PHOL385 Midterm

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A change of gene frequencies over time in a population of organisms is referred to as a. evolution. b. adaptation. c. genetic drift. d. pleiotropy.

A protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of another protein kinase, which in turn catalyzes the phosphorylation of a third protein kinase. This series of multiple enzyme sequences is an excellent example of a.amplification b.allosteric regulation c.inducing enzymes d.a rate-limiting reaction

If an animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal, it is said to show a. conformity. b. regulation. c. homeostasis. d. physiological independence.

The allosteric site is located a. on the enzyme. b. on the substrate. c. on the cell surface. d. on the modulator.

The study of which genes are being transcribed to make messenger RNA and the rates at which they are transcribed is called a. transcriptomics. b. genomics. c. proteomics. d. mRNA profiling.

The surprise of a phone call at 3:00 am results in an increase in heart rate. This is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. change controlled by a biological clock.

Variation in maximum O2 consumption rate among human populations is a. due to both genetic and nongenetic causes. b. primarily due to genetic causes. c. primarily due to nongenetic causes. d. what determines the nature of a person's athletic ability.

When an allosterically modulated enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway, the entire pathway may be upregulated or downregulated by allosteric modulation. The result of downregulation of the entire pathway is called a. feedback inhibition. b. positive feedback. c. covalent modulation. d. phosphorylation.

When epinephrine attaches to a(n) _______, the process of _______ results in the formation of a large amount of intracellular _______. a. G protein-coupled receptor; amplification; glucose b. ligand-gated receptor; amplification; glucose c. G protein-coupled receptor; metabolic pathways; glycogen d. enzyme-enzyme-linked receptor; amplification; glycogen

When there are more substrate molecules than the enzyme molecules can accommodate, the reaction is a. saturated. b. subsaturated. c. showing the highest enzyme-substrate affinity. d. at its Km.

Which of the following is not needed in the mechanism of light production in the firefly? a.Light b.ATP c.Luciferin d.Oxygen

Which receptor protein changes membrane voltage immediately when activated? a. Ligand-gated channel b. G protein-coupled receptor c. Enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor d. Intracellular receptor

Which statement regarding fish gills best approximates the description of a mechanism? a. Freshwater fish use ATP to pump ions inward across the gill membrane. b. Fish with more gill surface area have an advantage in hypoxic water. c. Gills evolved as an organ to extract oxygen from the water. d. The larger the fish, the larger the gill surface area must be to support its metabolism.

An artic fox growing a thicker fur layer for the winter is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. developmental change.

Color change in fish depends on flattened pigment-containing cells called a. photoproteins. b. chromatophores. c. photocytes. d. chromocytes.

Extracellular signaling molecules initiate their actions on a cell by binding with certain protein molecules of the cell called a.peripheral proteins b.receptors c.integral proteins d.ligands

Human LDH-A4 and rat LDH-A4 together are a good example of a. isozymes. b. interspecific enzyme homologs. c. allosteric modulators. d. ligands.

Testosterone is released by the testes in response to luteinizing hormone, released from the pituitary gland. As circulating testosterone levels rise, they act on the pituitary gland to reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone, thus reducing the production of testosterone. This is an example of a. positive feedback. b. negative feedback. c. adaptation. d. acclimation.

The altitude limit at which dedicated human climbers can climb without supplemental oxygen is about a. 5000 m. b. 8000 m. c. 12,000 m. d. 15,000 m.

The number of species of swallowtail butterflies tends to a. increase at high longitudes. b. increase at low latitudes. c. increase at high latitudes. d. increase at high altitudes.

Which is the most accurate description of the mechanism of the light-emitting reaction in the firefly? a. Oxygen reacts with luciferin to produce light. b. Oxygen reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light. c. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferin to produce light. d. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light.

Which of the following is an example of a possible physiological effect a river dam could impose on migrating Pacific salmon? a. It could completely block the salmon's migration. b. The salmon may get past the dam, but their efforts cost them too much energy. c. The salmon may get past the dam, but subsequent navigation may be impaired. d. It could slow the salmon, making them more vulnerable to predation.

Which receptor protein brings about cascades of membrane proteins involving significant amplification? a. Ligand-gated channel b. G protein-coupled receptor c. Enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor d. Intracellular receptor

Which receptor proteins activate enzymes on the cell membrane? a. Ligand-gated channel and G protein-coupled receptor b. G protein-coupled receptor and enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor c. Enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor and intracellular receptors d. Ligand-gated channel, G protein-coupled receptor, and enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor

Which statement regarding fish eyes and octopus eyes is most accurate? a. They are similar in gross appearance and functional performance but differ in their adaptive significance and mechanisms. b. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance but differ in their mechanisms. c. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, adaptive significance, and mechanism. d. They differ in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance, but are similar in their mechanisms.

For terrestrial animals, one of the greatest physiological challenges is a. obtaining food. b. obtaining oxygen. c. preventing water loss. d. locomotion.

Multiple-enzyme sequences in which each enzyme in the sequence activates another enzyme is an example of a. covalent modulation. b. allosteric modulation. c. amplification. d. feedback inhibition.

The catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme molecule is expressed as the a. half-saturation constant, Km. b. activation energy during a saturated reaction. c. number of substrate molecules converted to product per second by each enzyme molecule when saturated. d. maximum velocity, Vmax.

The example of killifish allele frequency distribution along the Atlantic coast describes enzyme changes over a(n) _______ time frame. a. acute b. chronic c. evolutionary d. developmental

The increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that an animal will survive and reproduce is called a. feedback. b. adaptive significance. c. natural selection. d. adaptation.

The lowest temperature inhabited by active communities of relatively large, temperature-conforming animals is a. 1.9°C. b. 0°C. c. -1.9°C. d. -10°C.

The process of chance assuming a preeminent role in altering gene frequencies is called a. evolution. b. adaptation. c. genetic drift. d. natural selection.

Which cell-cell junctions allow cytoplasmic flow between the connected cells? a. Tight junction b. Septate junction c. Gap junction d. Desmosome

Which of the following is not involved at the cell membrane in a second messenger cascade? a. Adenylyl cyclase b. G protein-coupled receptor c. Protein kinase d. Phospholipase C

Which process most likely leads to adaptive evolution? a.Pleiotropy b.Genetic drift c.Natural selection d.Bottlenecks

Which statement regarding brain phospholipids in fish is most accurate? a. Tropical fish tend to have very unsaturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. b. Fish in very cold habitats tend to have very saturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. c. The colder the habitat, the greater the degree of phospholipid unsaturation in the brain synaptic membranes. d. The degree of phospholipid saturation in brain synaptic membranes is independent of habitat temperature.

An animal is exposed to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and as a result, its levels of P450 enzymes rise. This is an example of the action of a. transcription factors. b. enhancers. c. constitutive enzymes. d. inducible enzymes.

In a bioluminescent animal such as the hydromedusa jellyfish Aequorea victoria, the _______ consist(s) of luciferin, O2, and a protein. a. chromatophores b. pigment granules c. photocyte d. photoprotein

In the most common protein-degradation mechanism, tagging occurs by the attachment of _______ to the protein targeted to be degraded. a. a heat-shock protein b. a molecular chaperone c. a proteasome d. ubiquitin

In the summer, a sun-heated lake will tend to have the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen a. at the lake's surface. b. about 2 m below the lake's surface. c. at about the middle depth of the lake. d. at the bottom of the lake.

Length of gestation _______ body size in mammals. a. is inversely proportional to b. is independent of c. is unrelated to d. scales as an exponential function of

Populations of one salmon species differ genetically, and this difference increases as the physical distance between the populations increases. This statement refers to the study of which level of organization? a. Systems physiology b. Morphology c. Ecology d. Evolution

To understand how a fish propels itself by applying forces to the water, physiologists would study its: a.evolution b.cell physiology c.ecology d.biomechanics

Which molecule is part of a cell membrane? a.Ubiquitin b.Cyclic AMP c.Calmodulin d.Cholesterol

Which of the following is not a functional type of membrane protein? a. Enzyme b. Receptor c. Structural d. Resistance

Which receptor protein interacts with DNA? a. Ligand-gated channel b. G protein-coupled receptor c. Enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor d. Intracellular receptors

Which statement regarding conformity and regulation is false? a. Animals can be both regulators and conformers. b. Conformity and regulation are extremes; intermediate responses are more common. c. Animals frequently show conformity with respect to some characteristics while regulating others. d. Conformity costs more energy to maintain than regulation.

Which statement regarding the discipline of physiology is false? a. Physiologists study how animals work. b. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals. c. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals. d. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the social context of human disease.

A _______ is a swelling that contains discrete aggregations of nerve cell bodies and processes. a. ganglion b. connective c. commissure d. neuropil

A decrease in the absolute value of the membrane potential toward zero is called a. depolarization. b. an action potential. c. hyperpolarization. d. a membrane potential.

A homeotherm is a a.thermoregulating endotherm. b.nonthermoregulating poikilotherm. c.thermoregulating ectotherm. d.nonthermoregulating endotherm.

A newborn reindeer with a resting metabolic rate of 10 watts/kg may have a rate of metabolic heat production of _______watts/kg. a. 20 b. 10 c. 5 d. 1

According to the Fick equation, what happens to J when X (the distance between the two concentrations) is increased? a. The net rate of diffusion decreases b. The concentration increases c. The net rate of diffusion increases d. The diffusion coefficient increases

Acid-secreting cells of the stomach are controlled by a. the autonomic system. b. the enteric division. c. hormones only. d. paracrine signaling only.

Aldosterone _______ reabsorption of _______ so that more water is _______. a. increases; Na+; reabsorbed b. increases; K+; excreted c. decreases; Na+; reabsorbed d. decreases; K+; excreted

All animals produce heat but only some are endothermic. This is because a. only endotherms produce heat fast enough or retain it well enough to elevate tissue temperatures. b. ectotherms are too small to be endothermic. c. ectotherms cannot thermoregulate. d. thermoregulation requires endothermy.

An animal that weighs _______ will have the highest weight-specific metabolic rate. a. 65 g b. 70 g c. 65 kg d. 80 kg

Application of acetylcholine along the paravertebral ganglia will a. cause the heart to speed up. b. cause the heart to slow down. c. have no effect on the heart. d. cause the heart to stop

Based on our current understanding, which animal does not make use of magnetic compass information? a. Primates b. Monarch butterflies c. Pigeons d. Sea turtles

Bees communicate the distance of a food source via the a. duration of the waggle run. b. angle of the loop component relative to the sun. c. direction of the straight waggle. d. size of the figure eight.

Carbohydrates can be fully oxidized by animals but proteins cannot. Consequently, some of the energy from _______ must always be _______. a. proteins; exported as chemical energy b. carbohydrates; exported as chemical energy c. proteins; used for external work d. carbohydrates; used for external work

Compared to zebras, wildebeests have an exceptionally blunt muzzle and a wide row of incisors. This makes them more effective than zebras at feeding on a. short grasses. b. shrubs. c. sedges. d. grasshoppers found on grass leaves.

Coral bleaching refers to a. loss of algal symbionts along with chlorophyll and other algal pigments. b. treatment of corals reefs with bleach to kill parasites. c. conversion of algal symbionts from photosynthesis to chemosynthesis. d. loss of external coral coloration when coral is eaten by reef fish.

During vigorous exercise at high altitude, which substrate would be best for an animal to use if it needed to get the most energy production per unit of O2? a. Carbohydrate b. Lipid c. Protein d. Carbohydrate and lipid are equal and both are better than protein.

Electrical charges on molecules _______ diffusion across a membrane. a. play a large role in b. play an insignificant role in c. accelerate d. inhibit

Energy is used by _______ when bringing glucose into the intestinal epithelial cell. a. Na+-K+-ATPase b. the Na+-glucose cotransporter c. Na+-H+-ATPase d. the K+-glucose cotransporter

Fertilization usually takes place in the a. oviduct. b. ovary. c. uterus. d. cervix.

Genome sequencing is a technique in which a. the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a species is determined. b. the DNA sequence of some portion of the genome of a species is determined. c. the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a group of species is determined. d. a gene family of a species is sequenced.

Homeothermy is a. the regulation of body temperature by physiological means. b. the regulation of body temperature through behavior. c. the regulation of metabolic rate within the thermal neutral zone. d. equal to basal metabolic rate plus external work.

If an organism has a V̇O2max of 10mL/g•h, and its aerobic scope of activity is 8 mL/g•h, its resting oxygen consumption will be _______ mL/g•h. a.2 b.8 c.18 d.0.1

If metabolic rate (M) were a true exponential function of the body temperature (TB) of an ectotherm, which equation would describe that relationship? (Assume that a and n are constants for each data set.) a. M = a•10n•TB b. TB = aMn c. M = aTB10•n d. TB = aM10•n

If one alpine marmot consumes a diet poor in omega-6 PUFAs and another alpine marmot consumes a diet rich in omega-6 PUFAs, the animal that consumed fewer omega-6 PUFAs would a. lose more weight during hibernation. b. be a more effective hibernator. c. have a lower body temperature. d. have a superior lipid matrix for membrane protein function.

If ouabain was used to block Na+-K+-ATPase pumps, a. Na+ would go to equilibrium across the cell membrane. b. the membrane potential would become more negative. c. the concentration of K+ would be equal on both sides of the membrane. d. the cell would maintain steady state with a different membrane potential.

If the temperature of the oceans increased by 4°C, which organism would likely be most affected? a. Pagothenia (an Antarctic genus of fish) b. The mullet (a warm water fish) c. Temperate water gobies d. A very eurythermal fish

In a limb, a countercurrent flow arrangement of arteries and veins short-circuits the flow of _______ down its length. a. heat b. oxygen c. nutrients d. waste products

In the term "slow oxidative," used to describe muscle fibers, "slow" refers to a. the length of time it takes for the muscle to contract. b. the type of energy to be used. c. their low resistance to fatigue. d. the type of physical activity to be performed.

Larger mammals need more oxygen than smaller mammals, but they need less oxygen per gram of body weight. Smaller mammals meet their need for more oxygen with a "-----------" mass-specific heart size and a "----------" heart rate. a.similar; faster b.bigger; faster c.smaller; faster d.bigger; slower

Ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic membrane open and K+ and Na+ both move through these channels in opposite directions. Why then do we measure depolarization on the postsynaptic membrane? a. Na+ has a much stronger driving force into the cell. b. K+ has a much stronger driving force into the cell. c. Na+ has a much stronger driving force out of the cell. d. K+ has a much stronger driving force out of the cell.

Redox balance is the a. removal of electrons from a compound as quickly as they are added. b. removal of electrons from a compound without any addition of them. c. loss of electrons. d. gain of electrons.

Researchers typically disrupt an animal's sun compass a. by resetting the animal's circadian clock. b. by displacing the animal. c. via induced migration. d. through medication.

Saturated fatty acids are generally bad for human health. Based on the standard symbols describing fatty acids, which fatty acid is probably most detrimental? a. 16 b. 18.1 c. 18.3 d. 22.6

Slow oxidative muscle fibers are used during a.jogging b.sprinting. c.speed skating d.weight lifting

Sperm are produced in the a. seminiferous tubules. b. seminal vesicles. c. vas deferens. d. epididymis

Stearic acid is _______ and contains _______ double bond (s) a. saturated; 0 b. monounsaturated; 1 c. polyunsaturated; 1 d. polyunsaturated; 2

Steroid hormones a. pass through cell membranes and cause a delayed effect via alteration of gene expression. b. attach to cell surface receptors and cause a delayed effect via alteration of gene expression. c. pass through cell membranes and then exert rapid, non-genomic effects. d. are polar molecules that attach to cell surface receptors to exert rapid, non-genomic effects.

Suppose an animal is fed a diet in which the only carbohydrate is glycogen. All of the animal's enzymes for digesting carbohydrates are disaccharidases. What percentage of the glycogen can it digest? a. 0% b. 50% c. 80-90% d. 100%

Suppose you are trying to heat a barn using the heat from your livestock. The most total heat would be produced by _______ animal(s) that weigh _______. a. 1000; 1 kg each b. 100; 10 kg each c. 10; 100 kg each d. 2; 504 kg each

Suppose you eat five tangerines for lunch. On average, the energy from _______ would end up being used by your brain. a. one b. two c. three d. four

The Dutch Hunger Winter study correlated _______ with subsequent _______. a. malnutrition; epigenetic marking b. malnutrition; reduced reproductive output c. hunger; reduced fitness d. malnutrition; lung disease

The conventional unit of measure for V̇O2max in humans is a. mL O2/kg•min. b. mL O2/lbs•min. c. mL O2/kg•hr. d. mL O2/lbs•hr.

The increase in metabolic rate of an animal that results from eating food is called a.specific dynamic action b.aerobic metabolism c.material balance d.diet induced thermogenesis

The main ion responsible for the EPSP is a. Na+. b. K+. c. Cl-. d. Ca2+.

The maintenance of a steady rate of oxygen consumption, regardless of the level of oxygen in the environment, is called oxygen a. regulation. b. deficit. c. conformity. d. steady state.

The physiology of very young animals _______ differs from that of adults. a. always b. sometimes c. seldom d. never

The process of adding human interpretation to computer-generated genetic comparisons is called a. annotation. b. high-throughput. c. bioinformatics. d. gene family identity.

The protein responsible for triggering the actual release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is a. synaptotagmin. b. SNARE. c. dynamin. d. sytaxin.

The proton pump in the stomach is an example of a(n) _______ pump. a. electroneutral b. electrogenic c. glucose-mediated d. facilitated

The respiratory exchange ratio is a. CO2 production/O2 consumption per unit of time, measured at the gas exchange organ. b. O2 consumption/CO2 production per unit of time, measured at the gas exchange organ. c. CO2 production/O2 consumption per unit of time, measured at the level of the cells. d. O2 consumption/CO2 production per unit of time, measured at the level of the cells.

The transport of nutrients across the gut epithelium that relies on metabolically generated electrochemical gradients of inorganic ions is called a. secondary active transport. b. electrochemical drive. c. facilitated diffusion. d. facilitated active transport.

What allows the action potential to return to a repolarized state? a. Voltage-gated Na+ channels become inactivated. b. Voltage-gated K+ channels become inactivated. c. Na+ reaches equilibrium across the neural membrane and stops leaking in. d. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close.

What is the developmental relationship between marine periwinkle snails and crabs? a. Marine periwinkles develop thicker shells in waters with crabs present. b. Marine periwinkles develop faster and become larger in waters with crabs present. c. Crabs migrate during the development of marine periwinkles. d. Crabs sense developmental byproducts of marine periwinkles and avoid them.

What is the difference between the heat resulting from a fire and the heat produced by animal? a.There is no difference b.Heat from animals results from internal work and heat from a fire comes from external work. c.The heat that animals obtain from food is always less than heat obtained from burning food in a fire. d.Energy from fires always produces heat, but energy use by animals does not always generate heat.

When all of the epigenetic marks in a cell or tissue are described together as a set, this global summary of marks is termed the a. epigenome. b. methylome. c. genome. d. mark set

When researchers analyzed the DNA of icefish, they found that the a. β-gene was completely gone and the α-globin gene was missing parts. b. genetic material coding for Hb was identical to that of all other fish. c. genes coding for both α and β subunits were modified such that they could not form functional Hb. d. α-globin gene was completely gone and the β-globin gene was dysfunctional.

Which animal has the most expensive mode of locomotion? a. Cheetah b. Bird c. Dolphin d. Eagle

Which animal would have the least energy savings per gram if it were to hibernate? a. Elephant b. Bear c. Mouse d. Squirrel

Which change occurs when migratory birds reduce their organ function? a. Glucose synthesis from amino acids increases. b. Protein anabolism increases. c. Amino acid usage as a source of energy decreases. d. Usage of fatty acids as a source of energy in the brain increases.

Which definition of circadian rhythm is the most accurate? a. An endogenous rhythm that has a period of about one day b. An entrained rhythm that has a period of about one day c. An endogenous rhythm that has a period of precisely 24 hours d. An entrained rhythm that has a period of precisely 24 hours

Which hormone can be measured to detect early pregnancy in a primate? a. Chorionic gonadotropin b. Progesterone c. Estrogen d. Follicle-stimulating hormone

Which hormone is direct acting? a. Growth hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Luteinizing hormone

Which hormone is directly controlled by a hypothalamic releasing hormone? a. ACTH b. Epinephrine c. Vasopressin d. Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone is not directly involved in regulating the extracellular concentration of calcium in mammals? a. Parathyroid stimulating hormone b. Active vitamin D c. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol d. Calcitonin

Which is a plausible rationale for periodic arousal of animals during hibernation? a. To restore synapses in the brain b. To void c. To exercise muscles d. To increase blood circulation

Which is the most likely mechanism for odorant receptor molecules in mammals? a. Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel. b. Odorant receptors bind to the odorant molecule and open, producing a depolarization. c. Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately produces a metabotropic action. d. Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately opens potassium channels.

Which molecule is generated during pyruvate oxidation? a. CO2 b. H2O c. ATP d. Lactic acid

Which molecule, found in skeletal muscles of vertebrates, stores oxygen? a. Myoglobin b. Hemoglobin c. ATP d. Ubiquinone

Which of the following is the most energetically expensive way to cover distance? a. Running b. Swimming c. Flying d. Both running and swimming

Which part of the cell would have a high level of activity when the lactic acid to pyruvic acid ratio increases? a. Cytosol b. Intermembrane space c. Mitochondrial matrix d. Inner membrane of the mitochondria

Which protein cannot contact a G protein directly? a. Protein kinase C b. Potassium channel c. Phospholipase C d. Adenylyl cyclase

Which statement about facilitated diffusion is true? a. It always occurs in the direction of electrochemical equilibrium. b. It is a form of active transport. c. Energy is used by the proteins in the transport process. d. Solutes transported by this mechanism move across membranes much more slowly than they would if they did not associate with transporter proteins.

Which statement about hibernating animals storing nutrients to prepare for hibernation is true? a. Some animals start storing nutrients based on photoperiodic cues. b. Some animals start storing nutrients based on pheromonal signals. c. Some animals start storing nutrients just before the first frost. d. Some animals start storing nutrients based on behavioral signals.

Which statement about monarch butterflies is true? a. Their navigational performance has a strong innate component. b. Their navigational performance has a strong learned component. c. They use primarily a magnetic compass for navigation, even during sunny days. d. They use primarily a star compass for navigation.

Which statement best describes long-term potentiation? a. More sodium entering the postsynaptic membrane per presynaptic action potential b. More neurotransmitter released per action potential c. More action potentials sent per second d. More calcium released per action potential

Which statement best describes the first major transduction event in the vertebrate eye? a. Retinal changes from cis- to trans-isomer. b. Opsin changes conformation. c. Activated rhodopsin activates a G protein. d. Light is refracted at the lens to focus on the retina.

Which statement best describes the mechanism of ADH? a. Aquaporins are added to the membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be reabsorbed. b. Aquaporins are added to the membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be excreted. c. Aquaporins are removed from the membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be reabsorbed. d. Aquaporins are removed from the membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be excreted.

Which statement regarding caged buntings and migratory restlessness in the fall is true? a. Caged buntings that can see the night sky have the expected north-oriented restlessness. b. Caged buntings that can see a representation of the constellations in a planetarium do not have expected north-oriented restlessness. c. Caged buntings that can see the sun have the expected north-orientation restlessness. d. Caged buntings have north-oriented restlessness during the migratory time, no matter what visual cues they have.

Which statement regarding facilitated diffusion is false? a.Protein facilitators change conformation with the help of ATP. b.Solutes bind reversibly to the protein facilitators. c.Diffusion occurs in the direction of electrochemical equilibrium. d.Solutes move faster with the protein facilitators than they would without them.

Which statement regarding microbes in the rumen of reindeer is true? a. The microbes increase their activity to digest cellulose in summer as compared to winter. b. In winter, microbes that digest xylan decrease in activity relative to their activity in summer. c. In summer, microbes that digest proteins increase in activity relative to their activity in winter. d. In summer, microbes that digest starch decrease slightly in activity relative to their activity in winter.

Which statement regarding the action potential is false? a. In an extremely long axon, the action potential eventually will degrade. b. During the "falling" phase, K+ permeability increases. c. During the "rising" phase, Na+ moves into the neuron. d. In the recovery phase, Na+ channels are closed.

Which statement regarding the mechanism of hearing is false? a. Sound travels into the semicircular canal and vibrates the tectorial membrane. b. The sound amplitude relates to the amount of hair cell membrane depolarization. c. Inner hair cells are responsible for most of the afferent signal to the brain. d. High frequency sounds tend to bend hair cells near the oval window.

Which statement regarding the transduction mechanism of the hair cell is true? a. Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the tallest stereocilia depolarizes the membrane. b. The vibration of the hair cell bundle produces an action potential on the membrane. c. Displacement of the hair cell bundle in any direction depolarizes the membrane. d. Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the shortest stereocilia depolarizes the membrane.

Which term best describes the movement of ions across a membrane? a. Current b. Voltage c. Resistance d. Capacitanc

_______ are responsible for extending the time of the cardiac action potential relative to a neural action potential. a. Slow Ca2+ channels b. Slow Na+ channels c. Slow K+ channels d. Voltage-gated Na+ channels

_______ is the process in which the female produces eggs that do not require sperm to develop into an adult. a. Parthenogenesis b. Hermaphroditism c. Cloning d. Haploid zygoticism

_______ is the study of how animals function through all the successive stages of growth. a. Developmental physiology b. Ecology c. Physiology d. Developmental ontogeny

Following a large meal, which hormone is down-regulated? a.Ghrenlin b.Secretin c.Cholecystokinin d.Gastrin

a (stimulates hunger)

A _______ is a term used when parts of the body are mapped onto the cerebral cortex in a way that preserves their anatomical position on the body. a. localization of function map b. somatotopic map c. somatosensory cortex d. brain map

A membrane that is permeable to only Na+ separates two solutions. The initial solutions are a 1-M solution of K+ on the left side of the membrane and a 1-M solution of Na+ on the right side. What will occur? a. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net positive charge on the right side. b. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net negative charge on the right side. c. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, but there will be no separation of charges. d. The movement of Na+ will be balanced out by the movement of K+; therefore, there will be no net charge difference.

According to the Goldman equation, the contribution of each ion to the membrane potential depends most on a.its size. b.its membrane permeability. c.its activation energy. d.its resting membrane potential

An animal that uses the stones around a burrow to return to the burrow is relying on a. trail following. b. piloting. c. navigation. d. landmark integration.

Animals are fed different diets and their oxygen consumption at an ambient temperature of 2°C is measured. The animals that will have the lowest oxygen consumption are the animals that have been fed a _______ diet. a. carbohydrate-rich b. polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich c. saturated fat-rich d. protein-rich

Antelope ground squirrels are diurnally active rodents that live in hot deserts. In summer, they alternate between trips above-ground and trips down to their cooler burrows. When they are above-ground their body temperature temporarily rises (transient hyperthermia). This most likely a. conserves energy. b. conserves water. c. occurs because they are not capable of thermoregulation. d. allows them to bring heat back down into the burrows to warm their young.

Application of acetylcholine directly to the heart will a. cause the heart to speed up. b. cause the heart to slow down. c. have no effect on the heart. d. cause the heart to stop.

At what location would an animal's inclination compass be the least effective? a. North magnetic pole b. Magnetic equator c. Geographical equator d. Geographical north pole

Based on spectral sensitivities of human retinal cones, what types of cones do we have? a. Blue cones, green cones, and red cones b. Yellow cones, green cones, and red cones c. Ultraviolet cones, green cones, and red cones d. Yellow cones, green cones, and violet cones

Boundary layers tend to a. increase the net rate of diffusion. b. decrease the net rate of diffusion. c. affect permeability only. d. increase the local rate of diffusion but not the net rate of diffusion.

Calmodulin binds to _______ and becomes activated. a. G protein b. Ca2+ c. protein kinase C d. adenylyl cyclase

Consider a lactating animal that eats three times as much food as one that is not lactating. The lactating animal does not grow, deposit fat, or markedly increase her metabolic rate. The extra ingested energy was a. saved, by reduced physical activity. b. exported, in the form of milk. c. lost by the animal's increased surface area. d. turned to catabolized lipids for energy.

Cost of transport is the a. energy cost for a unit of time. b. energy cost of covering a unit of distance. c. amount of fat required to a traverse a unit of distance. d. speed required to travel a unit of distance.

During anaerobic glycolysis, only about ______ of free energy from glucose is released. a. 5% b. 7% c. 10% d. 15%

During presynaptic inhibition, a(n) a. metabotropic response reduces the number of action potentials reaching the synapse. b. metabotropic response reduces the amount of calcium entering the nerve terminus. c. ionotropic response reduces the number of action potentials reaching the synapse. d. ionotropic response reduces the amount of calcium entering the nerve terminus.

Epigenetics refers to a. modifications of gene expression (with changes in DNA sequence) that are transmitted when genes replicate. b. modifications of gene expression (with no change in DNA sequence) that are transmitted when genes replicate. c. modifications in genotype during recombination. d. genetic code changes that alter gene expression in the subsequent generation.

For the Antarctic icefish, a consequence of their lack of hemoglobin is that they a.are sluggish and therefore prone to predation b. are restricted to very cold water c. are very small in size d. have bluish blood

How does the CNS differentiate between sensory signals from the PNS? a. The action potentials are slightly different for each sense. b. The different sensory pathways project to different areas of the cerebral cortex. c. Some senses only produce graded potentials. d. The frequencies of action potentials from each sensory modality are different.

How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during the Krebs Cycle? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

Icefish were once commonly called "bloodless fish" because of a. their ability to tolerate freezing. b. the fact that their blood is clear. c. their ability to tolerate the coldest aquatic temperatures on Earth. d. the fact that they have no blood.

If a current pulse is generated on the membrane and creates a passive potential, which statement will be true? a. The change in the membrane potential will increase as the distance from the current pulse increases. b. The change in the membrane potential will decrease as the distance from the current pulse increases. c. The change in the membrane potential will remain constant throughout the length of the membrane. d. The change in the membrane potential will fluctuate depending on the strength of the initial current pulse.

In a female mammal, _______ cells are capable of producing androgens. a. Leydig b. theca c. granulosa d. Sertol

In an 8-day-old killifish, the major site of osmoregulation is the a.gills b. yolk sac membrane c.egg membrane d.skin

In clupeid fish with specialized gill rakers, as ingested water moves from the mouth toward the throat, the a. gill rakers function like a sieve. b. concentration of food particles increases. c. food particles are concentrated by water flowing in from the gill. d. baleen captures the suspended food.

In ground squirrels, the size of testes _______ during hibernation. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. increases first and then decreases

In homeotherms the resting metabolic rate of a fasting animal is the _______ and in poikilotherms the equivalent term is the _______. a. standard metabolic rate; basal metabolic rate b. basal metabolic rate; standard metabolic rate c. specific dynamic action; calorigenic effect of feeding d. routine metabolic rate; standard metabolic rate

In humans, which organ is responsible for the production of lactase? a. Stomach b. Small intestine c. Pancreas d. Liver

In hydrothermal vent communities, a major source of energy is a. sunlight. b. oxidation of H2S to SO42-. c. calcium carbonate. d. phosphates.

In some forms of epigenetic modification, when a gene is "marked," its a. expression is permanently altered. b. expression is semi-permanently altered. c. genetic code is permanently modified. d. genetic code is temporarily modified.

In what way is the loss of functional hemoglobin in icefish a disadvantage? a. The appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin was accompanied by decreased fitness. b. Icefish have enlarged hearts and faster blood circulation compared to red-blooded fish. c. An increase in fitness was shown following the appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin. d.Icefish have a very small body size to compensate for the loss of functional hemoglobin.

Low _______ diets during postnatal development _______ affect spatial learning in rats. a. caloric; permanently b. protein; permanently c. protein; temporarily d. caloric; temporarily

Neurons that relay sensory signals to integrative centers of the CNS are called a. interneurons. b. afferent neurons. c. synaptic neurons. d. efferent neurons.

One unique feature of the icefish is that they a. regularly inhabit water temperatures of -4.9° C. b. are the only vertebrates that do not have red blood cells as adults. c. are the only vertebrates that do not have blood as adults. d. are the only vertebrates that can tolerate freezing.

Proteins are important for all except a. regulating biochemical reactions. b. storing genetic information. c. determining structural properties of tissues. d. transporting oxygen.

Small mammals need more O2 per gram of body weight than large mammals do. Compared to large mammals, small mammals have_______ mass-specific lung size and breathe _______ times per minute. a. larger; more b. similar; more c. smaller; more d. larger; fewer

The ability of an animal (with a fixed genotype) to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes is called a. developmental physiology. b. phenotypic plasticity. c. genotypic plasticity. d. genotype-environment interaction.

The colligative properties of an aqueous solution are the properties that depend on the a. concentration of non-ionic particles dissolved in solution. b. number of dissolved entities per unit volume. c. number of dissolved entities per unit volume as well as their chemical nature. d. concentration of ions dissolved in solution.

The effects of animal coloration on heat balance are a. greater at night. b. greater in sunlight. c. unaffected by sunlight. d. primarily via convection.

The gene for UCP1 is no longer expressed in newborn reindeer by _______ of age. a. 1 week b. 1 month c. 2 months d. 1 year

The intrinsic timekeeping mechanism in a cell typically depends on a. environmental information transduced into chemical information the cell can interpret. b. the rhythmic alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes. c. the rhythmic alternation between expression of clock genes and transcription factors. d. the alternation of various sets of inhibiting elements.

The major source of auditory input to the brain comes from _______ hair cell signals. a.outer b.inner c.lateral line d.semicircular canal

The metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that fish excrete across their gills is a. lactic acid. b. ethanol. c. pyruvic acid. d. succinic acid.

The most common macromolecule stored in the adipocytes of animals prior to hibernation is a. carbohydrate. b. fat. c. protein. d. nucleic acid.

The most rudimentary form of animal navigation is a. piloting. b. trail following. c. path integration. d. compass navigation

The neuron converts an electrical signal to a chemical signal in the a. dendrite. b. presynaptic terminal. c. cell body. d. axon hillock.

The pH in the intermembrane space is a. acidic because of proton diffusion. b. acidic because of proton pumping. c. basic because of proton diffusion. d. basic because of proton pumping.

The passive transport of water across a membrane is called a. osmotic pressure. b. osmosis. c. diffusion. d. ultrafiltration.

The plasma membrane of a resting neuron is most permeable to which ion? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. Ca2

The process by which fertilization is decoupled from the full development of the embryo is called a. postpartum estrus. b. embryonic diapause. c. ovulation. d. sperm storage.

The process of __________ arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and the tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentration than into these regions. a.Active Transport b.Diffusion c.Facilitated Diffusion d.Osmosis

The radular teeth of snails are sometimes hardened by the addition of a. calcium and iodine b. iron and silica c. iron and folate d. copper and vitamin K

The set of genes that encode for vertebrate globin proteins can be termed a a. genotype. b. gene family. c. genome. d. proteome.

The spike of luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle of a woman causes a. menstruation. b. ovulation. c. estrus. d. endometrial regression.

The study of all of the organic compounds in cells and tissues other than macromolecules coded by the genome is called a. organomics. b. metabolomics. c. physiomics. d. proteomics.

What is the best method for studying metabolic rate in animals in the wild? a. Place the animal on a treadmill. b. Inject them with deuterium and oxygen-18 then measure levels after the animal engages in its normal behavior for a period of time. c. Place the flying/swimming animal in a wind/water tunnel. d. Use a mask and a valve system on the animal.

When light activates rhodopsin, the result at the vertebrate rod or cone outer membrane is a. depolarization. b. hyperpolarization. c. inhibition. d. an action potential.

When training a group of athletes to increase their endurance, which change would occur after 3 months of training? a. V̇O2max would not change. b. V̇O2max would increase. c. Blood testosterone level would increase. d. Blood testosterone level would decrease.

Which animal would display a J-shaped curve for its rate of oxygen consumption relative to its speed? a. Kangaroo b. Sockeye salmon c. Ground squirrel d. Bird

Which animal's behavior suggests use of a magnetic map? a. Monarch butterflies b. Sea turtles c. Starlings d. Bees

Which behavior will stimulate mobilization of glucagon? a. Eating chocolate b. Not eating c. Injecting insulin d. Eating pasta

Which chemical signals are released into the environment to convey information to other animals of the same species? a. Neurotransmitters and pheromones b. Pheromones and synomones c. Kairomones and pheromones d. Allomones and synomones

Which enzyme is required to convert fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate? a. Hexokinase b. Phosphofructokinase c. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase d. Pyruvate kinase

Which mechanism is used by mammals, but not birds, to ameliorate heat stress at temperatures above thermoneutrality? a. Shivering b. Sweating c. Gular fluttering d. Panting

Which molecule is abundant in skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates? a.Calmodulin b.Myoglobin c.Hemoglobin d.Arginine

Which molecule is used as the principle fuel in migratory birds? a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic acids

Which of the following is not considered to be related to biological clocks? a. Melatonin b. Peristalsis c. Superchiasmatic nucleus d. Pineal gland

Which of the following is not directly related to neuronal plasticity? a. Short-term memory b. Localized increases in brain metabolic activity c. Neural connections changing in strength d. New neurons developing

Which of the following occurs during a stress response? a. An increase in insulin release b. Release of glucocorticoids c. Storage of glucose d. Decreased ventilation

Which protein is found in brown fat? a.UCP1 and UCP3 b.UCP1 c.UCP1 and UCP2 d.UCP2

Which sense has a receptor cell that directly produces an action potential? a. Hearing b. Olfactory c. Taste d. Vision

Which statement about the trophoblast is true? a. Cells from the trophoblast include cells from the developing embryo and cells that will help form the placenta. b. Cells from the trophoblast contribute to the formation of the placenta. c. Cells from the trophoblast will ultimately develop into the newborn individual. d. Cells from the trophoblast are produced immediately following the acrosomal reaction.

Which statement regarding estrogen in late pregnancy is false? a. Estrogen levels increase during late pregnancy. b. Estrogen stimulates the release of oxytocin. c. Estrogen stimulates myometrial cells in the uterine smooth muscle to produce receptors for oxytocin. d. Estrogen stimulates myometrial cells in the uterine smooth muscle to produce gap junctions.

Which statement regarding icefish evolution is true? a. Only icefish share an ancestor containing genes that code for antifreeze proteins. b. Only icefish share an ancestor that lost the function of globin genes. c. The loss of functional globin genes occurred multiple times during the evolution of icefish. d. The evolution of antifreeze proteins occurred multiple times during the evolution of icefish.

Which statement regarding oxygen storage ability in Australian sea lions (aged 6 months to adult) is most accurate? a. By the time they have reached adulthood, sea lions have increased their lung capacity per gram 4-fold. b. By the time they have reached adulthood, the amount of O2 that can be stored per gram of tissue has tripled. c. By the time they have reached adulthood, their muscle myoglobin has a significantly higher affinity for O2. d. By the time they have reached adulthood, sea lions more than double their concentration of hemoglobin per unit of blood volume.

Which type of cells in the retina have their most prominent action in the lateral pathway, as opposed to the straight-through pathway? a. Bipolar cells b. Horizontal cells c. Ganglion cells d. Cone cells

Which type of chemical compound contains common molecules that many animals cannot digest? a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids d. Fatty acids

Why do the eyes of cows and soldierfish get cold cataracts at low temperatures, while the lenses of the Antarctic toothfish stay clear? a. Toothfish are acclimatized to cold; cows and soldierfish are not. b. The chemical structure of the crystalline proteins of the toothfish differ from that of the cow and the soldierfish. c. Toothfish have tissues that serve as heaters to keep their eyes warm in cold water; the cow and the soldierfish do not. d. Toothfish are eurythermal; the cow and soldierfish are stenothermal.

You are asked to identify the gut microbes contributing to the three major enterotypes in humans. Which of the following would be the best way to accomplish this? a. Sequence the proteins from a collective sample of the gut. b. Sequence the DNA from a collective sample of the gut. c. Electron microscopy d. Direct culture of the microbes

_______ cells are the output of the retina. a.Amacrine b.Ganglion c.Horizontal d.Bipolar

_______ describes the process of rewarming of the tissues of a mammal after controlled hypothermia. a.Endothermy b.Arousal c.Metabolic acclimatization d.Q10 effect

_______ is the most common measure of metabolic rate. a. Rate of CO2 production b. Rate of O2 consumption c. Rate of heat production d. Ingested energy minus fecal energy

A biological rhythm brought into phase with an environmental rhythm is said to be a. endogenous. b. a free-running circadian rhythm. c. entrained. d. a zeitgebe

A comparison of the proteins produced in an animal's muscle tissue before and after exercise is an example of a. transcription cDNA profiling. b. a top-down study. c. a screening study. d. a postgenomic study.

A honeybee estimates its distance between its hive and food source on the basis of a. path integration. b. compass navigation. c. optic flow. d. map-and-compass navigation.

A quantum is a a.count of the number of acetylcholine molecules in a vesicle. b.measure of the total amount of acetylcholine released into the synapse. c.measure of the stored acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminal. d.the number of vesicles in the synapse

According to the whole-epithelium view of the gill, how does Cl- enter the gill membrane of a freshwater teleost fish? a. Passive countertransport with HCO3- b. Passive cotransport with Na+ c. Active countertransport with HCO3- d. Active cotransport with HCO3-

An animal that begins as female and later changes its sex to become a male is most accurately referred to as a. a hermaphrodite. b. protandrous. c. protogynous. d. a sequential hermaphrodite.

An animal that spends 3 hours a day running from predators and 20 hours a day resting (using 20 KJ/hour) has a total daily cost of behavior of 700 KJ. The total energy spent running from predators is a. 100 KJ/day. b. 200 KJ/day. c. 300 KJ/day. d. 400 KJ/day.

An experimental manipulation in which animals come to lack functional copies of a gene is called a. RNA interference. b. a transcription block. c. gene knockout. d. DNA denaturation.

Another term for ADMR is a. telemetric device. b. time-energy budget. c. field metabolic rate. d. D2 method.

As environmental temperature increases, a poikilotherm's metabolic rate a. stays the same if it is within its thermoneutral zone. b. increases linearly. c. increases exponentially. d. can either increase or decrease, depending on the species.

Bees communicate the direction of a food source on either a horizontal or vertical surface via the a. intensity of the waggle run. b. angle of the loop component relative to the sun. c. direction of the straight waggle run. d. size of the figure eight.

Compared to small mammals, large mammals tend to a. produce more heat per unit of body weight. b. have a larger surface area per unit of body weight. c. lose heat less rapidly per unit of body weight. d. have a smaller volume per unit body weight

Countercurrent heat exchange is important in the _______ of a warm-bodied fish. a. backbone b. gills c. red swimming muscles d. white swimming muscles

During early development in the killifish (8 days old), what is responsible for osmoregulation in seawater? a. Osmolytes b. Kidneys c. Chloride cells d. Gills

During long term muscle activity, peak fuel usage occurs in which order? a. Muscle glucose; muscle glycogen; phosphagens; glycogen brought in by the circulation b. Phosphagens; muscle glucose; glycogen brought in by the circulation; muscle glycogen c. Phosphagens; muscle glucose; muscle glycogen; glucose brought in by the circulation d. Muscle glucose; phosphagens; muscle glycogen; glycogen brought in by the circulation

Experiments in which the magnetic field around a pigeon's head was reversed a. had no effect in any weather condition. b. caused them to lose their navigational ability in all weather conditions. c. caused them to navigate in the opposite direction, but only on overcast days. d. caused them to navigate in the opposite direction in all weather conditions.

Flying is energetically expensive, and the energetic cost of flying increases with increasing weight. For a bird flying across the Gulf of Mexico, which substance would be the most efficient energy storage compound? a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids d. Essential amino acids

Hibernators store fat in a. hepatocytes. b. enterocytes. c. adipocytes. d. reticulocytes.

If a 3800-kg elephant and a 20-g mouse both have body temperatures of 37°C, which statement would be true? a. The temperatures of the animals and the amount of heat they contain are similar but different. b. Both animals have the same temperature and contain the same amount of heat. c. Both animals have the same temperature but contain different amounts of heat. d. Both animals have the same temperature but the average molecular speed inside the mouse is faster.

Imagine your physiology class has 100 students. It is winter and the heat has failed in the classroom, but you are not worried because 100 sitting students produce heat at the rate of about a. 10 W. b. 1000 W. c. 10 kW. d. 100 kW.

In Aplysia, the result of sensitization at the synapse is a(n) a. decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter per impulse. b. increase in the number of impulses per second. c. increase in the amount of neurotransmitter per impulse. d. decrease in the number of impulses per second.

In a primate or a horse, the hormone that prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating is a. progesterone. b. estrogen. c. chorionic gonadotropin. d. follicle-stimulating hormone.

In a typical neuron, which ion is in passive equilibrium across the cell membrane? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. Both Na+ and K+

In hypoxia, a. ATP is being used. b. ATP is being depleted. c. there is a lack of oxygen. d. there is a lack of lactate dehydrogenase.

In many vertebrates, _______ predominantly detect(s) pheromones. a. specialized taste buds b. the olfactory system c. the vomeronasal organ d. internal chemoreceptors

In one study, researchers found that after 4-8 hours after exercise the mRNAs of _______ genes were found to have increased. a. stress-response b. insulin c. mitochondrial enzyme d. myosin ATPase

In the Fick equation, J measures a. the total diffusion. b. the rate of diffusion. c. the net rate of diffusion. d. concentration.

In the general population of 20-50-year-old humans, ADMR tends to vary from _______ to _______ times the BMR. a. 1; 2 b. 2; 4 c. 1.2; 2.5 d. 2.5; 3.5

In the studies of Hill et al., the ear temperatures of resting jackrabbits were at about 8°C when air temperature was 8°C. Immediately after running, the rabbits registered ear temperatures higher than 30°C, but in less than 30 minutes the temperatures had returned to about 8°C. What is the likely reason for the increase in ear temperature during running? a. An increase in radiative heat gain by the ears b. An increase in convective heat gain by the ears c. Dissipation of excess metabolic heat produced during running d. Retention of body heat during exercise

In the vertebrate eye, the main transduction event takes place a. on the iris. b. at the cornea. c. in the retina. d. at the lens

Inward diffusion of _______ drives the cotransport of glucose and galactose across the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the vertebrate midgut. a. ATP b. K+ c. Na+ d. H2O

Lipids are solubilized in the gut lumen by a. chylomicrons. b. micelles. c. bile salts. d. GLUT2.

Na+-K+-ATPase pumps _______ the cell while _______ the cell. a. 2 Na+ out of; pumping 3 K+ into b. 3 Na+ into; pumping 2 K+ out of c. 3 Na+ out of; pumping 2 K+ into d. 2 Na+ into; pumping 3 K+ out of

Of a squid, an earthworm, a human, a cockroach, and a bacterium, how many have a brain? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

One of the first anatomically accurate descriptions of the human circulatory system came from a. Galileo. b. Rembrandt. c. Vesalius. d. Rubner.

Peptide hormones are synthesized by a. transcription of DNA. b. transcription of DNA and translation. c. transcription of DNA, translation, and posttranslational processing. d. transcription of DNA, translation, posttranslational processing, and exocytosis.

Some Antarctic molluscs die of heat stress if their body temperature rises above 2°C and some tropical molluscs die of cold stress if cooled to 4°C. This comparison illustrates a. the phenomenon of acclimation. b. the phenomenon of acclimatization. c. the phenomenon of evolutionary specialization. d. that the pejus temperature for molluscs is about 3°C.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from a. transcription of DNA and are stored in vesicles until neurosecretory release. b. transcription of DNA and are released into the blood via diffusion. c. cholesterol on demand and are released into the blood via diffusion. d. cholesterol and are stored in vesicles until neurosecretory release.

Suppose that the ratio of FADH to FADH2 is 1. The molecule is said to be in a. oxidative state. b. reductive state. c. redox balance. d. oxygen deficiency.

The _______ division has a long preganglionic neuron synapsed with a short postganglionic neuron. a. sympathetic b. enteric c. parasympathetic d. autonomic

The common currency of life is a. heat. b. carbon dioxide. c. energy. d. oxygen.

The conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal is known as a.a graded potential. b.an action potential. c.transduction. d.transference

The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes primarily a. nonneural peptides. b. catecholamines. c. steroid hormones. d. acetylcholine.

The hormone melatonin has strong effects on _______, and therefore also affects reproduction. a. the nutritional environment b. the social environment c. photoperiod d. temperature

The hormone that directly stimulates Leydig cells to secrete androgens is a. testosterone. b. estrogen. c. luteinizing hormone. d. follicle-stimulating hormone.

The induction of long-term potentiation occurs in the a. presynaptic neuron. b. synapse. c. postsynaptic neuron. d. motor neuron.

The limiting factor in the synthesis of acetylcholine is the speed at which a. acetyl groups are formed. b. vesicles are formed. c. choline is recycled. d. vesicles release choline.

The observed use of path integration by desert ants means that a. they have a true map-and-compass navigation strategy. b. they follow a carefully marked trail back to the nest. c. regardless of the paths taken, they can return to their nest via the most direct route. d. they are able to find the shortest means to the food source.

The separation of positive and negative charges constitutes a.resistance. b.an electric current. c.a voltage. d.capacitance

The term that refers to the increase in luteinizing hormone within an hour after copulation in a female rabbit is a. estrus. b. spontaneous ovulation. c. induced ovulation. d. delayed implantation.

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system? a. Parasympathetic, sympathetic b. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic c. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric d. Somatic, enteric

What effect would injecting a leg muscle with a drug that binds to and disables acetylcholinesterase have on that leg? a. Delayed paralysis b. Immediate tetany c. Tetany once the leg muscle was contracted d. Paralysis once the leg muscle was contracted

What is the key distinction between conduction and convection? a. In conduction, the atoms of the substance participate in transfer of heat, but in convection they do not. b. In convection, the atoms of the substance participate in transfer of heat, but in conduction they do not. c. Convection involves heat transfer through macroscopic motion. d. Conduction involves heat transfer through macroscopic motion

What is the relationship between synaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization? a. Synaptic facilitation is a short term response and behavioral sensitization is a long term response. b. Synaptic facilitation is related to the sensory system and behavioral sensitization is related to the motor system. c. Synaptic facilitation underlies behavioral sensitization. d. They are both fundamentally the same thing.

Which animal is most different from the others in terms of how food is moved through the digestive system? a. Baleen whales b. Crustacean c. Oyster d. Insects

Which character of neurons affects conduction velocity the least? a. Axon diameter b. Myelination c. Axon length d. Temperature

Which glial cells function as metabolic intermediaries between capillaries and neurons? a. Schwann cells b. Oligodendrocites c. Astrocytes d. Microglial cells

Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland? a. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and prolactin b. Oxytocin and prolactin c. Vasopressin and oxytocin d. Vasopressin and prolactin

Which hormones directly control insect metamorphosis? a. Juvenile hormone and ecdysone b. Juvenile hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone c. Prothoracicotropic hormone, ecdysone, and juvenile hormone d. Prothoracicotropic hormone, ecdysone, juvenile hormone, and bursicon

Which mammalian skin mechanoreceptor cell is considered extremely phasic? a. Merkel disk b. Hair cell c. Pacinian corpuscle d. Ruffini ending

Which newborn animal does not have brown fat? a.Reindeer b.Mice c.Piglet d.Lamb

Which observation resulted from the sea urchin gene family analysis? a. Genes that code for gap-junction proteins are present. b. Genes that code for the enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline are present. c. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes are unusually numerous. d. Genes that code for skeleton mineralization are very similar to those found in vertebrates.

Which of the following does not occur in endurance training to maximize V̇O2max a. Increase in number of mitochondria b. Increase in density of blood capillaries c. Increase in small intestine glucose transporters d. Increase in mitochondrial enzymes

Which of the following is not a probable method of modulating channel or transporter function? a. The existence of multiple molecular forms of the same channel or transporter b. Control of the tissue-level expression of channels or transporters by gene expression c. Blocking or permanent disabling of channels or transporters by ligands d. Insertion or removal of channels or transporters from the plasma membrane

Which of the following is not a type of gated channel? a. Voltage-gated b. Phosphorylation-gated c. Ion-gated d. Ligand-gated

Which of the following isotopes is(are) used in the doubly labeled water method? a. D216O b. H218O c. Both D216O and H218O d. 14C

Which of the following transmits information the fastest? a.Ionotropic EPSP b.Metabotropic IPSP c.Electrical synapse d.Fast EPSP

Which organelle is found in large quantities in brown fat cells? a. Nucleus b. Lysosome c. Mitochondria d. Golgi apparatus

Which sequence of analysis represents the top-down order of study? a. Animal function → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → genes b. Genes → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → animal function c. Animal function → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → genes d. Genes → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → animal function

Which situation has been shown to demonstrate epigenetic marking? a. Birds learning the North Star. b. Marine molluscs forming thicker shells in the presence of predators. c. Honeybees fed royal jelly to produce a queen. d. Children not reaching their full potential height due to lack of nutrients.

Which statement about icefish is true? a. They have only the two β-globin subunits in their hemoglobin. b. They have no red blood cells but do have circulating hemoglobin. c. They do not have hemoglobin. d. They have four subunits of α-globin.

Which statement about reactive oxygen species (ROS) is false? a. They are an ordinary mechanism of aerobic metabolism. b. They are generated in the mitochondria. c. The enzyme catalase converts oxygen free radicals to hydrogen peroxide. d. The damage they cause is called oxidative stress.

Which statement about reindeer is false? a. There is more unsaturated fat in the distal limb than in the proximal limb. b. The microbe composition in their rumen changes in winter. c. In winter, their ability to digest cellulose decreases. d. Palmitic acid and stearic acid are less abundant in the distal limb.

Which statement best describes the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrate rods? a. Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is instantaneous. b. Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is slow. c. Enzymatic regeneration is slow. d. Enzymatic regeneration is based on dark adaptation.

Which statement most accurately summarizes the chemiosmotic hypothesis? a. Electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain and delivered to oxygen. b. Hydrogen ions are pumped into the matrix to create an electrochemical gradient. c. Protons move from low concentration to high concentration, creating unequal distribution across the inner mitochondrial membrane. d. A phosphate group moves from ATP to another substrate.

Which statement regarding an individual riding a bike and a running individual is true? a.Both individuals will have the same cost of energy. b.The runner will have more cost of energy during the first ten minutes and then he will have less. c.The individual cyclist will have less cost of transport than the runner. d.The runner will have less cost of transport than the cyclist.

Which statement regarding cardiac pacemaker cells is false? a. They spontaneously generate action potentials. b. The frequency of action potential generation can be modified by neural input. c. The pacemaker cells are modified neural tissue. d. They are connected to myocardium via gap junctions.

Which statement regarding chemical synapses is true? a. Chemical synapses are only excitatory. b. Chemical synapses transmit information in two directions. c. Chemical synapses have high plasticity. d. Pre- and postsynaptic currents are always similar.

Which statement regarding hooded seals is true? a.Weanling hooded seals dive as many times per hour as adults do. b.Weanlings have the same dive duration capabilities as adults c.Weanlings spend 90% of their time underwater just as adults do. d.Weanlings dive as deep as adults.

Which statement regarding white-footed mouse development is true? a. At birth, white-footed mice have full thermoregulatory capacity. b. White-footed mice are born with fur. c. Metabolic rate increases dramatically during the nestling period. d. The lowest temperature at which isolated individuals can thermoregulate increases after birth.

Which structure is most commonly used as the auditory organ in insects? a. Semicircular canals b. Statocyst c. Tympanal organ d. Hair cells

Which type of migration is most favored by natural selection? a. Long-distance migration b. Short-distance migration c. Long-distance migration, but only if the cost of covering distance is relatively low d. Short-distance migration, but only if the cost of covering distance is relatively low

While riding a stationary bicycle, the maximum efficiency of converting chemical bond energy to external work is about a. 5%. b. 10%. c. 30%. d. 75%.

While the exponent for the metabolic rate to body weight relationship was originally the source of some controversy, there is now a. strong agreement that the universal scaling exponent is two-thirds. b. strong agreement that the universal scaling exponent is three-quarters. c. general recognition that no single scaling exponent applies across all animals. d. general recognition that the exponent depends on lung volume.

Without symbioses, _______ can intrinsically produce the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose. a. Some ruminants b. All invertebrates c. Some invertebrates d. All termites

______ is a phenomenon in which genetically identical individuals can assume two or more distinct body forms, induced by differences in the environment. a. Environmental plasticity b. Developmental plasticity c. Polyphenic development d. Phenotypic polyphenism

_______ channels govern the generation of an action potential. a. Ligand-gated Na+ b. Ligand-gated K+ c. Voltage-gated Na+ d. Voltage-gated K+

_______ is the vertebrate sense in which the "resting," or unexcited, condition of the receptor is depolarized. a. Touch b. Smell c. Vision d. Hearing

A 5 mOsm solution behaves as if it has a. 5 Avogadro's number of independent dissolved entities per liter. b. 5 M of dissolved nonionic entities. c. 5 mM dissolved nonionic entities. d. 0.005 Avogadro's number of independent dissolved entities per liter.

A membrane that is permeable to Na+ and K+ separates two solutions. The initial solutions are a 1-M solution of K+ on the left side of the membrane and a 1 M solution of Na+ on the right side. What will occur? a. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net positive charge on the right side. b. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net negative charge on the right side. c. Na+ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane and K+ will not diffuse; however, there will be no separation of charges. d. The movement of Na+ will be balanced out by the movement of K+; therefore, there will be no net charge difference.

A neuron that releases the contents of its vesicles into the bloodstream rather than a synapse is called a a. neurohemal cell. b. nonneural endocrine cell. c. paracrine cell. d. neurosecretory cell

A spiking neuron and a nonspiking neuron share which characteristic? a.High concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels at the axon hillock b.A graded potential down the entire length of the axon c.An action potential down the entire length of the axon d.Neurotransmitter secretion based on a change in membrane potential

A stimulating depolarizing current that depolarizes the axon hillock just slightly negative to the threshold will a. not change the overall membrane potential at all. b. produce an action potential. c. produce a very small action potential. d. produce a temporary graded potential

After the follicle ruptures during _______, it becomes the _______. a. menstruation; corpus luteum b. estrus; secondary oocyte c. fertilization; secondary oocyte d. ovulation; corpus luteum

An animal that can function effectively over a wide range of temperatures and cannot elevate its tissue temperature above the environmental temperature is a a. stenothermal poikilotherm. b. stenothermal endotherm. c. eurythermal endotherm. d. eurythermal poikilotherm.

An animal with a saturated fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of _______ will have the best hibernation performance. a. 3:01 b. 2:01 c. 1.5:1 d. 1:01

An organism with a resting oxygen consumption of 1 mL/g•hr and an aerobic scope for activity of 10 mL/g•hr will have a V̇O2max of _______ mL/g•hr. a. 0.1 b. 0.11 c. 9 d. 11

Animals from numerous habitats tend to have relatively similar membrane fluidities when they are living at their respective, normal body temperatures. The relative constancy of membrane fluidity regardless of tissue temperature is called a. lipid stabilization. b. saturation dynamics. c. bilayer constancy. d. homeoviscous adaptation.

Animals use absorbed chemical energy for a. exported chemical energy, fecal energy, heat, and mechanical energy of external work. b. exported chemical energy and mechanical energy of external work only. c. heat and mechanical energy of external work only. d. exported chemical energy, heat, and mechanical energy of external work.

As a mammal experiences an increase in ambient temperature from the lower critical temperature to the upper critical temperature, its body temperature _______, metabolic rate _______, and thermal conductance _______. a. increases; increases; increases b. increases; is relatively constant; decreases c. is relatively constant; is relatively constant; decreases d. is relatively constant; is relatively constant; increases

Compared to light-colored animals, dark-colored animals absorb _______ short wavelength radiation and _______ longer wavelength radiation. a. more; less b. less; more c. about the same amount of; more d. more; about the same amount of

Compared to rats, humans have a. a brain that uses much less energy per gram. b. faster reproductive development. c. a smaller brain to body ratio as infants. d. faster brain development relative to their reproductive age.

Compared to red-blooded fish of the same size, icefish have a. larger hearts. b. a higher rate of blood circulation. c. a higher metabolic rate and larger hearts. d. larger hearts and a higher circulation rate.

Considering the cycle of an action potential, when is the permeability to K+ at its greatest? a. During the resting membrane potential b. During the rising phase of the action potential c. At the peak of the action potential d. During the falling phase of the action potential

During a bout of fever in a placental mammal, _______ of cutaneous vascular beds are activated when the set point of the thermoregulatory control system is above body temperature. When the set point of the thermoregulatory control system is below body temperature, _______ of cutaneous vascular beds are activated. a. sweating and vasodilation; shivering and vasoconstriction b. sweating and vasoconstriction; shivering and vasodilation c. shivering and vasodilation; sweating and vasoconstriction d. shivering and vasoconstriction; sweating and vasodilation

During mammalian pregnancy, implantation of the _______ usually takes place in the _______. a. zygote; uterus b. zygote; endometrium c. blastocyst; myometrium d. blastocyst; endometrium

Enzyme-substrate affinity a.does not vary with temperature. b.increases with temperature in eurythermal species but decreases with temperature in stenothermal species. c.generally increases with temperature. d.generally decreases with temperature.

Epinephrine is a. excitatory. b. inhibitory. c. simultaneously excitatory and inhibitory. d. either excitatory or inhibitory.

Five students participate in a new reality TV show. Their only food for a week is bread and milk. The _______ student is most likely to make it through the week without gastrointestinal distress. a. African-American b. Chinese-American c. Italian d. Danish

How does the environment affect growth in children? a. Environmental challenges tend to enhance growth. b. Environment has very little effect on growth. c. Environment tends to affect only humans of certain ethnic backgrounds. d. Environmental stresses tend to impair growth.

How often does a neuron's output equal its input? a. All the time b. Most of the time c. Seldom d. Never

Hradiative emission = ε σ Tsurface4 is known as a. the heat balance equation. b. Bergmann's rule. c. the second law of thermodynamics. d. the Stefan-Boltzmann equation.

If an animal spends 4 hours a day chasing prey and 20 hours a day resting, its total daily cost of behavior in kilojoules is a. 5 KJ/day. b. 16 KJ/day. c. 24 KJ/day. d. Insufficient data is provided to calculate the daily cost of behavior.

In a typical animal cell, K+ tends to leak a. into the cell due to its electrical gradient. b. into the cell due to its concentration gradient. c. out of the cell due to its electrical gradient. d. out of the cell due to its concentration gradient.

In myelinated axons, action potentials occur a. all along the axon. b. only at the internodes. c. only at the initial segment of the axon. d. only at the nodes of Ranvier.

In the absence of environmental cues, the biological rhythm that persists is called a(n) a. phasing factor. b. zeitgeber. c. entrained rhythm. d. free-running rhythm.

In the distal limb of a reindeer, the lipid composition a. is mostly stearic acid. b. is mostly palmitic acid. c. has a very small amount of oleic acid. d. has a high proportion of oleic acid.

In the taste sensilla of Drosophila, which substance would likely elicit action potentials in a deterrent cell? a. 1 mM KCl b. 30 mM sucrose c. 50 mM NaCl d. quinine

In the visual projection pathway of mammals, the geniculostriate pathway projects a. from one eye to the primary visual cortex. b. to the lateral geniculate nucleus within the primary visual cortex. c. to the primary visual cortex and then to the lateral geniculate nucleus. d. to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex.

In vertebrate muscle, how is the supply of NAD regenerated in the absence of oxygen? a. Using the Krebs cycle b. By forming pyruvate c. By breathing faster d. By forming lactic acid

In vertebrates, V̇O2max is about _______ than resting O2 consumption. a. 5 times lower b. 2 times higher c. 5 times higher d. 10 times higher

In vertebrates, the principal site of absorption is the a. foregut. b. biliary system. c. hindgut. d. midgu

In vestibular receptors, the stimulus perceived is a. pressure. b. chemicals. c. sound. d. body position and movement.

Lipids are important for all of the following except: a. reducing the permeability of the integument to water b.serving as hormones (e.g. steroid lipids) c.forming cellular membranes d.store water

Mammals that weigh _______ are generally not hibernators. a. 6 g b. 1 kg c. 4 kg d. 50 kg

Of the following values, an exercise requiring _______ of V̇O2max is the most strenuous. a.65% b.45% c.55% d.75%

Protons are transferred back to the mitochondrial matrix via a. succinate dehydrogenase. b. cytochrome b-c1. c. cytochrome oxidase. d. ATP synthase.

SDA tends to be _______ for meals high in _______. a. lower; lipids b. lower; protein c. higher; lipids d. higher; protein

Suppose you feed a snake a large meal and then monitor the increase in its metabolic rate after eating until the rate returns back to the fasting value. How would you quantify the magnitude of the SDA? a. Measure the metabolic rate exactly 1 hour after the meal b. Measure the highest metabolic rate before the metabolic rate returns to the fasting level c. Measure fasting CO2 production and add O2 consumption after eating d. Measure the cumulative increase in metabolic rate above the fasting level

The act of moving on a particular course by following a series of landmarks that help an animal determine where it is located on the path with respect to its ultimate destination is called a. navigation. b. homing. c. trail following. d. piloting.

The blood plasma of a freshwater teleost fish is _______ relative to the pond water in which it lives. a. isotonic b. isosmotic c. hyposmotic d. hyperosmotic

The enzyme needed to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called a. hexokinase. b. phosphofructokinase. c. catalase. d. lactate dehydrogenase.

The hearts of icefish a. do not have myoglobin. b. have myoglobin, but the globin has a slightly different protein conformation compared to that of other fish. c. have myoglobin just as other fish do. d. can have myoglobin or not, depending on the species.

The largest stomach chamber of a cow is the a. cecum. b. abomasum. c. omasum. d. rumen.

The major mechanism(s) of epigenetic marking is(are) a. DNA methylation. b. covalent modification of histones. c. DNA methylation and base pair substitution. d. DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones.

The navigational cues that animals use as a magnetic compass are provided by the a. polarity of Earth's magnetic field. b. dip of Earth's magnetic field. c. rotational moment of Earth's magnetic field. d. dip and polarity of Earth's magnetic field.

The overarching goal of genomics is to elucidate the _______ of genes and genomes. a. evolution b. current function c. current function and expression patterns d. evolution and current function

The specialized vascular system in the anterior pituitary, which transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, is called the _______ portal system. a. neuro-hypophysial b. hypophysial c. anterior hypophysial d. hypothalamo-hypophysial

The time constant (τ) depends on the _______ of the membrane. a. resistance b. capacitance c. resistance and voltage d. resistance and capacitance

What is the mechanistic explanation for sensitization? a. Increase in sodium flux b. Increase in potassium flux c. Decrease in potassium flux d. Increase in calcium flux

What is the proposed advantage to locusts adopting the gregarious phenotype? a. Gregarious locusts have a greater chance of finding mates. b. Gregarious locusts have a greater chance of cryptic avoidance of predators. c. Gregarious locusts have the advantage of safety in numbers. d. The voracious behavior of swarms enables locusts in a swarm to collect large quantities of food.

What would happen to energy production if NADH2 and FADH2 were not available? a. Glycolysis would continue. b. Oxygen would become unavailable. c. The Krebs cycle would stop. d. The electron transport chain would stop.

Which ability is most advantageous for a large mammal, such as a reindeer, in a cold environment? a. The ability to escape the cold by living under the snow b. Possessing physiological modifications to thermoregulate c. Finding refuge d. Producing very thick pelage

Which action is considered a parasympathetic effect? a. Simulation of the secretion of epinephrine b. Inhibition of digestion c. Increased blood pressure d. Constriction of lung airways

Which brain subdivision is responsible for higher sensory, motor, and integrative functions? a. Diencephalon b. Mesencephalon c. Metencephalon d. Telencephalon

Which cue is responsible for producing the two phenotypes in the western white butterfly? a. Temperature b. Day length c. Predator density d. Both temperature and day length

Which diet supports longer bouts of hibernation? a. High starch diet b. Protein-rich grain diet c. Nucleic acid-rich diet d. Polyunsaturated fat-rich diet

Which enzyme increases during endurance training? a. Hexokinase b. Phosphofructokinase c. Pyruvate kinase d. Citrate synthase

Which enzyme is required to use an ATP molecule during glycolysis? a. Phosphoglycerate kinase b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase c. Pyruvate kinase d. Phosphofructokinase

Which enzyme is used to minimize the effect of reactive oxygen species? a.Pyruvate kinase b.Phosphofructokinase c.Isomerase d.Catalase

Which fatty acid would you expect to find in the proximal limb of a reindeer? a. Only stearic acid b. Only oleic acid c. Triglycerides d. Some saturated fatty acids and some unsaturated fatty acids.

Which hormone acts to reduce plasma volume? a. ADH (vasopressin) b. Angiotensin II c. Aldosterone d. Atrial natriuretic peptide

Which hormone has a more pivotal, clearly defined function in females than in males? a. Luteinizing hormone b. Oxytocin c. Prolactin d. Both oxytocin and prolactin

Which hormone is not directly involved in the process of lactation? a. Prolactin b. Dopamine c. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone d. Vasopressin

Which insect hormone is not directly involved in ecdysis? a. Juvenile hormone b. Pre-ecdysis triggering hormone c. Ecdysis triggering hormone d. Bursicon

Which is the best description of the immediate process by which glucose is transported across the epithelial membrane of the small intestine? a. Active transport using Na+ b. Cotransport with K+ c. Active transport using ATP d. Cotransport with Na+

Which mechanism is not used for epigenetic marking? a.histone methylation b.histone phosphorylation c.DNA methylation d.mRNA methylation

Which of the following actively contributes to the cell's membrane potential? a. Permeability to K+ b. Permeability to Na+ c. The overall resistance of the membrane d. Electrogenic ion pumps

Which of the following does not directly relate to transduction of an aspect of sound? a. The magnitude of hair cell bending b. The location (population) of hair cells bending c. The direction of hair cell bending d. The number of action potentials coming from the hair cell

Which of the following forms of energy can be used to do mechanical work in a machine but cannot be used to do physiological work in an animal? a. Chemical-bond energy b. Electrical energy c. Mechanical energy d. Heat

Which of the following is characteristic of an arthropod central nervous system? a. A cross section of a ganglion consisting of gray matter and white matter b. Neuronal bodies located throughout the entire animal c. A CNS consisting of a single continuous column d. A CNS consisting of a chain of segmental ganglia

Which of the following is not a type of compass? a. Polarized-light compass b. Star compass c. Magnetic compass d. Landmark compass

Which of the following is not a variable in the Fick equation? a. Distance separating regions of high and low concentration b. Concentration difference c. Diffusion coefficient d. Charge

Which physiological process takes place because of a hormone-level drop? a. Ovulation b. Growth of the corpus luteum c. Estrus d. Menstruation

Which protein does not participate in proton movement? a. Cytochrome b-c1 b. Cytochrome oxidase c. ATP synthase d. Succinate dehydrogenase

Which protein is common in all species of icefish? a.Hemoglobin b.Myoglobin c.Ventricular myoglobin d.Antifreeze glycoproteins

Which response is a result of sympathetic activation? a. Decreased heart rate b. Release of glucocorticoids c. Increased digestion d. Vasoconstriction

Which source contributes to the oxygen stores of the Australian sea lion? a. O2 in the lungs b. O2 attached to blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin c. O2 attached to blood hemoglobin and O2 in the lungs d. O2 in the lungs and O2 attached to blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin

Which statement about the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine (Ach) receptor is false? a. The probability an ACh channel will open depends on ACh concentration. b. The synaptic current is the sum of the net ionic currents through all activated ACh receptors. c. The opening of the ACh receptor is all-or-none. d. The probability that an ACh channel will open depends on membrane voltage.

Which statement regarding channels and transporters is false? a.Multiple molecular forms of channel and transporter proteins are common. b.Channel and transporter proteins can be inserted into or retrieved from the plasma membrane. c.Channel and transporter proteins are subject to covalent and noncovalent modulation. d.Channel and transporter proteins have rapid turnover on the plasma membrane.

Which statement regarding metabotropic receptors is true? a. They can directly open or close ion channels. b. They always activate a G protein. c. They use no second messengers. d. They mediate membrane voltage changes via slow postsynaptic potentials.

Which statement regarding proteomics is false? a. It is the study of proteins synthesized by cells and tissues. b. It is a branch of the study of the biochemical phenotype. c. A reason for the study of proteomics is that the proteins coded by many genes are unknown. d. The study of proteomics is based on the assumption that protein concentrations can be correlated to mRNA synthesis.

Which statement regarding the vertebrate nervous system is true? a. White matter is composed almost entirely of unmyelinated tracts of neurons. b. The cerebral cortex is part of the midbrain, or mesencephalon. c. Spinal nerves run from the brain to the spinal cord. d. Gray matter is composed of intermingled neuronal cell bodies, processes, and synaptic contacts.

Which statement regarding vertebrate neurotransmitters is true? a. Most synapses (numerically) in the CNS use peptide neurotransmitters. b. In the CNS, many receptors for biogenic amines mediate fast ionic responses. c. Biogenic amines are found in almost all neurons in the CNS. d. A neuroactive peptide may be co-released with one or more small-molecule neurotransmitters and may function as a cotransmitter

Which structure plays a crucial role in emulsifying lipids? a. Pancreas b. Foregut c. Midgut d. Biliary system

Which substance is most directly responsible for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles? a. Na+ b. Acetylcholine c. K+ d. Ca2+

Which taste quality mechanism involves a G protein receptor? a. Sweet b. Salty and sour c. Bitter and sweet d. Bitter, sweet, and umami

Which technique is not used in a standard DNA microarray? a. mRNA extraction b. Hybridization of each mRNA with the DNA spot representing its specific gene c. Fluor-labeled mRNA d. Labeling of DNA by reverse transcription

Which term refers to the concentration of nervous structures and functions in the head region? a. Centriolization b. Centralization c. Radialization d. Cephalization

With respect to the energy yield from the combustion of a carbohydrate in a bomb calorimeter and the oxidation of the same quantity of carbohydrate in an animal, a. less energy would be measured in the calorimeter. b. more energy would be measured in the calorimeter. c. biochemical inefficiencies in an animal would lead to more heat production and less work. d. the amount of energy measured would be equal in both cases.

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