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Jabez Hughes

Divided photography into three categories, Mechanical photography (simple representation of objects), Art photography (where the artist infuses her/his mind into things, so that they appear in a more appropriate or beautiful manner),and High Art Photography (pictures which aim at higher purposes ... which instruct, purify, enoble).

Annette Messager

Sculptural pieces, personal in nature drawn from personal archive of images

Magnum

A co-operative formed by a group of photographers (including Capa and Bresson) with the goals of allowing member photographers to work free of editorial demands and to regain control over the use of their images.

Modernism;

A movement in the arts that began in the early 20th Century. Modernist artists were drawn towards abstraction and subjective expression of unique (individual) interests.

Post-Modernism;

A movement that came to the fore in the 1980's. Post-Modern Artists rejected Modernism and in many cases returned to depicting the figure (as opposed to abstraction) and turned to appropriating mass produced images and mining popular culture for image sources.

Alphonse Bertillon

A pioneer in the French Police department who developed a verbal and visual system for identifying criminals

*Lewis Hine

A sociologist by training, he was driven by a desire to change the ills he saw in the world. Known for pictures of child laborers which were used to change child labor laws. Also photographed construction of Empire State Building.

Picturesque

A term used to describe photographs of natural scenes that "stirred fine thoughts and feelings in the viewer." Many photographs in this mode were of the natural landscape, a result of the increase in size of cities and growing industrialization. As a consequence, nature became to be thought of as a romantic parallel to the grime of the city.

Imogeen Cunningham;

After early pictorial work took a formal, geometric approach to photographing the nude. Also made landscapes and portraits.

Sherrie Levine;

Appropriated famous photographs in order to question the belief in the unique qualities and authenticity of photographs

Henry Peach Robinson;

Argued that photography's ability to distort the truth made it a viable artform. Used combination printing. First success titled "Fading Away". Coined the term Pictorialism.

P.H. Emerson

Argued that selective focus (setting the lens slightly out of focus) was the road to naturalistic photography.

Pictorialists;

Art photographers who in the early 1900's often made soft focus pictures in order to create a painterly effect. Often used the gum-bichromate process.

Jock Sturges

Assistant arrested for delivering nude teenager photos to Lab. Accused of making child pornography. Work seized by police, long drawn out case. Sturges was ultimately acquitted

*Robert Rauschenberg;

Began as photographer, uses photos and objects in paintings and sculptures. Called these "combines".

*Roger Fenton

British Art photographer who was commissioned to travel to the Crimea to make pictures of the War. Made image, The Valley of Death. Most of Fenton's images were notable for his avoidance of the grisly horrors of war.

*Julia Margaret Cameron;

British portrait photographer who also made many staged allegorical portraits/scenes. Often used soft focus, saying she stopped focusing when the image looked beautiful to her.

*Hugh Welch Diamond;

Built archive of hundreds of portraits of female patients at Surrey Hospital for the Insane

*Robert Capa

Combat photographer. Motto, "If its not good enough you're not close enough".

Bill Brandt

Distorted nudes made with extreme wide angle lens, believed he could use atmosphere to make the everyday beautiful

*Eugene Atget;

Compiled encyclopedic collection of pictures of Paris. Referring to Atget's work, the critic Walter Benjamin wrote: "In a document beauty is secondary, however one might say that the photograph becomes more than the mirror of nature and enters language." Benjamin was speaking of the ways in which photographs like Atget's could be read and interpreted to learn a great deal, both about life in Paris at the timer and Atget's own sensibilities.

Hans Bellmer;

Constructed and photographed distorted mannequins, added color by hand

David Hockney

Criticized photography, said it doesn't accurately depict the way we see and experience the world. To this end he has made photoworks that are pieced together from numerous fragments

William Jenkins

Curated New Topographies, an exhibition of photographs centering on views of the "man-altered landscape". The photographers included in this exhibition all tended towards a neutral and uninflected style, often inspired by the work of early American landscape photographers.

*Weegee

Daily News photographer known for his hard hitting sensational style of photographing, murders, fires, disasters. Used a 4x5 Speed Graphic camera and a flash. Kept a police radio in his car so he could arrive at crime scenes quickly.

Andre Kertesz;

Distorted nudes made with curved sheets of reflective metal

Hippolyte Bayard

Early self-portraits, Self Portrait of the Photographer as a Drowned Man.

Historic Monuments Commission;

Formed by the French government to make a record of all the important buildings and monuments in France.

Maxime Du Camp

French photographer went to make pictures in Egypt. Used the Calotype process.

Etienne Jules Marey

French physiologist inspired by Muybridge's images took up photography to make motion studies of his own, which he called Chronophotography. Invented camera in the form of a gun.

*Ansel Adams;

Grand views of the West. Invented Zone system, ideas of pre-visualization. One of the founders of group f64, whose members believed that good photographs should be sharply focused from front to back.

*Cindy Sherman

Has photographed herself in a continually changing range of female characters, roles and personalities. In so doing she has created a huge catalog of types of late 20th Century women. Her early work drew on the influence of black and white film stills.

Lucas Samaras

Highly manipulated polaroid SX-70 self-portraits

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy

Hungarian born artist who saw photography as a pivotal medium. He was the first to use the term "the New Vision" to sum up his he belief that photography could depict the outside world in a unique way that was completely different to the way the human eye saw. Instructor at The Bauhaus. Fascinated by possibilities of photograms because he saw them as a pure form of image making.

Eugene Disderi

Invented Carte de Visite which produced 8 exposures on a single plate. Ran fashionable studio in Paris. One of the effects of the Carte de Visite was a further reduction in standards as a result of the ease of mass-production.

George Eastman

Invented Kodak box camera, slogan "You push the button we do the rest." Company later became known as Eastman Kodak.

*W.H. Fox Talbot

Invented Talbottype (later Calotype), Salted paper printing process. Origins of negative/positive process, made many photographs of different subjects. Tried to enforce patents, adding to less use of the Calotype. Between 1844 and 1846 published a six volume set of his work titled The Pencil of Nature.

Wet-Collodion

Invented by F. Scott Archer in 1851, wet-collodion produced a negative image on glass. Possessing the sharpness of the daguerreotype and the reproducibility of the calotype this quickly became the primary process used by photographers.

Daguerreotype;

Invented by Louis Daguerre, the Daguerreotype was the first photographic process to be publicly announced in J 839. The image was created by coating a highly polished silvered copper plate. Each daguerreotype was a one of a kind image and in the early days of photography this was by far the most popular process primarily because of the high degree of image sharpness.

Calotype

Invented by William Henry Fox Talbot and publicly announced shortly after the Daguerreotype, the Calotype (from the Greek, meaning "beautiful type") was a negative image on paper. The Calotype was less popular than the Daguereotype because it was less sharp but it had the advantage of being able to make multiple copies. In the early days of photography Calotypes were printed using the Salted paper process.Some photographers preferred the lack of detail of the Calotype believing it to be more "artistic" than the daguerreotype.

*Joseph Nicephore Niepce

Invented heliograph, partnered with Daguerre, made first known photograph of rooftops from his window. Titled View from the Window at Gras.

Doug and Mike Starn;

Large scale photographic pieces, scratched, torn, toned

Camera Obscura;

Literally meaning "dark room", the Camera Obscura was used as a drawing aid by artists. The portable Camera Obscura was invented in the 16th Century.

*Andres Serrano;

Made "Piss Christ", a photograph depicting a crucifix submerged in urine. Angered conservative lawmakers who argued that the arts should not receive government funds. Pushed for the abolition of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA).

D.O. Hill and Robert Adamson;

Made Calotypes in Scotland. Mostly portraits, often of fisherman and their families, and scenic views. Used natural light outdoors making striking use of light and shadows.

E.J. Bellocq;

Made a large collection of photographs of prostitutes in New Orleans. Many of the glass plates have been scratched or defaced.

Edward Steichen

Made cityscapes and natural landscapes using the gum-bichromate process achieving a painterly effect. One of the best remembered of these images is the Flatiron Building in New York City.

Man Ray

Made many nudes, experimental approach, many solarizations

Hanna Wilke;

Made performance like self-portraits "flaunting" her beauty, later made selfportraits of her battle with cancer

Life Magazine

Magazine first published in the 1930's. Featured photo-essays by noted photographers. Very popular until replaced by television as a primary source for news. Covered many wars including WWII and the Vietnam War (which was referred to as the first media war) extensively

Christian Boltanskl;

Memory and forgetting, sculptural pieces, draws on archives

*Robert Adams

New Topographer. Developed a "neutral" style in contrast to Ansel Adams. Influenced by early landscape photographers, in particular Tomothy O'Sullivan. Wanted to call attention to mans impact on the landscape. Often included signs of people in his landscapes.

Berndt and Hilla Becher;

New Topographers, grids, types of buildings, structures

Film and Photo

Name of international exhibition hung in Stuttgart, Germany, 1929. It was in Germany in particular that many believed that are would playa big part in post WW I reconstruction efforts. While machines had caused much of the devastation during the war, it was also believed that machines could be used to rebuild society. Photography, as an art made with a machine, began to take a more central role in creative activity.

Dada

Name used by artists and performers that emerged in Europe during World War I. Driven by disenchantment with mainstream societal values and a desire to overthrow established approaches to both art and life they experimented with non-traditional materials and techniques and reveled in nonsense and the absurd.

John Coplans

Nude self-portraits, close ups, great detail

Nicholas Nixon

One image each year of his wife and her sisters, revealing the changes that have taken place over many years

Frederick Sommer;

Out of focus nudes, amputated foot

Sigmar Polke;

Painter who is interested in the way that photographs change over time. To this end he frequently improperly fixes his prints, rendering them unstable

Gerhard Richter;

Painter, made Atlas, catalog of his interests and ideas over time

Edward Sheriff Curtis;

Photographed Native Americans, believed they were a vanishing race

Edward Curtis

Photographed Native Americans, documenting what he thought was a vanishing race.

*Alfred Stieglitz

Photographed New York for over thirty years. His later pictures are in sharper focus and depict a city undergoing huge changes, new construction etc. Deep shadows, broken by patches of light. Also developed idea of the equivalent, making cloud sequences that stood as metaphors for an emotional state of mind. Also believed that one image was insufficient to portray a personality. Produced a portrait of Georgia O'Keefe consisting of hundreds of pictures, face, body etc.

Robert Mapplethorpe;

Photographed S&M gay scene as well as portraits, flowers etc .. Retrospective show was cancelled at Corcoran Museum in Washington DC, but was shown in Cincinnati where director is arrested for displaying photos of nude children.

Emmet Gowin

Photographed his wife Edith and her family

*Harry Callahan

Photographed his wife Eleanor in a variety of ways, experimented with a wide range of photographic techniques.

Jacob Riis

Photographed slums and tenements on Lower East Side of NYC. Hoped to promote better living conditions.

*Walker Evans;

Photographed the USA, compiled a collection of images of the USA through an accumulation of details, fascinated by the images of popular culture. Described by some as a "pop artist" before the term pop art was used. Published American Photographs in 1938.

Edward Weston

Photographed the nude throughout his career using many different approaches. These include starkly abstract images and more sensual "portraits", some made in nature

Pictorialism

Photographic movement based on the principles of painting. Particularly influenced by Impressionism. Pictures were blurry and nostalgic.

Sandy Skoglund;

Photographs elaborate sculptures she constructs for the picture

*Carrie Mae Weems

Photographs of her family accompanied by written stories, driven by a belief in the importance of recording family history

Joel Peter Witkin;

Photographs tableaux, often based on well known images from art history. His photographic tableaux are very painterly, thus he avoided criticism from Senators angered by NEA funding of controversial works

*Lee Friedlander

Self portraits, many playing visual games, hiding, reflections, shadows

Sally Mann;

Pictures of her children, often nude, much debated

Andy Warhol

Pop artist, frequently incorporated photographic images in his silkscreen paintings

Marcel Duchamp;

Prominent dada artist who made a painting titled "Nude Descending a Staircase" probably inspired by photographic motion studies.

*August Sander

Published Antlitz der Zeit, Face of the Times, a collection of portraits made in Germany. Labeled according to each persons profession, type of life

*Robert Frank;

Published The Americans, disenchanted with preceding generation that had entered and fought WW2. Influenced by Walker Evans. The book was very unpopular with many critics when first published because it was taken as an attack on the US and because Franks technique broke from the careful view camera aesthetic and fine printing that was popular at the time.

*Larry Clark;

Published Tulsa, a book depicting the lives of a group of drug addicts in Tulsa, Oklahoma

Francesca Woodman

Self-portraits made as a student at RISD

*Nadar;

Real name, Gaspard Felix Tournachon. Ran portrait studio in Paris that drew artistic and literary clientelle. Believed that light was the key to photography.

The Farm Security Administration

Run by Roy Stryker who hired many photographers to make pictures of the rural poor during the Great Depression.The intention was to provide information to the general population about the difficulties suffered in rural areas, and to show how the government was helping.

John Mayall

Said" Ideality is unattainable and imagination supplanted by the presence of fact. " His was one of many voices critical of photography's perceived ability to only record facts and not enter the realm of imagination/art.

Aaron Siskind;

Shifted from a documentary style to making abstract "painterly" pictures which he described as psychological in nature

*Garry Winogrand

Street photographer known for his images of daily life unfolding. His apparently random style, and his tendency to shoot hundreds/thousands of rolls of film has prompted criticism. Believed that the camera neither lies nor tells the truth, rather it transforms the world.

*Diane Arbus

Taught by Lisette Model, Portraits of "Freaks", often disturbing. Accused by Susan Sontag of seeing all her subjects as "freaks".

Wendy Ewald;

Taught photography to children in Appalachia and around the world. The work from Appalachia is notable in particular for the direct approach of the photographs and the children's honesty and lack of inhibitions.

Leica

The first 35mm camera, invented in 1925. It offered fast shutter speeds! fast film advance, excellent image quality and great portability.

Autochromes

The first color photographic process, a one of a kind image on glass, was invented by the Lumiere Brothers.

Appropriation;

Use of pre-existing images (made by someone else) in artwork.

Albert Londe

Used a multi camera setup to make picture sequences of patients in the midst of epileptic and hysterical fits

Minor White

Used idea of the equivalent to make images, both abstract and representational. Believed that photography could be used a path to mystical experiences and spiritual growth.

Henri Cartier Bresson

Worked as a photo-journalist. First used the term, "the decisive moment" to refer to his goal of releasing the shutter at the climactic moment where form and content are equally powerful and in perfect harmony.

Guillame Duchenne de Boulogne;

Worked with Adrien Tournachon on a physiognomy book designed to prove that facial expressions are mechanically produced

*Nan Goldin

published Ballad of Sexual Dependency, visual diary, camera part of her life