Phonetics 3304
Nasals -word - finally; preceded by a schwa, preceded by a stop at the same place of articulation
-Becomes syllabic / nasal plosion (always) -ex) sudden: [ˈsʌdn̩] kitten: [ˈkʰɪtn̩]
"Hot" "Cot" What vowel is this?
/a/ OR /ɑ/
"Pyre" "Liar" What diphthong is this?
/aɪɹ/
"How" "Bout" What diphthong is this?
/aʊ/
Voiced stops
/b/, /d/, /g/
Voiced affricate
/dʒ/ -ex) "J" Jeep Jibe
"Hay" "Bait" What vowel is this?
/eɪ/
"Pair" "Lair" What diphthong is this?
/eɹ/
Voiceless fricatives
/f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/ -ex for /θ/) Thigh Thief -ex for /ʃ/) Shy She
"Heed" "Bead" What vowel is this?
/i/
"Peer" "Leer" What diphthong is this?
/iɹ/
Nasals
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/
"Pour" "Lour" What diphthong is this?
/oɹ/
"Code" "Bode" What vowel is this?
/oʊ/
Voiceless stops
/p/, /t/, /k/
Voiceless affricate
/tʃ/ -ex) "Ch" Chai Chi
"Who" "Boot" What vowel is this?
/u/
"Poor" "Lure" What diphthong is this?
/uɹ/
Voiced fricatives
/v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/ -ex for /ð/) Thy Thee -ex for /ʒ/ Azure Lesion
"Had" "Bad" What vowel is this?
/æ/
"Par" "Lard" What diphthong is this?
/ɑɹ/
"Law" "Caught" What vowel is this?
/ɔ/
"Sofa" "About" What vowel is this?
/ə/
"Tender" "Mother" What vowel is this?
/ɚ/
"Head" "Bed" What vowel is this?
/ɛ/
"Hurt" "Bert" What vowel is this?
/ɝ/
"Hid" "Bid" What vowel is this?
/ɪ/
Approximants
/ɹ/, /l/, /w/, /j/ -ex for /j/) You Yeast
"Hood" "Could" What vowel is this?
/ʊ/
"Hut" "Bud" What vowel is this?
/ʌ/
Voiceless stops are ________ word - initially
Aspirated
[ ʰ ]
Aspiration
[ ̩ ]
Assimilate place of articulation of preceding stop consonant
Alveolar nasals -before stop consonants
Assimilate place of articulation of stop consonant (almost always) -not in slow speech -ex) seven people: [sɛvm̩] [ˈpʰipl̩] incredible: [ɪ̃ŋˈkɹ̥ɛdɪbɫ]
Voiced stops -word - initially; only in VERY slow speech
Become fully voiced -ex) bead: [biːd] deed: [diːd]
Voiced stops -word - medially
Become fully voiced (always) -ex) eager: [ˈigɚ] abate: [əˈbeɪt]
Voiced fricatives -word - initially
Become fully/partially devoiced (almost always) -ex) zoo: [z̥u] visit: [v̥ɪzɪt]
Voiced fricatives -word - finally
Become fully/partially devoiced (almost always) -ex) ooze: [uːz] garbage: [g̥əˈɹɑːʒ̥]
Voiced stops -word - finally
Become fully/partially devoiced (always) -ex) lead: [liːd̥] thug: [θʌːg̥]
Alveolar/palatoalveolar fricatives and affricates -before round vowels
Become rounded (always) -ex) zoo: [z̥ʷu] assume: [əˈsʷũm]
Voiced fricatives -word - initially (only in VERY slow speech)
Become voiced -ex) zoo: [zu] visit: [vɪzɪt]
Alveolar stops -before/after/in-between stressless vowels
Become voiced alveolar flap (always) -ex) city: [ˈsɪɾi] ladder: [ˈlæɾɚ]
Alveolar stops -before /ɹ/
Becomes affricated (almost always word-initially on stressed syllables / less likely in stressless) -ex) drink: [dʒ̥ɹɪ̃ŋ] train: [tʃɹ̥ẽɪn]
Voiceless stops -word - medially; at the beginning of a primary or secondary stress
Becomes aspirated (always) -ex) attack: [əˈtʰæk] accost: [əˈkʰɔst]
Voiceless stops -word - initially
Becomes aspirated (always) -ex) put: [pʰʊt] took: [tʰʊk] cook: [kʰʊk]
Alveolar stops -before interdental fricatives
Becomes dental (always) -ex) eighth: [eɪt̪θ] width: [wɪd̪θ]
Voiced stops -word - initially
Becomes fully/partially devoiced (almost always) -ex) bead: [b̥iːd̥] deed: [d̥iːd̥] good: [g̥ʊːd̥]
Voiceless stops -word - finally
Becomes released (in all situations besides slow, careful speech) -ex) keep: [kʰip̚] book: [b̥ʊk̚]
Voiceless stops -word - finally; in slow, careful speech
Becomes released and aspirated -ex) keep: [kʰipʰ] book: [b̥ʊkʰ]
/l/ -word - finally; preceded by a schwa, preceded by an alveolar stop
Becomes syllabic / lateral plosion (always) -ex) little: [lɪtɫ̩] label: [le͡ɪˈdɫ̩]
/l/ -word - finally; preceded by a schwa, preceded by any consonant
Becomes syllabic / lateral plosion (only at fast rates of speech) -ex) legal: [ˈligɫ̩] baffle: [ˈb̥æfɫ̩]
Nasals -word - finally; preceded by a schwa, preceded by a consonant
Becomes syllabic / nasal plosion (only at fast rates of speech) -ex) explosion: [ɪkˈsploʊʒn̩] information: [ɪ̃nfɚmeɪʃn̩]
Voiceless stops -first member of 2-consonant cluster
Becomes unreleased (almost always- in slow, careful speech they are aspirated)) -ex) apt: [æp̚t] act: [æk̚t]
/l/ -word - finally
Becomes velarized (always) -ex) ball: [b̥ɔɫ]
/h/ -between 2 vowels
Becomes voiced (fast rates of speech in some dialects / slow rates of speech in some dialects) -ex) ahead: [əˈɦɛːd̥]
Approximates -following voiceless stops; word - initially or at the beginning of a primary or secondary stressed syllable word - medially
Becomes voiceless (always) -ex) plead: [pl̥iːd] prune: [pɹ̥ũn] twill: [tw̥ɪɫ] appreciation: [əˌpɹ̥iʃiˈeɪʃn̩]
Voiceless stops -after /s/
Becomes voiceless and un-aspirated (always) -ex) speed: [spiːd̥] stew: [stu] scoop: [skup]
Stress
Both primary-stressed and secondary-stressed syllables are [+stress] (others are [-stress])
What determines whether the phrase ends with a rise in pitch of a fall in pitch and is marked with %?
Boundary tones
L* L - H% What type of intonation is this?
Continuation rise
If a alveolar stop is between 2 vowels, it is always ________
De-voiced
H* L - L% What type of intonation is this?
Declarative intonation
Sonority
Degree of openness in the vocal tract
[ ̪ ]
Dental
If /t/ or /d/ are in an unstressed syllable, it is a ________
Flap /ɾ/
What are the three binary features of stress?
Full vowel Stress Tonic accent
[ H ]
High pitch
Which speech rate takes place in slow, careful speech?
Hyperspeech
Which speech rate takes place in quick speech?
Hypospeech
L* + H
Implicates uncertainty. The pitch range marks the degree of uncertainty
Vowels -before word - final voiced stops/fricatives
Lengthen (always) -ex) cab: [kʰæːb̥] lead: [liːd̥]
[ ː ]
Lengthening
[ L ]
Low pitch
[ ̃ ]
Nasalized
What is aligned to the tonic syllable and marked with *?
Nuclear accent
What determines the pitch following the nuclear accent? [ H ] [ L ]
Phrase accents
[ ˈ ]
Primary stress
[ ʷ ]
Rounded
Syllables with _________ stress are longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and are shorter and quieter than those with primary stress
Secondary
Generally, the ________ stress comes before the ________ stress
Secondary Primary
[ ˌ ]
Secondary stress
L + H* L - H% What type of intonation is this?
Surprise
What is the syllable nucleus?
Syllables have at least one vowel
What is the syllable coda?
Syllables may have one or more consonant after the vowel
What is the syllable onset?
Syllables start with at least one consonant, which can be a glottal stop or a short [h] in vowel-initial words.
Full vowel
Syllables with [ ə ], [ ɚ ], [ ɨ ] and syllabic /n/, /m/, /l/ are [-Full Vowel] All others are [+ Full Vowel]
H*
Tells the listener that the item being accented is new and important
L*
Tells the listener that the speaker holds no particular believe about the item being accented
Declarative utterance
The first syllable is stressed and is higher in pitch than the others
Non-declarative utterance
The first syllable is stressed and is lower in pitch than the others
Tonic accent
The most stressed syllable in the word is [+tonic accent] (others are [-tonic accent])
Intonational phrase
The part of the utterance over which a particular speech pattern occurs
Intonation contour
The pattern of pitch changes during an utternce
Declarative (statement) intonation
The pitch of the voice falls. The syllable receiving the most stress in the phrase is produced with a high pitch. The pitch falls over the course of the utterance
Yes- no question intonation
The pitch of the voice rises. The syllable receiving the most stress in the phrase is produced with a low pitch. The pitch rises over the course of the utterance.
[ ̚ ]
Unreleased / un-aspirated
[ ɫ ]
Velarized
If you think you hear a flap and there aren't ________ on both sides, it isn't a flap
Vowels
Sonority heiarchy
Vowels Glides (w, j) Liquids (ɹ, l) Nasals Fricatives Stops and affricates
L* H - H% What type of intonation is this?
Yes - no question intonation
