" as a situation in which a) agents take greater risks because they are shielded to a large extent from the costs related to those risks b)agents avoid taking certain risks because the actions are morally questionable c)we are prevented from doing what's right d) we are tempted to do the wrong thing despite the consequences we face

a) agents take greater risks because they are shielded to a large extent from the costs related to those risks

Aristotle thought that a) all of the above and below b) a legislator must possess the intellectual virtue of understanding what constitutes vicious and virtuous behavior, and knowing how to direct people to do what is right c) one function of the well ordered state was to help individuals make the progression from worse moral behavior to better d) laws are able to habituate people to perform the correct moral action

a) all of the above and below

Erin McKenna claims that men predominate in Philosophy, in part, because a) all of the above and below b) Philosophy has a tradition of arguing, which can be seen as aggressive or combative c) the ability to welcome and not crumble in the face of opposition is not something girls are socialized to do; instead, girls are socialized to be polite d) philosophers tend to value Reason over the Emotions, which leads to seeing some groups of people as less capable or less rational

a) all of the above and below

Chinese philosophers, according to Michael Puett, tend to view mindful self-acceptance as an approach to life that a) all of the above or below b) overvalues an unchanged nature c) makes us too comfortable with the way the world is or what we're doing d) discourages us from trying to alter the world or ourselves

a) all of the above or below

In Hinduism, karma a) all of the above or below b) something you should not collect c) is about what you do and emphasizes personal responsibility d) affects your future lives

a) all of the above or below

Margaret Cavendish held that a) all of the above or below b) matter can think c) your mind can move matter, so it must be made of matter d) your mind travels with you so it must be bound to the material you're made of

a) all of the above or below

The Ethiopian philosopher, Zera Yacob, a) all of the above or below b) said that God allows there to be evil so that we can become worthy and develop morally c) held that men and women should be equal in marriage, and that slavery is bad d) developed his ideas in the 17th century, before many of the famous European Enlightenment thinkers

a) all of the above or below

According to Daniel Dennett, Darwin showed that a) complex design could be generated by a mindless, purposeless process b) none of the above or below c) the species that exist today were inevitable d) complex design in organisms involved mysterious processes

a) complex design could be generated by a mindless, purposeless process

The mind/body problem a) concerns the relationship between the mind and the body b) has been solved c) is one that philosophers no longer consider d) all of the above or below

a) concerns the relationship between the mind and the body

Peter Adamson defines "Philosophy in the Islamic World" a) in the same way as Islamicate philosophy b) as philosophy that engages with Islamic teachings c) as philosophy written in Arabic d) in the same way as Arab philosophy

a) in the same way as Islamicate philosophy

Josh Knobe's experiments suggest that what we take to be a person's true self a) is the part we find most valuable b) is their core beliefs c) is reflected in their behavior d) is their pre-rational feeling

a) is the part we find most valuable

Travis Timmerman argues that a) missing out on an earlier birth and a later death are both bad, but we worry more about our death because we don't know when it will happen, and also our actions can have some impact on when death occurs b) missing out on an earlier birth is not bad because it is not possible to imagine the person who you are being born earlier c) missing out on a later death is worse than missing out on an earlier birth because we worry about the impact of our death on our loved ones d) missing out on an earlier birth is not bad, while missing out on a later death is bad

a) missing out on an earlier birth and a later death are both bad, but we worry more about our death because we don't know when it will happen, and also our actions can have some impact on when death occurs

In "The Politics of the Binding of Isaac," Omri Boehm argues that the command of a higher authority (God or the State) to sacrifice one's children a) should be questioned, and when questioned does not represent a lack of faith or patriotism b) should be never be questioned c) none of the above or below d) is the ultimate test of faith and patriotism, which few pass

a) should be questioned, and when questioned does not represent a lack of faith or patriotism

According to Benjamin Fong, the aim of Freud's talking cure is a) to unleash the ability to change oneself by opening channels of communication between the primary and secondary processes b) to learn what is appropriate behavior c) to liberate our pleasure-seeking drives so we can be happier d) to suppress our irrational and selfish instincts

a) to unleash the ability to change oneself by opening channels of communication between the primary and secondary processes

For Kant, the maxims upon which I act (morally) should be a) universalizable b) based on common values c) ones that serve my ends d) those that promote happiness

a) universalizable

Derek Parfit argued that a) we are really more concerned about our survival than (logical) identity, and survival is a matter of degree b) identity over time involves both bodily and psychological continuity c) we are really more concerned about our survival than (logical) identity, and survival is an all or nothing matters d) fusing two people's memories together in the same brain will soon be possible

a) we are really more concerned about our survival than (logical) identity, and survival is a matter of degree

Jeremy Waldron argues that, if we accept drone warfare as ethical, a) we have to imagine the tables being turned and these weapons being used against us b) we don't have to accept the use of these weapons by our enemies against us c) we don't have to accept the use of these weapons by our enemies against those they label as terrorists d) none of the above or below

a) we have to imagine the tables being turned and these weapons being used against us

Henry Shue argues that a) without access to healthcare, shelter, and food, people generally cannot exercise their rights or freedoms b) even when your survival is threatened, you still have substantive access to your rights c) the state need not fund abortions for the poor in order for the poor to use that right d) the state should protect negative rights but not positive (economic) rights

a) without access to healthcare, shelter, and food, people generally cannot exercise their rights or freedoms

Epicurus held that one should not fear one's own death because a) you won't exist and therefore won't experience death b) death frees one from the burden of existence c) your mind will continue to exist without the burden of maintaining your body d) you need not worry about missing out on anything, just as you don't worry about what you missed experiencing before you were born

a) you won't exist and therefore won't experience death

Consequentialism is a) san epistemological theory that holds that we can never truly know the consequences of our actions b) .an ethical theory that evaluates actions in terms of their consequences. c)a theory that holds that we need a powerful sovereign to ensure that wrongdoing has negative consequences for the perpetrators. d) an ethical theory that holds that consequences are less important than motives for judging behavior.

b) .an ethical theory that evaluates actions in terms of their consequences.

The classical Chinese model of the self holds that a) we are not passive creatures when we react to the world b) I fall into patterns of reacting to the world (ruts) which I identify with myself c) I should value and preserve the patterns I've developed in my family relationships d) rituals allow me to find myself

b) I fall into patterns of reacting to the world (ruts) which I identify with myself

Mendieta claims that a) the 13th amendment, which abolished involuntary servitude, allowed it to continue as a form of punishment b) all of the above or below c) "Black Laws," in the Reconstruction period, criminalized most of the activities of recently liberated Blacks d) the Black ghetto is the result of the "separate but equal" doctrine enshrined in Jim Crow segregation laws

b) all of the above or below

Olufemi Taiwo concludes that a) changing a nation's character involves motivating everyone to do the tough work of restructuring systems b) all of the above or below c) the justifications for hyper-policing are sociologically circular, in that it stems from racial stigma, which is partly due to ghettoization and concentrated poverty, which result in part from over-policing d) we are not going to find the solution to crime by focusing on one point in the circle of poverty, racial stigma, and hyper-policing

b) all of the above or below

Puett states that the standard Western view of the good life or being liberated includes the following components: a) knowing who one really is should guide important life decisions, such as one's choice of career or partner b) all of the above or below c) one should love and accept oneself, which means embracing both one's good and bad traits d) one should be sincere and authentic, by finding and being one's true self

b) all of the above or below

Plato's allegory of the cave calls attention to the distinction between a) philosophy and science b) appearance and reality c) good and evil d) all of the above or below

b) appearance and reality

Philosophers generally define persons as a) any being with a human body b) beings who are part of the moral community and who deserve full moral consideration c) a being created in the image of God d) intelligent beings

b) beings who are part of the moral community and who deserve full moral consideration

The kung fu approach, according to Peimin Ni a) concentrates on the search for truth and enlightenment b) focuses on the cultivation of virtue, including intellectual virtue c) none of the above or below d) emphasizes physical dueling as a way to establish authority

b) focuses on the cultivation of virtue, including intellectual virtue

The concepts of caste and karma a) are no longer important for understanding Indian society and religions b) have had an important influence on the Indian subcontinent for millennia c) are irrelevant to contemporary Hinduism d) none of the above or below

b) have had an important influence on the Indian subcontinent for millennia

The equal consideration of interests, according to Peter Singer, means that a) none of the above or below b) identical interests should be given equal weight regardless of the type of being they occur in c) all interests are equally important, such as our interest in life, freedom, and happiness d) identical interests should be given equal weight only when the occur in the same kind of creature

b) identical interests should be given equal weight regardless of the type of being they occur in

In "Good Minus God," Louise Antony argues that a) something is good only if God commands it b) morality is independent of the belief in God c) atheists have no basis for moral judgment d) atheists are committed to moral nihilism

b) morality is independent of the belief in God

Shahrar Ali contends that we need to a) all of the above or below b) move to a carbon-based currency c) transition to a socialist economy d) consume more rather than less in order to generate the taxes required to address global warming

b) move to a carbon-based currency

According to Craig, a) the great philosophers were not political b)philosophy that has persisted over time has often been inspired by deeply held beliefs c) philosophy should not be motivated by pressing needs d) philosophy is usually motivated by the search for truth for its own sake

b) philosophy that has persisted over time has often been inspired by deeply held beliefs

Edmund Gettier showed that a) knowledge is justified true belief b) there are cases where someone's belief can be both justified and true, and yet not count as knowledge c) when someone has good evidence for a belief, even if the belief is possibly false, it counts as knowledge d) there are cases where someone's belief can be self-contradictory and yet count as knowledge

b) there are cases where someone's belief can be both justified and true, and yet not count as knowledge

Caspar Hare argues that a) everything there is to know about colors can be described in the language of the natural sciences b) there is knowledge about the world that cannot be described in the language of the natural sciences c) science can give a complete description of the world or any part of it d) none of the above or below

b) there is knowledge about the world that cannot be described in the language of the natural sciences

Guy Kiddey states that a) none of the above or below b) though the east had many religious reformations, it never had a secular enlightenment c) the three teachings are independent strands of thought, and did not influence each other d) contemporary Chinese philosophers do not engage the three teachings

b) though the east had many religious reformations, it never had a secular enlightenment

The body theory of personal identity holds that a) you are not the same person throughout your life because your body changes over time b) you remain the same person throughout your life because you have the same body from birth to death c) swapping bodies with another person is conceivable d) none of the above or below

b) you remain the same person throughout your life because you have the same body from birth to death

B-theorists hold that the word "here" a) always has a fixed meaning, regardless of who utters it b)is an indexical that picks out a particular part of time c) none of the above or below d) repeated over and over again, expresses the passage of time

b)is an indexical that picks out a particular part of time

Contract theorists hold that political rulers derive their authority from a) God. b) none of the above or below c) a kind of contract. d) military might and superiority.

c) a kind of contract.

Derek Parfit claims that a) parts of me survive the passage of time because they're psychologically connected to my previous selves b) I'm not the same person as some of my past or future selves c) all of the above or below d) your degree of responsibility for a promise depends upon your degree of psychological connection to the person who made the promise

c) all of the above

Bertrand Russell answers the skeptics challenge by arguing that, though it's possible we are merely dreaming when we think we're awake, or that we are in the control of an evil genius, or that we are merely a brain in a vat, a) our belief in the outer world is an instinctive belief which is not inconsistent with our other instinctive beliefs, so we should not reject it b) the common sense view is simpler and the best explanation of our experience c) all of the above and below d) our reasonable judgments are strong enough to count as knowledge, without complete certainty about the falsity of the skeptic's scenarios

c) all of the above and below

Hegel's master/slave dialectic is often invoked as a metaphor to illuminate a) the politics of recognition and social respect, as distinct from the politics of distribution b) the power dynamics among people belonging to different nations, classes, races, or genders c) all of the above and below d) the struggle for domination inherent among conscious subjects seeking self-validation

c) all of the above and below

Abduction and induction a) are used often in science and medicine b) do not guarantee true conclusions c) all of the above or below d) work better when we have or gather more data

c) all of the above or below

Crito tries to persuade Socrates to let his friends help him escape by arguing that a) his children and friends will suffer if he dies b) in cooperating with his sentence he is giving up his life unnecessarily c) all of the above or below d) in submitting to his sentence he will fulfill his enemies' wishes

c) all of the above or below

Karl Popper held that a) scientific statements must be testable, refutable, and falsifiable b) irrefutable theories are not scientific c) all of the above or below d) pseudo-scientific beliefs appear to be confirmed by everything

c) all of the above or below

The presentist view of time a) holds that the past does not exist b) holds that the future does not exist c) all of the above or below d) is incompatible with the theory of relativity

c) all of the above or below

Utilitarians hold that a) we should always act to maximize happiness and minimize suffering b) only happiness and the absence of suffering are valuable in themselves c) all of the above or below d) each person's happiness counts for as much as anyone else's

c) all of the above or below

According to Jennifer Wang, a) the ship of Theseus never existed, nor did Theseus. b) the ship of Theseus puzzle raises questions about the traits of a true hero. c) all solutions to the ship of Theseus puzzle have some disadvantages, there is no easy or obvious answer. d) the third solution to the ship of Theseus puzzle is the correct one.

c) all solutions to the ship of Theseus puzzle have some disadvantages, there is no easy or obvious answer.

The problem of perception is that a) because objects appear differently to different people, how do we know if they have the same perceptual apparatus? b) because what I perceive is often different from what exists in reality, when do I know if my vision is impaired? c) because objects often appear to us as having shapes, sizes, or colors different from the objects themselves, what are we directly aware of when we perceive things? d) none of the above or below

c) because objects often appear to us as having shapes, sizes, or colors different from the objects themselves, what are we directly aware of when we perceive things?

Mengzi held that human beings are naturally a) corrupt b) selfish c) benevolent d) violent

c) benevolent

Reductionism, in the philosophical sense, is the view that a) economic growth requires a reduction in government spending b) we should reduce, reuse, and recycle c) complex phenomena can be explained in terms of causal interactions among the basic constituents of the universe d) none of the above

c) complex phenomena can be explained in terms of causal interactions among the basic constituents of the universe

Greg Ganssle argues that it can be reasonable to commit 100% to actions a)none of the above or below b) only when we are 100% certain such actions will turn out well c) even when we are not 100% certain we will achieve our goals. d)even when we lack faith or have little evidence that they will be successful.

c) even when we are not 100% certain we will achieve our goals.

In a valid deductive argument, a) if the premises are true, then the conclusion is more likely true b) the premises and conclusion are true c) if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true d) if the premises are false, then the conclusion can't be true

c) if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true

Speciesism, according to Peter Singer, a) is unlike other prejudices, such as giving preference to one's own group based on skin color b) is the preference for or our own species, which is acceptable c) is giving preference to our own species in the absence of morally relevant differences d) is the rational belief that some species are superior to all others

c) is giving preference to our own species in the absence of morally relevant differences

To say that Science is a social construct means, in part, a) none of the above or below b) that the truth of any scientific statement is relative to a social context c) scientific statements are made in social contexts and deploy rhetoric, which affect whether they are accepted as true, not necessarily whether they are true d) the flat earth theory is true if some society believes it is true

c) scientific statements are made in social contexts and deploy rhetoric, which affect whether they are accepted as true, not necessarily whether they are true

Materialism, idealism, and dualism are theories about a) the nature of art and beauty b) how we arrive at knowledge c) the nature of reality, or what sort of stuff really exists d) all of the above or below

c) the nature of reality, or what sort of stuff really exists

In "Learning How to Die in the Anthropocene," Roy Scranton suggests that, due to global warming a) people will unite under a single government to lower our planetary carbon footprint b) societies will risk using geo-engineering to avoid catastrophe c) we all need to prepare for the collapse of civil order, like soldiers in a war zone d) human societies will pull together to address common threats PREVIOUSNEXT

c) we all need to prepare for the collapse of civil order, like soldiers in a war zone

Pyrrhonian skeptics assert that a) some knowledge is possible b) knowledge of the past is impossible c) we don't know whether knowledge is possible d) knowledge is impossible

c) we don't know whether knowledge is possible

For Kant, it is wrong to use the services of another person a) when doing so involves taking advantage of one's social privilege b) because in doing so I inevitably treat another as a mere means for satisfying my own ends c) when one cannot simultaneously respect that person's own ends d) because it makes us dependent on others

c) when one cannot simultaneously respect that person's own ends

Mandeville's theory of human nature as inherently selfish lacks a falsifying criterion a) which makes it stronger b) which means there is no evidence that could disprove his theory c) which makes it more scientific d) all of the above or below

c) which makes it more scientific

In "The Enigma of Chinese Medicine," Stephen T. Asma suggests that it is reasonable to believe in the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (e.g., acupuncture, turtle blood, etc.) a) only if one can provide a scientific account of how it works b) only if one rejects western folk wisdom c) without believing in qi d) only if one accepts the causal explanations behind it

c) without believing in qi

You have a positive right to something if a) all of the above or below b) others are obligated not to interfere with your getting it c) you are entitled to help in getting it, when you cannot get it yourself d) you positively contributed to its existence

c) you are entitled to help in getting it, when you cannot get it yourself

The rope around the earth problem shows that a) there are subjects about which we have strong and unshakeable beliefs, but if we're wrong there is no way to prove it with certainty b) in some cases we can discover we're wrong when presented with a mathematical proof c) sometimes we're certain about something and yet we're wrong d) all of the above or below

d) all of the above

Jeremy Waldron argues that drone warfare, as it currently exists, involves a) an expansion of the area for operations, and those participating in the attacks, such as CIA operatives who are not subject to military ethics b) the maintenance of a secret death list by government authorities c) an expansion of the targets, so that we are targeting not just those involved in combat but also preachers, propagandists, recruiters, drug lords, and anyone who can be defined as an enemy of one's people d) all of the above or below

d) all of the above or below

John Rawls's theory of justice a) focuses on making sure that everyone is actually in a position to meet their basic needs b) holds that any inequalities that exist in a social system should benefit the least well-off c) analyzes justice in terms of fairness d) all of the above or below

d) all of the above or below

Peg O'Connor compares alcohol addiction to a) being fixated on a shadow reality b) avoiding the truth about the consequences of drinking c) isolating oneself with others who are similarly self-destructive and dependent d) all of the above or below

d) all of the above or below

Eliminative materialism is the view that a) psychological entities, such as the will, are still useful for science and should not be eliiminated in scientific accounts of the mind b) all of the above or below c) we should stop talking, in everyday speech, about psychological entities such as our will d) as science progresses, the fit between our ordinary psychological categories and the brain may not be a good one

d) as science progresses, the fit between our ordinary psychological categories and the brain may not be a good one

Africana Philosophy refers to Philosophy done by a) African women b) people of African origins living in the diaspora c) pre-colonial African philosophers d) both people living in Africa and their descendants who scattered beyond their traditional homeland

d) both people living in Africa and their descendants who scattered beyond their traditional homeland

In "Is American Nonviolence Possible?" Todd May attributes high levels of violence in the U.S. to a) high rates of gun ownership b) lack of services for the mentally ill c) the availability of assault weapons d) competitive individualism, insecurity, and neoliberalism

d) competitive individualism, insecurity, and neoliberalism

According to Chris Surprenant, Nietzsche a) claims that we must resist and overcome our fate or personal history b) all of the above and below c) endorses asceticism in which our desires and passions are viewed as things to be overcome d) criticizes conventional morality for being life-denying and argues that the values associated with human flourishing should be life-affirming

d) criticizes conventional morality for being life-denying and argues that the values associated with human flourishing should be life-affirming

According to Jennifer Nagel, the dreaming argument, and evil genius and brain-in-a-vat thought experiments raise doubts about a) your knowledge of anything mediated by technology, such as a clock b) empirical knowledge, or knowledge that relies on perception c) your knowledge of the future d) everything you would ordinarily take yourself to know

d) everything you would ordinarily take yourself to know

Espen Hammer contends that utopian thinking is a) escapist and impractical b) dangerous because utopias generally turn into distopias c) backward-looking, like myths d) forward-looking and may help us change how we live

d) forward-looking and may help us change how we liv

The state of nature, according to political philosophers, a) was an idyllic place where people lived without conflict b) is a place without any form of human technology c) none of the above or below d) is a time or place where people live without a common government

d) is a time or place where people live without a common government

According to Bryan Van Norden, Confucius taught that a) none of the above or below b) rulers should use harsh punishments and military force to control their subjects c) our values are learned through religious worship d) personal duties to our family sometimes supersede obligations to the state

d) personal duties to our family sometimes supersede obligations to the state

In "On Modern Time," Espen Hammer argues that clock time makes us aware of a) the inexhaustible nature of existence and the universe b) traditions that explain our existence in this moment c) the cyclical rhythms of the universe d) the passing or loss of time, and orients us toward the future rather than the past

d) the passing or loss of time, and orients us toward the future rather than the past

B-theorists of time hold that a) none of the above or below b) time is dynamic and changing c) time flows from the future through the present towards the past d) time doesn't pass

d) time doesn't pass

Empiricists hold that a) none of the above b) we gain knowledge by reasoning and processing ideas c) trusting our perceptions always leads to error d) we derive most, if not all, of our knowledge from perception

d) we derive most, if not all, of our knowledge from perception

In "Fugitive Slave Mentality," Robert Gooding-Williams argues that Florida's Stand Your Ground law is similar to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 because a) black Floridians need to flee to northern states in order to avoid forced labor b) black Floridians are allowed to protect themselves from acts of hatred by shooting an attacker in self defense c) if one person shoots another person, the burden of proof falls upon the shooter to show they did not commit a crime d) white people who kill black people will be taken at their word that they acted in self defense, if there is no evidence to the contrary

d) white people who kill black people will be taken at their word that they acted in self defense, if there is no evidence to the contrary

the methods of gaining genuine knowledge

epistemology

For Socrates, living a good life involves a) living an examined life b)living an examined life and utilizing one's reason to control one's passions c) living an examined life, utilizing one's reason to control one's passions, contributing to the stability of one's society, and prospering materially d) living an examined life, utilizing one's reason to control one's passions, and contributing to the stability of one's society

living an examined life, utilizing one's reason to control one's passions, and contributing to the stability of one's society

The fundamental nature of reality and what exists

metaphysics

something is true if it is rational given my other beliefs

Coherentism theory of truth

Something is true if it matches something in the world outside my mind

Correspondence theory of truth

the adjective "truth" misleads us to thinking there is a relation - truth- which is distinct from what a sentence states

Deflationism theory of truth

To know whether a deductive argument is valid, you need to understand both its form and content. True False

Fale

A new designer handbag that has no imperfections illustrates the concept of wabi-sabi. True False

False

A strong correlation always implies causation. True False

False

According to Eugen Fischer, sense data are stable and objective, like physical objects. True False

False

Benjamin Fong holds that Freudian therapy is useless. True False

False

Craig claims that the monk Nagasena successfully proves to King Milinda that there is no enduring self, just an unstable composite. True False

False

Determinists generally believe in agent causation. True False

False

Michael Puett contends that bad relationships are impossible to change. True False

False

Tyler Doggett considers the Twilight Zone episode in which aliens come to earth and farm humans for food, and concludes that it's okay for aliens to kill and eat humans for food, but it's not okay for humans to kill and eat other humans for food. True False

False

We reason better if we ignore evidence that conflicts with our beliefs. True False

False

the criteria of valid arguments and sound reasoning

Logic

there are no truths

Nihilism theory of truth

something is true if it is useful

Pragmatism theory of truth